Dehradun's water supply system sources water from both groundwater and surface sources. Groundwater accounts for 76% of the city's total water supply of 102.51 MLD, while the remaining 24.54 MLD comes from various surface sources like the Bijapur Canal, Bandal River, and Kolhu khet springs. Water is treated at two treatment plants with a combined capacity of 34.54 MLD before being distributed throughout Dehradun via three zones - a gravity flow zone, pumping flow zone, and mixed flow zone. The average per capita supply is 124 liters per day, though supply rates vary in different parts of the city. Operation and maintenance of the water supply system is handled by