The document discusses the evolution of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and WCDMA technology. It provides background on the need for UMTS including supporting new services with higher data rates. It describes the development and releases of WCDMA technology over time that improved aspects like spectral efficiency and throughput. It also outlines key technical aspects of WCDMA such as transport channels, coding, mobility management and network architecture.
WCDMA uses direct sequence spread spectrum technology where user data is multiplied by pseudo-random codes to spread it across a wide bandwidth. This processing gain allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously while maintaining sufficient signal to interference ratios. Power control is used to ensure each user transmits with the minimum necessary power level to reduce interference. Admission control and power control work together to manage system capacity and maintain quality of service as user numbers and noise levels change.
UMTS-WCDMA is a 3G mobile communication standard that uses CDMA technology. It uses wideband CDMA with a chip rate of 3.84 Mcps for its air interface along with orthogonal variable spreading factor codes. The standard defines protocols and procedures for cell search, handover, uplink and downlink physical channels, and support for multirate services through variable spreading factors. Long term targets for UMTS-WCDMA evolution include higher data rates up to 100 Mbps for full mobility and 1 Gbps for low mobility, as well as improved spectral efficiency.
3G wireless systems provide improved digital voice communications and higher data rates compared to 2G systems. Key 3G technologies include WCDMA, CDMA2000, and UMTS. WCDMA uses direct sequence spread spectrum and supports capabilities like voice quality comparable to PSTN, data rates from 144 kbps to 2 Mbps, and both circuit-switched and packet-switched services. It also addresses issues like handover, power control, and quality of service support. 4G systems are still being developed and will offer higher data rates than 3G through the use of technologies like OFDM and operation at frequency bands below 5 GHz.
Dar es Salaam institute of Technology (DIT) provides training on digital networks including 3G and 4G mobile technologies. 3G networks introduced higher speed packet data and mobile multimedia services compared to previous generations. UMTS/WCDMA is an IMT-2000 3G standard that supports voice and fast packet data through technologies like HSDPA and HSUPA which enable peak downlink rates of 14.4 Mbps and uplink rates of 5.8 Mbps. HSPA+ further increases speeds through MIMO and higher order modulations.
The document summarizes the key concepts in planning and deploying a 3G WCDMA mobile network. It describes the network architecture including nodes like RNC, Node B and interfaces. It also explains radio network planning phases and considerations like frequency planning, link budget calculations, coverage and capacity planning. The document discusses technologies like HSDPA that enhance data capabilities and presents LinkIT, a planning tool developed to understand network planning mathematics.
4 g(lte) principle and key technology training and certificate 2Taiz Telecom
The document provides an overview of 4G LTE principles and key technologies. It discusses LTE evolution from 3G standards and introduces some of LTE's main features like OFDMA, MIMO and improved spectral efficiency. It describes LTE network elements including eNodeB, MME, SGW, PGW and PCRF. It also covers the LTE air interface and interconnection between network interfaces.
WCDMA uses direct sequence spread spectrum technology where user data is multiplied by pseudo-random codes to spread it across a wide bandwidth. This processing gain allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously while maintaining sufficient signal to interference ratios. Power control is used to ensure each user transmits with the minimum necessary power level to reduce interference. Admission control and power control work together to manage system capacity and maintain quality of service as user numbers and noise levels change.
UMTS-WCDMA is a 3G mobile communication standard that uses CDMA technology. It uses wideband CDMA with a chip rate of 3.84 Mcps for its air interface along with orthogonal variable spreading factor codes. The standard defines protocols and procedures for cell search, handover, uplink and downlink physical channels, and support for multirate services through variable spreading factors. Long term targets for UMTS-WCDMA evolution include higher data rates up to 100 Mbps for full mobility and 1 Gbps for low mobility, as well as improved spectral efficiency.
3G wireless systems provide improved digital voice communications and higher data rates compared to 2G systems. Key 3G technologies include WCDMA, CDMA2000, and UMTS. WCDMA uses direct sequence spread spectrum and supports capabilities like voice quality comparable to PSTN, data rates from 144 kbps to 2 Mbps, and both circuit-switched and packet-switched services. It also addresses issues like handover, power control, and quality of service support. 4G systems are still being developed and will offer higher data rates than 3G through the use of technologies like OFDM and operation at frequency bands below 5 GHz.
Dar es Salaam institute of Technology (DIT) provides training on digital networks including 3G and 4G mobile technologies. 3G networks introduced higher speed packet data and mobile multimedia services compared to previous generations. UMTS/WCDMA is an IMT-2000 3G standard that supports voice and fast packet data through technologies like HSDPA and HSUPA which enable peak downlink rates of 14.4 Mbps and uplink rates of 5.8 Mbps. HSPA+ further increases speeds through MIMO and higher order modulations.
The document summarizes the key concepts in planning and deploying a 3G WCDMA mobile network. It describes the network architecture including nodes like RNC, Node B and interfaces. It also explains radio network planning phases and considerations like frequency planning, link budget calculations, coverage and capacity planning. The document discusses technologies like HSDPA that enhance data capabilities and presents LinkIT, a planning tool developed to understand network planning mathematics.
4 g(lte) principle and key technology training and certificate 2Taiz Telecom
The document provides an overview of 4G LTE principles and key technologies. It discusses LTE evolution from 3G standards and introduces some of LTE's main features like OFDMA, MIMO and improved spectral efficiency. It describes LTE network elements including eNodeB, MME, SGW, PGW and PCRF. It also covers the LTE air interface and interconnection between network interfaces.
This document provides an overview of Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology presented by Samit Basak at the University of Greenwich on November 23rd, 2011. The presentation outlines LTE characteristics such as peak throughput speeds over 100 Mb/s, increased spectrum efficiency, low latency, and flexible spectrum use. It describes LTE architecture including eNodeBs, MMEs, and gateways. It also explains the use of OFDMA for downlinks and SC-FDMA for uplinks, addressing their benefits around orthogonal multiple access and lower peak-to-average power ratio, respectively. In closing, it briefly summarizes key aspects covered and proposes further research on LTE layers 2 and mobility enhancements.
3G technologies provide improved digital voice and higher bandwidth data services over 2G. The key 3G standards are WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA. WCDMA addresses issues like handover and power control. 4G will offer even higher data rates and bandwidth below 5GHz, along with lower costs per bit than 3G.
Maria D'cruz_WCDMA UMTS Wireless NetworksMaria D'cruz
The document provides an overview of WCDMA/UMTS architecture and radio resource management. It describes the evolution from 2G to 3G networks and the standardization of WCDMA. The key aspects of WCDMA air interface, UTRAN architecture, core network functionality, and radio resource management techniques like admission control, load control, packet scheduling, handover control and power control are summarized. Diagrams illustrate the system architecture and information flow between network elements.
Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO) is a telecommunications standard for wireless broadband internet access using radio signals. It is standardized by 3GPP2 as part of the CDMA2000 family. EV-DO was initially developed by Qualcomm to provide forward link speeds up to 2.4 Mbps for stationary communications. Revisions to EV-DO (Revs A and B) have increased speed capabilities. While competing standards were proposed, EV-DO was adopted due to its availability and use of IP networks.
The document discusses the evolution of 3G networks to 4G LTE networks. It describes the key aspects of LTE including the LTE architecture, air interface technologies like OFDMA and SC-FDMA, and the Evolved Packet Core. The goals of LTE were to provide higher data rates, improve spectrum efficiency, reduce latency and simplify the network architecture. LTE adopted an all-IP flat architecture with reduced network elements in the core to help lower costs and complexity.
This document provides an overview of 3rd generation WCDMA/UMTS wireless networks. It describes the evolution from 2G to 3G networks and the key aspects of WCDMA/UMTS architecture, including the air interface, radio access network, core network and radio resource management functions such as admission control, load control, packet scheduling, handover control and power control. The document also briefly discusses additional topics such as radio network planning issues, high speed data packet access, and a comparison of WCDMA and CDMA2000.
This document provides an overview of LTE basics including:
- The LTE network architecture uses a flat design with eNodeBs and an Evolved Packet Core consisting of the MME, S-GW, and P-GW.
- Key LTE technologies include OFDMA in the downlink, SC-FDMA in the uplink, and MIMO. The radio protocol stack separates user and control planes.
- LTE aims to provide high peak data rates up to 100Mbps downlink and 50Mbps uplink, low latency under 10ms, improved spectrum efficiency, and support for bandwidths up to 20MHz.
- LTE-Advanced further improves on LTE with data
UMTS is the 3G cellular standard proposed by ETSI to evolve GSM and GPRS networks. It uses WCDMA as its air interface and includes the following key aspects:
- A complete system architecture with standardized interfaces to allow interoperability between vendors.
- A UTRAN subsystem comprising Node B base stations and RNC controllers to handle radio functionality using WCDMA.
- A core network subsystem including elements like MSC, SGSN, GGSN to support both circuit switched and packet switched services.
- WCDMA uses CDMA with variable spreading factors to provide different data rates. It employs channelization codes, scrambling codes and modulation like QPSK.
3G UMTS is a 3rd generation mobile network standard that aims to provide improved voice quality, higher data speeds, and more capacity compared to previous 2G standards. It utilizes W-CDMA technology along with a packet-switched core network to support data rates up to 2Mbps. Key aspects of 3G UMTS include soft handovers between base stations, advanced cellular planning to optimize coverage and capacity, and global roaming capabilities. While offering benefits over 2G, 3G also presented challenges such as high infrastructure costs and lack of adoption from some existing mobile users.
This document discusses CDMA technology, including its key attributes and components. It describes CDMA's high system capacity which is enabled by features like soft handoff and RAKE receivers that handle multipath signals. It also discusses power control in CDMA systems, which helps maximize capacity by adjusting mobile transmit power levels. The document outlines CDMA handoff methods and the sets of pilot channels used. It provides an overview of the CDMA2000 standard and its protocol stack.
The document provides an overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular network technology. It discusses the goals and key features of LTE, including increased data rates, improved spectral efficiency, scalable bandwidths, OFDM modulation in the downlink, SC-FDMA in the uplink, and multiple antenna techniques. It also describes the LTE network architecture including the Evolved Packet Core and compares LTE to other technologies such as WiMAX.
The document discusses the development of 3G cellular networks and standards. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) established the IMT-2000 standard to harmonize 3G systems worldwide and enable global roaming. IMT-2000 outlined performance targets for 3G networks to provide high-speed data and multimedia services to mobile users. Two main proposals were developed under IMT-2000: UMTS, backed by 3GPP in Europe, and CDMA2000, backed by 3GPP2 in North America and Asia.
LTE provides higher data rates and lower latency compared to 3G technologies through wider bandwidth and an all-IP architecture. It utilizes scheduling at base stations to optimize channel quality and supports mobility and broadband services. Key aspects include enhanced base stations, a simplified core network, and power management techniques for user equipment to improve battery life. LTE aims to deliver real mobile broadband and meet increasing demand for high-speed internet access.
UMTS is a 3G mobile communication standard developed by 3GPP to provide improved speed and capacity over existing 2G and 2.5G networks. UMTS uses W-CDMA as its air interface and is divided into the user equipment (UE), the UTRAN network which includes Node B base stations and RNC controllers, and core network. UMTS supports higher data rates up to 2Mbps, provides seamless international roaming, and enables new multimedia services for businesses and consumers.
This document discusses data link control and multiplexing in data communications. It covers:
- Data link control protocols regulate data flow and add control bits to frames for reliable delivery. Flow control prevents buffer overflows. Error control detects and retransmits lost or damaged frames.
- High-level data link control (HDLC) exchanges data and control information between applications across a link using standardized frames with flags, addresses, data, and checksums.
- Multiplexing combines multiple low-speed inputs and transmits them over a higher-capacity link. Frequency-division multiplexing allocates different frequencies to signals. Time-division multiplexing allows signals to "take turns" on a medium using time slots.
The document provides information about line transmission and summarizes key details about the European E1 digital transmission format, the VMX0100 versatile multiplexer, and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH). It describes that the E1 format reserves two channels for signaling and control, with time slot 0 for transmission management and time slot 16 for signaling. It then provides an introduction to the VMX0100 multiplexer, describing its features such as E1 and fractional E1 interfaces, voice ports, and data interfaces. The document discusses transmission mediums, cards, user interfaces, and applications of the VMX0100. It concludes with an introduction to SDH, describing its frame structure and advantages over the plesiochronous digital hierarchy such as support
The document discusses NTT DOCOMO's launch of HSUPA services in June 2009, which enable uplink data speeds of up to 5.7 Mbit/s. This high-speed uplink transmission scheme is called Enhanced Uplink (EUL) and allows mobile users to more quickly send high-quality images, videos, and conduct other uplink activities. NTT DOCOMO has developed several mobile terminals that support HSUPA/EUL including the L-05A USB card, L-06A handset, and L-07A ExpressCard terminal.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and technology. It discusses the drivers for LTE including higher data rates and lower latency. It describes the evolution from 3G networks to LTE, which features a simplified all-IP architecture without circuit-switched elements. Key aspects of LTE include OFDMA modulation, support for bandwidths up to 20 MHz, and peak data rates of 100 Mbps downstream and 50 Mbps upstream.
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin GoedeckeFwdays
How we managed to grow and scale a RAG application from zero to thousands of users in 7 months. Lessons from technical challenges around managing high load for LLMs, RAGs and Vector databases.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
This document provides an overview of Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology presented by Samit Basak at the University of Greenwich on November 23rd, 2011. The presentation outlines LTE characteristics such as peak throughput speeds over 100 Mb/s, increased spectrum efficiency, low latency, and flexible spectrum use. It describes LTE architecture including eNodeBs, MMEs, and gateways. It also explains the use of OFDMA for downlinks and SC-FDMA for uplinks, addressing their benefits around orthogonal multiple access and lower peak-to-average power ratio, respectively. In closing, it briefly summarizes key aspects covered and proposes further research on LTE layers 2 and mobility enhancements.
3G technologies provide improved digital voice and higher bandwidth data services over 2G. The key 3G standards are WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA. WCDMA addresses issues like handover and power control. 4G will offer even higher data rates and bandwidth below 5GHz, along with lower costs per bit than 3G.
Maria D'cruz_WCDMA UMTS Wireless NetworksMaria D'cruz
The document provides an overview of WCDMA/UMTS architecture and radio resource management. It describes the evolution from 2G to 3G networks and the standardization of WCDMA. The key aspects of WCDMA air interface, UTRAN architecture, core network functionality, and radio resource management techniques like admission control, load control, packet scheduling, handover control and power control are summarized. Diagrams illustrate the system architecture and information flow between network elements.
Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO) is a telecommunications standard for wireless broadband internet access using radio signals. It is standardized by 3GPP2 as part of the CDMA2000 family. EV-DO was initially developed by Qualcomm to provide forward link speeds up to 2.4 Mbps for stationary communications. Revisions to EV-DO (Revs A and B) have increased speed capabilities. While competing standards were proposed, EV-DO was adopted due to its availability and use of IP networks.
The document discusses the evolution of 3G networks to 4G LTE networks. It describes the key aspects of LTE including the LTE architecture, air interface technologies like OFDMA and SC-FDMA, and the Evolved Packet Core. The goals of LTE were to provide higher data rates, improve spectrum efficiency, reduce latency and simplify the network architecture. LTE adopted an all-IP flat architecture with reduced network elements in the core to help lower costs and complexity.
This document provides an overview of 3rd generation WCDMA/UMTS wireless networks. It describes the evolution from 2G to 3G networks and the key aspects of WCDMA/UMTS architecture, including the air interface, radio access network, core network and radio resource management functions such as admission control, load control, packet scheduling, handover control and power control. The document also briefly discusses additional topics such as radio network planning issues, high speed data packet access, and a comparison of WCDMA and CDMA2000.
This document provides an overview of LTE basics including:
- The LTE network architecture uses a flat design with eNodeBs and an Evolved Packet Core consisting of the MME, S-GW, and P-GW.
- Key LTE technologies include OFDMA in the downlink, SC-FDMA in the uplink, and MIMO. The radio protocol stack separates user and control planes.
- LTE aims to provide high peak data rates up to 100Mbps downlink and 50Mbps uplink, low latency under 10ms, improved spectrum efficiency, and support for bandwidths up to 20MHz.
- LTE-Advanced further improves on LTE with data
UMTS is the 3G cellular standard proposed by ETSI to evolve GSM and GPRS networks. It uses WCDMA as its air interface and includes the following key aspects:
- A complete system architecture with standardized interfaces to allow interoperability between vendors.
- A UTRAN subsystem comprising Node B base stations and RNC controllers to handle radio functionality using WCDMA.
- A core network subsystem including elements like MSC, SGSN, GGSN to support both circuit switched and packet switched services.
- WCDMA uses CDMA with variable spreading factors to provide different data rates. It employs channelization codes, scrambling codes and modulation like QPSK.
3G UMTS is a 3rd generation mobile network standard that aims to provide improved voice quality, higher data speeds, and more capacity compared to previous 2G standards. It utilizes W-CDMA technology along with a packet-switched core network to support data rates up to 2Mbps. Key aspects of 3G UMTS include soft handovers between base stations, advanced cellular planning to optimize coverage and capacity, and global roaming capabilities. While offering benefits over 2G, 3G also presented challenges such as high infrastructure costs and lack of adoption from some existing mobile users.
This document discusses CDMA technology, including its key attributes and components. It describes CDMA's high system capacity which is enabled by features like soft handoff and RAKE receivers that handle multipath signals. It also discusses power control in CDMA systems, which helps maximize capacity by adjusting mobile transmit power levels. The document outlines CDMA handoff methods and the sets of pilot channels used. It provides an overview of the CDMA2000 standard and its protocol stack.
The document provides an overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular network technology. It discusses the goals and key features of LTE, including increased data rates, improved spectral efficiency, scalable bandwidths, OFDM modulation in the downlink, SC-FDMA in the uplink, and multiple antenna techniques. It also describes the LTE network architecture including the Evolved Packet Core and compares LTE to other technologies such as WiMAX.
The document discusses the development of 3G cellular networks and standards. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) established the IMT-2000 standard to harmonize 3G systems worldwide and enable global roaming. IMT-2000 outlined performance targets for 3G networks to provide high-speed data and multimedia services to mobile users. Two main proposals were developed under IMT-2000: UMTS, backed by 3GPP in Europe, and CDMA2000, backed by 3GPP2 in North America and Asia.
LTE provides higher data rates and lower latency compared to 3G technologies through wider bandwidth and an all-IP architecture. It utilizes scheduling at base stations to optimize channel quality and supports mobility and broadband services. Key aspects include enhanced base stations, a simplified core network, and power management techniques for user equipment to improve battery life. LTE aims to deliver real mobile broadband and meet increasing demand for high-speed internet access.
UMTS is a 3G mobile communication standard developed by 3GPP to provide improved speed and capacity over existing 2G and 2.5G networks. UMTS uses W-CDMA as its air interface and is divided into the user equipment (UE), the UTRAN network which includes Node B base stations and RNC controllers, and core network. UMTS supports higher data rates up to 2Mbps, provides seamless international roaming, and enables new multimedia services for businesses and consumers.
This document discusses data link control and multiplexing in data communications. It covers:
- Data link control protocols regulate data flow and add control bits to frames for reliable delivery. Flow control prevents buffer overflows. Error control detects and retransmits lost or damaged frames.
- High-level data link control (HDLC) exchanges data and control information between applications across a link using standardized frames with flags, addresses, data, and checksums.
- Multiplexing combines multiple low-speed inputs and transmits them over a higher-capacity link. Frequency-division multiplexing allocates different frequencies to signals. Time-division multiplexing allows signals to "take turns" on a medium using time slots.
The document provides information about line transmission and summarizes key details about the European E1 digital transmission format, the VMX0100 versatile multiplexer, and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH). It describes that the E1 format reserves two channels for signaling and control, with time slot 0 for transmission management and time slot 16 for signaling. It then provides an introduction to the VMX0100 multiplexer, describing its features such as E1 and fractional E1 interfaces, voice ports, and data interfaces. The document discusses transmission mediums, cards, user interfaces, and applications of the VMX0100. It concludes with an introduction to SDH, describing its frame structure and advantages over the plesiochronous digital hierarchy such as support
The document discusses NTT DOCOMO's launch of HSUPA services in June 2009, which enable uplink data speeds of up to 5.7 Mbit/s. This high-speed uplink transmission scheme is called Enhanced Uplink (EUL) and allows mobile users to more quickly send high-quality images, videos, and conduct other uplink activities. NTT DOCOMO has developed several mobile terminals that support HSUPA/EUL including the L-05A USB card, L-06A handset, and L-07A ExpressCard terminal.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and technology. It discusses the drivers for LTE including higher data rates and lower latency. It describes the evolution from 3G networks to LTE, which features a simplified all-IP architecture without circuit-switched elements. Key aspects of LTE include OFDMA modulation, support for bandwidths up to 20 MHz, and peak data rates of 100 Mbps downstream and 50 Mbps upstream.
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin GoedeckeFwdays
How we managed to grow and scale a RAG application from zero to thousands of users in 7 months. Lessons from technical challenges around managing high load for LLMs, RAGs and Vector databases.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
"$10 thousand per minute of downtime: architecture, queues, streaming and fin...Fwdays
Direct losses from downtime in 1 minute = $5-$10 thousand dollars. Reputation is priceless.
As part of the talk, we will consider the architectural strategies necessary for the development of highly loaded fintech solutions. We will focus on using queues and streaming to efficiently work and manage large amounts of data in real-time and to minimize latency.
We will focus special attention on the architectural patterns used in the design of the fintech system, microservices and event-driven architecture, which ensure scalability, fault tolerance, and consistency of the entire system.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
Northern Engraving | Modern Metal Trim, Nameplates and Appliance PanelsNorthern Engraving
What began over 115 years ago as a supplier of precision gauges to the automotive industry has evolved into being an industry leader in the manufacture of product branding, automotive cockpit trim and decorative appliance trim. Value-added services include in-house Design, Engineering, Program Management, Test Lab and Tool Shops.
Biomedical Knowledge Graphs for Data Scientists and Bioinformaticians
WCDMA understanding.pptx
1. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 1
Global Standard for cost effectiveness
New Services (Video Telephony)
Spectral Efficiency to accommodate more subscribers
More Throughput (more UL and DL requirements)
Global Roaming
Achieving Customer Expectations
Roadmap to Future Evolution
Need for UMTS
2. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 2
› Need for universal standard
– Universal Mobile Technology System (UMTS)
› Support for packet data services
– IP data in the core network
– IP radio access
› New services in mobile multimedia need higher data
rates and flexible utilization of the spectrum
› FDMA and TDMA are not efficient enough
– TDMA wastes time resources
– FDMA wastes frequency resource
– CDMA can exploit the whole bandwidth constantly
› WCDMA was selected for a radio access system for
UMTS (1997)
Why new radio access
system for UMTS`
3. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 3
› First major milestone was Release -99, 12/99
– Full set of specifications by 3GPP
– Targeted mainly on access part of the network
› Release 4, 03/01 (markets went from Rel 99 -> Rel 5)
– Core network was extended
› Release 5, 03/02
– High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
› Release 6, end of 04/beginning of 05
– High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)
› Release 7, 06/07
– Continuous Packet connectivity (improvement for e.g. VoIP), MIMO, Higher order
modulation
WCDMA Background and
Evolution
Europe
(commercial)
2000 2002 2004 2006 2007
2005
2003
2001
3GPP Rel -99
12/99
3GPP Rel 4
03/01
3GPP Rel 5
03/02
3GPP Rel 6
2H/04
3GPP Rel 7
06/07 Further Releases
Japan
Europe
(pre-commercial)
HSDPA
(commercial)
HSUPA
(commercial)
4. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 4
Evolution of Mobile
standards
EDGE
GPRS
GSM
HSCSD
cdmaOne
(IS-95)
WCDMA
FDD
HSDPA/
HSUPA
cdma2000
TD-SCDMA
TDD LCR
cdma2000
1XEV - DO
cdma2000
1XEV - DV
TD-CDMA
TDD HCR
HSDPA/
HSUPA
LTE
5. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 5
› Wide bandwidth, 3.84 Mcps (Megachips per second)
– Maps to 5 MHz due to pulse shaping and small guard bands between the
carriers
› Users share the same 5 MHz frequency band and time
– UL and DL have separate 5 MHz frequency bands
– Users are separated from each other with codes and thus frequency
reuse factor equals to 1
› High bit rates
– With Release ’99 theoretically 2 Mbps
– The higher implemented is however 384 kbps
› Fast power control (PC)
– Reduces the impact of channel fading and minimizes the
interference
› Soft handover
– Improves coverage, decreases interference
› Robust and low complexity RAKE receiver
– Introduces multipath diversity
› Support for flexible bit rates
WCDMA System
6. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 6
› Multiplexing of different services on a
single physical connection
– Simultaneous support of services with different
QoS requirements:
› Real-time (voice, video telephony)
› Streaming (video and audio)
› Interactive (web-browsing)
› Background (e-mail download)
WCDMA Services
8. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 8
Codes in WCDMA
Channelization
codes separate
different
connection
Downlink
Scrambling
codes separate
cells/sectors
Uplink
Channelization
codes separate
data/control
channels
Channelization
codes separate
different mobiles
9. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 9
Spectrum of WCDMA
Downlink Frequency =
FDL_Offset + 0.2*(Downlink
UARFCN)
Uplink Frequency = FUL_Offset +
0.2*(Uplink UARFCN)
10. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 10
Architecture
CS domain IP/ATM Backbone
PSTN/PLMN
MG
W
MG
GSM
/GPRS
BSS
BSC
W
GMSC Server
VMSC Server
HLR/AUC/HS
S
BTS
Iu-CS
SCE
PCU
RNC
SS7
SMS
SCP
NodeB
Iu-PS Internet,
Intranet
GPRS
backbone
UTRAN SGSN
CG
GGSN
PS
domain
MGW
IP backbone
MGCF
S-CSCF
BG
P-CSCF
MRFC
MRFP
IMS
domain
11. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 11
interfaces
Core Network
Iu Iu
RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC
Iub
Iub
Node B
Iub Iub
Node B
Node B Node B
12. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 12
› RNC
– Owns and controls the radio resources in its domain
– Radio resource management (RRM) tasks include e.g. the following
› Mapping of QoS Parameters into the air interface
› Air interface scheduling
› Handover control
› Outer loop power control
› Admission Control
› Initial power and SIR setting
› Radio resource reservation
› Code allocation
› Load Control
› Node B
– Main function to convert the data flow between Uu and Iub
interfaces
– Some RRM tasks:
› Measurements
› Innerloop power control
Roles of the nodes
13. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 13
› In WCDMA there exists two types of transport
channels:
– Dedicated Channels (DCHs)
› Resources are reserved for a single user only
(continuous and independent from the DCHs of other
UEs)
– Common channels
› Resources are shared between users
› The main transport channels used for packet data
transmissions in WCDMA are called
– DCH
– Forward Access Channel (FACH)
Channels in WCDMA
14. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 14
› DCH is used to carry
– User data
– All higher layer control information, such as handover commands
› DCH is characterized by features such as
– Fast power control
– Soft handover
– Fast data rate change on a frame-by-frame basis is supported in the uplink
– In the downlink data rate variation is taken care of either with a rate-
matching operation or with Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) instead of
varying spreading factor frame-by-frame basis
› If downlink rate matching is used then data bits are either
– Repeated to increase the rate
– Punctured to decrease the rate
› With DTX the transmission is off during part of the slot
› FACH is a downlink transport channel used to carry
– Packet data
– Mandatory control information, e.g. to indicate that random access message
has been received by BTS
› Due to the reason that FACH carries vital control information FACH has to have
such a low bit rate that it can be received by all UEs in the cell
Channels(cont.)
15. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 15
› However, there can be more than one FACH in a cell which makes it possible
to have higher bit rates for the other FACHs
› The FACH does not support fast power control
› In addition to FACH there are five different common channels in WCDMA:
– Broadcast Channel (BCH)
› Used to transmit information specific to the UTRA network or for a
given cell, e.g. random access codes
› Channel needs to be reached by all UEs within the cell
– Paging Channel (PCH)
› Carries data relevant to the paging procedure, i.e. when the network
wants to initiate communication with the terminal
› Terminals must be able to receive the paging information in the
whole cell area
– Random Access Channel (RACH)
› Uplink transport channel intended to be used to carry control
information from the terminal, such as requests to set up a
connection
– Uplink Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
› Extension to the RACH channel that is intended to carry packet-based
user data in the uplink direction
– Dedicated Shared Channel (DSCH)
› Carries user data and/or control information; it can be shared by
several users
CHANNELS(CONT.)
16. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 16
› From the common channels DSCH was optional feature that was seldom
implemented by the operators and later replaced in practice with High Speed
Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
– 3GPP decided to take DSCH away from Release 5 specifications onwards
– Also CPCH has been taken out of the specifications from Rel’5 onwards as
it was not implemented in any of the practical networks
CHANNELS associated CALL
FLOW
17. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 17
Physical layer mapping
Cell broadcast channels
P-CPICH – Primary Common Pilot Channel
S-CPICH – Secondary Common Pilot Channel
P-CCPCH- Primary Common Control Physical Channel
SCH – Synchronous Channel
Paging channel
S-CCPCH – Primary Common Control Physical Channel
PICH – Paging Indicator Channel
Random access channel
UE
Node B PRACH – Physical Random Access Channel
AICH – Acquisition Indicator Channel
Dedicated channel
DPDCH – Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCCH – Dedicated Physical Control Channel
High speed downlink shared channel
HS-SCCH – High Speed Shared Control Channel
HS-PDSCH -High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel
HS-DPCCH – High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
18. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 18
› WCDMA handovers can be categorized into three different
types which support different handover modes
– Intra-frequency handover
› WCDMA handover within the same frequency and system.
Soft, softer and hard handover supported
– Inter-frequency handover
› Handover between different frequencies but within the same
system. Only hard handover supported
– Inter-system handover
› Handover to the another system, e.g. from WCDMA to GSM.
Only hard handover supported
WCDMA Handover
19. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 19
SOFT HANDOVER
› Soft handover
– Handover between different
base stations
– Connected simultaneously to
multiple base stations
› The transition between
them should be seamless
› Downlink: Several Node Bs
transmit the same signal
to the UE which combines
the transmissions
› Uplink: Several Node Bs
receive the UE
transmissions and it is
required that only one of
them receives the
transmission correctly
UE1
BS 1 BS 2
20. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 20
SOFTER HANDOVER
› Softer handover
– Handover within the
coverage area of one base
station but between
different sectors
– Procedure similar to soft
handover
UE1
BS 1 BS 2
21. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 21
› Hard handover
– The source is released first and then new one is added
– Short interruption time
› Terminology
– Active set (AS), represents the number of links that UE is
connected to
– Neighbor set (NS), represents the links that UE monitors
which are not already in active set
HANDOVER(CONT.)
22. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 22
› Ec/No= RSCP / RSSI (dB)
› Ec/No= 10 Log (CPICH Power/Total Transmit Power)
› RSSI stands for received Signal Strength Indicator,
measured in dBm.
› RSCP stands for Received Signal code power measured in
dbm, It is measured based on received CPICH, which is
transmitted continuously by WCDMA base station(NodeB). It
is considered as beacon carrier of the WCDMA base station
similar to BCCH of the GSM base Station.
› Ec/No stands for Energy per chip over the noise spectral
density, it is the measure of the quality of the signal and
calculated as mentioned in above equations for WCDMA
system.
RSCP & ECNO?
23. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 23
Accessibility
CS RRC Success rate
PS RRC Success rate
CS RAB Success rate
PS RAB Success rate
Retainabilty
CS AMR Drop rate
PS R99 drop rate
PS-HS drop rate
Mobility
SHO Success rate
HHO Success rate
IRAT Success rate
Measurable KPI’s
Call establishment failure,
Call setup
delay(congestion), Data
Connectivity issue
In complete
conversation/drop call,
mute call, one way
speech
24. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 24
Availability
RNA
TCP(power utilization)
Code Utilization
CE utilization
Iub Flow control Drop
Coverage
RTWP
SHO factor
Service integrity
R99 Thpt
HSDPA thpt
HSUPA THPT
Measurable KPI’s(Cont.)
Slow speed, Drop call(RNA),
poor voice
quality/Echo/wobbling(in
case of Iub failures)
Poor VOICE QUALITY, mute
call, one-way speech, Slow
speed
25. Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 25
RSCP PLOT
prE POST
2G IRAT
Sector relocation done, CPICH increased, E.tilt optimized as per field
requirement in JAYAN2