1.
Waste
on
Water
The
Case
of
Chhnok
Tru
Commune,
Kampong
Chhnang
Province,
Cambodia
____________________________________________________
Hong
Li
Wee,
Low
Yi
Yun
and
Noun
Chandany
(Our
Cambodian
Buddy)
2. Where,
What
&
Why
Tonle
Sap
Lake
The
Tonle
(large
river)
Sap
(fresh)
Lake
is
the
largest
lake
in
Southeast
Asia.
The
lake
is
affected
by
the
seasonal
changes
in
hydrological
regime
of
the
Mekong
Basin
resulting
in
dry
and
wet
seasons
(Campbell
et
al.,
2006).
During
the
dry
season
(November
to
May),
the
lake
size
is
around
2,500
km2
and
expands
to
15,000km2
in
the
wet
season
(June
to
October)
(MRC,
2003).
Due
to
its
sheer
size
and
changing
hydrological
regime,
the
lake
is
one
of
the
most
productive
fisheries
in
the
world
that
supports
the
livelihood
of
more
than
a
million
people
(van
Zalinge
et
al.,
2000).
Not
only
is
the
lake
valuable
to
the
population,
it
is
also
important
to
the
greater
Mekong
system
due
to
its
rich
biodiversity
and
complex
interacting
physical,
biological
and
human
systems,
making
it
a
key
element
in
the
ecology
of
the
system
(Bonheur
and
Lane,
2002).
With
the
thriving
fisheries
and
abundance
resources,
the
lake
attracts
a
large
population
to
reside
along
the
catchment
of
and
on
the
lake
itself
(Keskinen
and
Sithirith,
2009).
This
results
in
an
estimated
population
of
4.5
million
people
that
is
still
growing
at
a
rapid
rate
of
4.8%
(Leang,
2003).
With
increasing
population
on
these
floating
villages,
there
is
a
risk
of
increasing
waste
production.
Thus,
without
proper
waste
management
system,
there
would
be
environmental
and
human
impacts
which
can
be
detrimental
to
the
lake
system
and
livelihoods
of
people.
In
particular,
this
report
seeks
to
look
into
the
issue
of
waste
(referring
to
non-‐
human
waste)
on
water-‐based
villages
through
the
case
of
Chnok
Tru
Commune
in
Kampong
Chhnang
province.
3. Chhnok
Tru
Commune
and
its
Waste
Problem
Photo
1:
Chnnok
Tru
Commune
Chhnok
Tru
Commune
(photo
1)
is
one
of
6
water-‐based
fishing
villages
in
Kampong
Chhnang
province
(Sithirith,
2014)
located
near
the
mouth
of
the
lake
connecting
to
Tonle
Sap
River.
The
commune
has
a
total
of
1,761
households
(Khmer
Village
Chief,
2016).
Through
our
field
interviews,
we
discovered
that
there
is
a
lack
of
waste
management
system
in
the
commune.
Our
findings
suggest
that
a
household
throws
around
1
kilograms
of
waste
a
day
amounting
up
to
approximately
1.761
tonnes
of
waste
a
day
and
642.765
tonnes
of
waste
a
year
just
by
the
commune.
The
large
amount
of
waste
thrown
freely
into
the
lake,
and
the
resultant
accumulation,
would
become
a
concern
to
the
long-‐term
management
of
the
Tonle
Sap,
as
other
floating
villages
may
have
similar
practices.
Therefore,
our
group
decided
to
embark
on
this
project
to
detail
the
waste
issue,
the
impacts
and
possible
solutions
that
we
can
propose.
4. Photo
2:
Waste
Situation
in
Chhnok
Tru
While
there
have
been
studies
done
on
the
various
threats
to
the
lake,
most
focus
on
human
waste
issues
(see
Brown,
2010),
resources
and
fisheries
management
and
usage
(see
Thuok
and
Nuov,
1996;
Sithirith,
2014;
Yen
et
al.,
2007)
and
water
quality
issues
(see
Sien,
2001).
Conversely,
there
are
limited
studies
relating
to
non-‐human
waste
and
the
associated
impacts.
Therefore,
using
the
case
of
Chhnok
Tru
Commune,
this
report
seeks
to
bring
to
light
the
pressing
issue
of
waste
on
water
(photo
2)
through
an
empirical
approach
anchoring
on
post-‐
consumption
geographies
in
exploring
spatial
and
temporal
relations.
We
also
seek
to
propose
a
more
environmentally
just
approach
to
addressing
this
issue
in
the
future.
Why
Waste?
“[A]ll
societies
both
throw
things
away
and
abandon
them”
(Gregson
et
al.,
2007:
697)
During
our
research
process,
we
recognized
the
importance
of
studying
waste
as
waste
is
not
simply
passive
matter
-‐
which
most
works
tend
to
assume
-‐
but
rather
an
active
agent
that
is
not
characterised
by
fixity
and
is
powerful
(Davies,
2012;
Bennett,
2004).
Rather
than
the
‘end’,
waste
disposal
should
be
considered
the
beginning,
characterised
by
processes
such
as
waste
5. relocation,
rematerialization
and
its
associated
impacts
(Shaw
and
Hesse,
2010).
Therefore,
in
this
report,
we
focus
on
tracing
the
processes
and
highlight
the
possible
impacts
that
resulted
from
waste
disposal.
Tracing
the
Waste
A
multi-‐method
approach
was
adopted,
including
15
semi-‐structured
interviews
(Annex
A),
3
households
interview
through
fellow
researchers,
participant
observation
and
waste
collection
(photo
3).
In
tracing
the
path
of
waste
and
identifying
impacts,
we
conducted
participant
observation
and
collected
waste
for
documenting
purposes.
Photo
3:
Collection
of
waste
with
the
help
of
host’s
children
Given
the
unique
geography
of
the
floating
village,
our
research
was
conducted
through
assistance
from
gatekeepers
and
fellow
researchers
in
the
field.
In
particular,
our
host
was
very
resourceful
and
had
directed
us
to
numerous
interviewees
that
our
research
demands.
However,
during
the
research
process,
we
faced
a
few
challenges.
What
strikes
us
the
most
was
when
we
encountered
false
information.
We
managed
to
overcome
this
by
conversing
with
our
host
and
experienced
researchers
as
they
were
able
to
provide
as
with
the
actual
information
based
on
their
expertise
and
experiences.
6. Dipping
into
the
Wastes
The
starting
point
of
the
research
is
to
understand
waste,
in
particular,
what
types
of
waste
are
produced
by
the
villagers?
We
observed
and
collected
some
wastes
and
categorised
them
into
organic
and
inorganic
waste
(figure
1).
Organic
waste
refers
to
biodegradable
material
originating
from
plants
and
animals
(Zimring
and
Rathje,
2012).
Inorganic
waste
refers
to
non-‐
biodegradable
materials
that
are
often
of
mineral
origins
(EEA,
2016).
Figure
1:
Classification
of
waste
found
in
Chhnok
Tru
Commune
Just
Throwing?
More
than
just
the
disposal
of
waste
directly
into
the
lake,
the
villagers
adopt
waste
practices
that
reflect
the
“Reduce,
Reuse
and
Recycle”
framework
proposed
by
Singapore’s
National
7. Environment
Agency
(NEA)
in
2001
(NEA,
2016;
figure
2).
This
framework
has
since
played
an
important
role
in
the
preventing
the
accumulation
of
waste
and
promoting
sustainability
in
Singapore.
Below
describes
how
the
villagers
of
Chhnok
Tru
Commune
practice
the
3Rs.
Figure
2:
Singapore’s
3
Rs
framework
(Source:
NEA)
Reduce
To
‘reduce’
the
amount
of
waste
produced,
villagers
have
a
ice
flask
(photo
4)
in
their
homes
to
store
the
drinks
they
purchased.
This
avoids
the
production
of
more
waste
in
the
form
of
plastic
cups
or
bags,
that
ultimately
gets
thrown
into
the
lake.
8. Photo
4:
Ice
flask
used
by
villagers
Reuse
Waste
was
‘reused’
through
collecting
plastic
bottles
to
use
as
floats
for
their
houses,
fuels
or
to
store
clean
water
for
drinking.
Another
example
is
how
styrofoam
are
converted
into
useful
objects
for
the
children
such
as
toys
(photo
5)
or
floats
(photo
6).
Plastics
were
also
used
as
burning
fuel
to
cook
and
properly
dispose
of
medical
waste
(photo
7)
(Tay,
Doctor
at
Public
Health
Centre,
2016)
.
Photo
5.:
A
toy
created
by
children
using
waste
picked
up
from
the
lake
9. Photo
6:
Host’s
boy
using
styrofoam
as
float
Photo
7:
Plastic
used
to
fuel
to
burn
medical
waste
Recycle
10. To
‘recycle’
the
waste
produced,
practices
includes
recycling
beer
cans
(photo
8),
iron
(photo
9)
and
leaked
oil,
and
are
exchanged
for
money
in
the
village
(Table
1).
Photo
8:
Beer
cans
Photo
9:
Iron
S/N ITEM AMOUNT
RECEIVED
(RIEL)
1 Beer
Cans 200
11. 2 Plastic
Bottles 100
3 Iron 200
4 Leaked
Oil 15,000
-‐
30,000
(dependant
on
quality)
Table
1.
Amount
received
for
recyclable
goods.
Despite
highlighting
the
above-‐mentioned
examples
the
3
Rs
in
Chhnok
Tru
Commune,
it
is
difficult
to
ascertain
whether
is
such
policy
transfer
applicable
from
a
modern
city
like
Singapore
to
a
down-‐to-‐earth
floating
village
like
Chhnok
Tru
Commune
.
These
restrictions
may
take
in
the
form
of
cultural
practices,
lack
of
education,
and
the
resistant
to
change.
From
which,
there
is
a
need
for
more
research
to
be
done
to
find
out
the
transferability
of
urban-‐to-‐
rural
policies.
Possible
Impacts
from
Waste
Through
our
observations
and
conversations
with
the
villagers,
we
identified
several
impacts
(not
exhaustive)
-‐
classified
into
environmental
and
human
-‐
that
resulted
from
waste
disposal.
Environment
The
environmental
impacts
caused
by
waste
is
vast
and
complicated,
and
we
decided
to
look
specifically
into
seasonal
and
temporal
impacts,
along
with
deeper
considerations
for
scalar
impacts.
Chhnok
Tru
Commune
is
a
water-‐based
village
that
experiences
both
the
dry
and
wet
seasons.
Between
these
two
seasons,
the
impact
of
waste
was
found
to
be
different.
FIgure
3
shows
us
spatial
difference
in
the
water
bodies
between
the
wet
and
dry
season,
taking
note
to
the
rise
in
area
of
water
bodies
during
the
wet
season.
Imagine,
all
the
trash
floating
around
on
the
river
during
the
wet
season
(photo
10),
what
would
then
happen
in
the
dry
season?
Our
observation
concluded
that
waste
would
congregate
together,
forming
‘rubbish
islands’
and
either
be
deposited
on
dry
lands
or
move
with
the
village.
12. Figure
3:
Spatial
Difference
between
Wet
and
Dry
Season
in
Chhnok
Tru
Photo
10:
‘Rubbish
islands’
Temporally,
in
the
short
run,
we
find
that
these
waste
would
continue
to
be
ignored
by
the
local
communities.
This
is
because
the
amount
of
bacteria
contributed
by
these
waste
are
not
hazardous
(visible)
enough
to
affect
their
livelihoods,
especially
during
the
wet
seasons.
Similarly,
waste
are
often
trapped
amongst
the
water
hyacinth,
and
are
thus
‘invisible’
(Photo
13. 11).
However,
the
same
amount
of
bacteria
would
be
hazardous
during
the
dry
season,
due
to
its
increased
concentration
when
the
water
volume
has
decreased.
It
was
revealed
that
during
the
dry
season,
there
was
a
period
of
3
months
when
they
rely
on
the
purchase
of
clean
water
for
their
survival
as
it
was
when
the
water
is
dirty
and
polluted
(Fishing
authority,
2016;
OM
Kong,
Household
2,
2016).
Therefore,
assuming
that
no
intervention
was
made
to
the
current
waste
problem,
we
can
foresee
how
waste
continues
to
accumulate
till
they
become
even
more
‘visible’
even
during
the
wet
season.
We
can
only
lament
on
how
the
waters
might
become
more
polluted,
drastically
affecting
their
livelihoods
in
the
long
run.
Photo
11:
Rubbished
trapped
amongst
Vegetation
Lastly,
we
need
to
account
for
the
scalar
impact
of
the
waste
the
local
communities
throw
into
the
river.
The
waste
produced
by
them
are
harmful
as
a
collective
whole,
not
just
within
their
own
living
spaces,
but
also
to
neighbouring
villagers
and
the
lower
Mekong
River.
Hence,
such
a
problem
has
to
be
studied
beyond
the
boundaries
of
the
village,
to
assess
the
impacts
of
localised
waste
on
the
wider
ecosystem.
Human
14. Two
anthropogenic
impacts
have
been
identified.
First,
water
pollution
has
worsened
the
quality
of
water
around
the
commune
and
this
has
impacts
on
human
health.
It
is
understood
that
villagers
use
the
water
straight
from
the
lake
for
purposes
such
as
drinking,
washing
and
cooking.
These
may
result
in
unintended
health
impacts
such
as
diarrhea
(Thea,
Household
3,
2016)
and
rashes
(Srey,
Provision
Shop
Owner,
2016;
photo
12).
Furthermore,
these
conditions
tend
to
worsen
in
the
dry
season
when
water
level
is
lower
(Mr
Wong,
Household
1,
2016).
Often
times,
villagers
resort
to
buying
clean
drinking
water
for
use.
Photo
12:
Rashes
developed
from
showering
in
the
lake
Another
issue
identified
is
effects
on
livelihoods
of
villagers,
especially
during
the
dry
season.
Water
level
falls
and
the
outcrop
of
water
hyacinth
(photo
13)
makes
it
difficult
for
villagers
to
maneuver
around.
Mr.
Wong
(household
1,
2016)
told
us
that
time
have
to
be
spent
clearing
the
water
hyacinth
before
they
could
start
their
boat
and
their
propeller
would
often
get
trapped
between
the
plants
while
travelling.
While
these
impacts
seem
common
and
that
the
villagers
have
gotten
use
to
them,
with
greater
amount
of
waste
and
falling
water
levels
during
15. the
wet
season,
such
issues
are
likely
to
worsen
further
threatening
the
livelihood
of
the
villagers.
Photo
13:
Outcrop
of
water
hyacinth
during
the
dry
season
“I
have
no
choice”
-‐
Are
they
Aware?
Throughout
our
interviews,
one
key
question
that
we
asked
was
whether
the
villagers
know
about
the
impacts
of
waste
disposal.
Many
replied
that
they
know
about
the
potential
impacts
on
the
environment
but
they
have
no
choice.
The
Fishing
Authority
(2016)
said
that
the
impacts
are
most
apparent
in
the
dry
season
where
mobility
is
obstructed
by
the
outcrop
of
water
hyacinth
and
the
lack
of
clean
water.
However,
these
impacts
are
viewed
only
as
“short
term”
impacts
by
the
villagers
(Chhnok
Tru
Commune
Fishing
Authority,
2016).
Furthermore,
there
is
a
lack
of
close
ties
between
the
human
activities
and
the
environment
because
the
information
they
have
are
inaccurate
or
insufficient
(Phyrun,
1996).
This
is
reflected
when
the
villagers
weren’t
able
to
provide
much
examples
of
environmental
impacts
other
than
the
outcrop
of
water
hyacinth
which
is
a
highly
visible
impact.
16. More
importantly,
the
lake
is
the
only
place
that
they
could
dispose
of
their
wastes
as
there
is
no
proper
waste
management
system.
Thee
Environment
Agency
mentioned
that
the
nearest
landfill
is
located
10
kilometers
away
from
the
commune
and
travelling
is
costly,
making
it
tedious
to
dispose
waste
there.
These,
we
argue,
is
very
much
linked
to
the
need
for
‘survival’
that
triumphs
over
other
agendas
(Bonheur
and
Lane,
2002).
While
the
villagers
understand
that
the
disposal
of
waste
can
result
in
further
impacts,
they
had
no
other
viable
alternatives.
Thus,
we
cannot
entirely
place
the
blame
on
the
villagers
as
they
were
forced
by
circumstances
and
the
lack
of
infrastructure.
Therefore,
noting
these,
the
next
section
details
some
of
the
factors
to
be
considered.
Proposed
Factors
Beyond
the
deconstruction
of
waste,
this
study
aimed
to
provide
a
set
of
factors
to
be
carefully
considered
when
implementing
waste
management
systems
in
floating
villages
like
Chhnok
Tru
Commune.
An
effective
waste
management
system
needs
to
involve
the
collaboration
between
community
members,
academic
researchers,
professionals
and
government
agencies
as
the
environment
is
collectively
used
by
the
various
stakeholders
each
with
different
agendas
(Agyemen,
2002).
Therefore,
central
to
our
proposed
factors
is
the
idea
of
‘environmental
justice’
-‐
reinforces
the
need
for
equal
participation
of
all
groups
(Agyeman,
1990)
-‐
where
we
further
consider
the
roles
and
involvement
of
the
various
stakeholders
in
achieving
effective
waste
management.
Evaluating
Existing
(Lack
of)
Efforts
The
lack
of
waste
management
reflects
the
lack
of
government
participation
due
to
the
economic
and
political
weakness
(Bonheur
and
Lane,
2002).
However,
it
is
important
for
government
authorities
to
take
part
in
environment
protection
by
considering
how
it
is
not
an
obstacle
to
economic
growth
but
rather
as
effort
to
promote
sustainable
development
(Phyrun,
1996).
Beyond
the
government,
there
is
a
strong
presence
of
NGOs
in
attempting
to
promote
proper
waste
management.
However,
their
efforts
are
often
ineffective
as
they
fail
to
consider
a
multitude
of
factors.
One
example
is
when
an
NGO
provided
villagers
with
trash
bins
and
17. waste
collection,
but
this
only
lasted
for
a
period
of
two
months
(Chhnok
Tru
Commune
Environment
Authority,
2016).
Therefore,
moving
forward,
to
ensure
the
success
of
waste
management
system,
we
have
identified
several
factors
that
we
think
are
important.
Managing
Attitude
and
Habit
The
villagers
are
aware
that
there
are
impacts
brought
upon
by
waste
disposal,
but
were
not
able
to
pinpoint
to
specific
impacts
and
felt
that
the
impacts
are
short
term
and
not
detrimental.
Thus,
there
is
a
need
to
change
villagers’
attitude
towards
waste
through
efforts
such
as
public
education.
Phyrun
(1996)
notes
that
environmental
education
provides
them
with
the
necessary
knowledge
to
understand
the
complexities
of
the
environment,
but
is
currently
lacking.
Only
with
an
informed
and
committed
citizenry
that
environment
protection
can
be
successfully
carried
out
(ibid).
We
believe
that
is
is
also
necessary
to
educate
the
children
in
the
commune.
Williams
(2014)
highlighted
how
educating
children
(photo
14)
can
promote
inter-‐generational
influence,
where
through
children,
families
began
to
adopt
waste
practices.
Photo
14:
Host’s
child
helping
to
pick
up
trash
Space
Constraints
There
is
a
need
to
acknowledge
the
issue
of
space
constraints
faced
by
the
villagers.
Moving
beyond
the
scale
of
the
lake
and
commune,
it
is
important
to
consider
household
spaces,
since
that
is
where
most
day-‐to-‐day
waste
are
being
generated.
As
the
floating
homes
have
to
be
18. mobile
and
stable,
they
are
often
small
in
size
resulting
in
space
constraints
within
the
house
(photo
15).
From
our
observations,
some
houses
barely
have
enough
space
to
fit
the
whole
family.
This
brings
about
the
need
to
re-‐think
how
spaces
can
needs
to
be
manipulated
at
the
various
scales
when
re-‐thinking
waste
management
policies.
Photo
15:
Typical
house
in
the
commune
Involving
the
Actors
Most
importantly,
environmental
protection
projects
need
to
consider
the
complexities
of
environmental
issues
and
mobilise
environmental
justice
by
involving
the
collaboration
between
multiple
actors
(Agyeman,
2002).
We
argue
for
the
engagement
of
the
villagers
(other
than
government
and
NGOs)
in
the
planning
and
execution
of
projects
as
they
are
the
ones
that
are
most
burdened
by
environmental
decisions
(Cole
and
Foster,
2001).
Siphan
(2009:
39)
using
his
example
of
ecotourism
highlights
that
involving
the
community
helps
“to
develop
a
sense
of
stewardship
among
local
communities”
and
ensure
greater
sustainability.
This
has
been
reinforced
by
Mr.
Wong
(Household
1;
2016)
where
he
mentioned
that
efforts
should
involve
all
stakeholders
and
not
just
the
NGOs.
Women
Empowerment
Beyond
the
community,
we
realised
that
women
are
often
involved
in
managing
household
wastes,
thus
it
is
important
to
involve
them.
Buckingham
et
al.
(2005)
argues
that
while
women
19. play
important
in
the
households
and
are
frequently
in
contact
with
waste,
they
often
have
limited
role
in
political
decision
making
at
the
higher
level.
Thus,
to
ensure
the
success
of
management
systems,
a
gender
sensitive
approach
needs
to
be
adopted
through
mobilizing
environmental
justice.
Moving
Forward
In
all,
we
have
highlighted
the
issue
of
waste
on
water
using
the
case
of
Chhnok
Tru
Commune
and
through
that
highlight
the
associated
impacts
resulting
from
free
waste
disposal.
We
moved
on
to
provide
several
factors
that
we
feel
will
be
crucial
to
implementing
successful
waste
management
systems.
However,
it
is
important
to
note
that
“Tonle
Sap
is
the
product
of
a
complex
set
of
interdependent
systems,
however,
it
continues
to
be
dealt
with
in
a
piecemeal
manner”
(Bonheur
and
Lane,
2002:
39).
We
believe
that
further
research
is
required,
to
examine
the
impacts
of
waste
during
the
dry
season,
to
engage
the
stakeholders
and
examine
the
willingness
of
communities
to
participate
in
the
projects.
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