The main goal for our semester project was to construct a wall climbing robot, which would be controlled remotely, and have a video image transmitted back from the robot to the user. We inherited most of the parts from previous semester’s work but with only motion control functioning. Initially we had to figure out what every element did, and to get them to work. The main components of the climber were the FASST controller/receiver pair, the servomotors, the camera, and the image transmitter. Throughout the semester we first got every individual component of the climber to work, and tested the functionality. We also managed to implement the battery status overlay onto the screen. We also resoldered much of the internal circuitry of the climber, in order to cut down total amount of wires. We added a level of control to the central VRAM motor so that it can be controlled remotely, but only in a off-low-high way instead of an analogue way which we had hoped. We also wanted to add a camera switching option, but were unable to get the devices to work correctly. In the end we had made a climber which was controlled remotely, sent an image with battery status back to the controller, and a controllable VRAM motor.
This project created an ultrasonic motion detector that uses sound pulses to detect motion in two dimensions. It sends out pulses at 20 pulses per second which reflect off objects and are detected by two receivers. The time delays between pulse transmission and reception are used to triangulate the position of detected objects. Testing showed the device could successfully track a person walking as well as detect and locate an object moving in front of the receivers. While not perfectly sensitive, the device functioned as intended to detect and map motion in two dimensions.
Detection of fault location in underground cable using arduinoChirag Lakhani
This document describes a project to detect the location of faults in underground cables using an Arduino board. It discusses underground cables versus overhead cables, common types of underground cable faults, and methods for detecting faults including offline and online methods. It then introduces the circuit used, which works by measuring resistance changes along cable phases to determine the distance to a fault. Key components are described including relays, a relay driver, and the Arduino code to control components and display results.
1. The document describes an underground cable fault distance locator project that uses a microcontroller to determine the distance of faults in underground power cables.
2. The project uses a bank of resistors to represent an underground cable carrying power. When a fault occurs, the voltage drop across the cable varies depending on the fault location, allowing the distance to be calculated.
3. The microcontroller measures the voltage drop, performs calculations, and displays the fault distance on an LCD screen. It can also send the fault information via GSM to notify relevant parties.
This document discusses an ultrasonic sensor network that communicates using NRF24L01+ radio modules. It covers the network components including the NRF24L01+ transceiver, contention-based MAC protocols like MACA and PAMAS, and the LEACH clustering protocol. It also describes how the sensors and radios are programmed using Arduino to successfully transmit distance readings wirelessly between nodes with some data loss due to packet collisions. Future work aims to improve the communication efficiency and reduce energy consumption.
final Year Projects, Final Year Projects in Chennai, Software Projects, Embedded Projects, Microcontrollers Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, Matlab Projects, Java Projects, .NET Projects, IEEE Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, Software, IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded, Software IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded IEEE 2009 Projects, Final Year Project Titles, Final Year Project Reports, Final Year Project Review, Robotics Projects, Mechanical Projects, Electrical Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Power System Projects, Model Projects, Java Projects, J2EE Projects, Engineering Projects, Student Projects, Engineering College Projects, MCA Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, Wireless Networks Projects, Network Security Projects, Networking Projects, final year projects, ieee projects, student projects, college projects, ieee projects in chennai, java projects, software ieee projects, embedded ieee projects, "ieee2009projects", "final year projects", "ieee projects", "Engineering Projects", "Final Year Projects in Chennai", "Final year Projects at Chennai", Java Projects, ASP.NET Projects, VB.NET Projects, C# Projects, Visual C++ Projects, Matlab Projects, NS2 Projects, C Projects, Microcontroller Projects, ATMEL Projects, PIC Projects, ARM Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, FPGA Projects, CPLD Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Electrical Projects, Robotics Projects, Solor Projects, MEMS Projects, J2EE Projects, J2ME Projects, AJAX Projects, Structs Projects, EJB Projects, Real Time Projects, Live Projects, Student Projects, Engineering Projects, MCA Projects, MBA Projects, College Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, M.Sc Projects, Final Year Java Projects, Final Year ASP.NET Projects, Final Year VB.NET Projects, Final Year C# Projects, Final Year Visual C++ Projects, Final Year Matlab Projects, Final Year NS2 Projects, Final Year C Projects, Final Year Microcontroller Projects, Final Year ATMEL Projects, Final Year PIC Projects, Final Year ARM Projects, Final Year DSP Projects, Final Year VLSI Projects, Final Year FPGA Projects, Final Year CPLD Projects, Final Year Power Electronics Projects, Final Year Electrical Projects, Final Year Robotics Projects, Final Year Solor Projects, Final Year MEMS Projects, Final Year J2EE Projects, Final Year J2ME Projects, Final Year AJAX Projects, Final Year Structs Projects, Final Year EJB Projects, Final Year Real Time Projects, Final Year Live Projects, Final Year Student Projects, Final Year Engineering Projects, Final Year MCA Projects, Final Year MBA Projects, Final Year College Projects, Final Year BE Projects, Final Year BTech Projects, Final Year ME Projects, Final Year MTech Projects, Final Year M.Sc Projects, IEEE Java Projects, ASP.NET Projects, VB.NET Projects, C# Projects, Visual C++ Projects, Matlab Projects, NS2 Projects, C Projects, Microcontroller Projects, ATMEL Projects, PIC Projects, ARM Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, FPGA Projects, CPLD Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Electrical Projects, Robotics Projects, Solor Projects, MEMS Projects, J2EE Projects, J2ME Projects, AJAX Projects, Structs Projects, EJB Projects, Real Time Projects, Live Projects, Student Projects, Engineering Projects, MCA Projects, MBA Projects, College Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, M.Sc Projects, IEEE 2009 Java Projects, IEEE 2009 ASP.NET Projects, IEEE 2009 VB.NET Projects, IEEE 2009 C# Projects, IEEE 2009 Visual C++ Projects, IEEE 2009 Matlab Projects, IEEE 2009 NS2 Projects, IEEE 2009 C Projects, IEEE 2009 Microcontroller Projects, IEEE 2009 ATMEL Projects, IEEE 2009 PIC Projects, IEEE 2009 ARM Projects, IEEE 2009 DSP Projects, IEEE 2009 VLSI Projects, IEEE 2009 FPGA Projects, IEEE 2009 CPLD Projects, IEEE 2009 Power Electronics Projects, IEEE 2009 Electrical Projects, IEEE 2009 Robotics Projects, IEEE 2009 Solor Projects, IEEE 2009 MEMS Projects, IEEE 2009 J2EE P
The Handheld Satcom Test Source by WORK Microwave is a portable signal generator capable of producing precise reference signals between 50-180 MHz and 950-2150 MHz. It can be used to test high-frequency converters by generating two signals to measure intermodulation distortion. It is also well-suited for calibrating other test equipment like spectrum analyzers due to its adjustable power levels and ability to store settings internally. Testing confirmed it provides accurate readings when used to verify the measurements of a Deviser S7000 TV analyzer.
Design and Detection of Underground Cable Fault Using Raspberry Pi and IoT Sy...ijtsrd
This document describes a proposed system to detect and locate faults in underground power cables using a Raspberry Pi and Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system uses current transformers to measure changes in current caused by faults, which are then processed by a microcontroller to calculate the distance to the fault. The Raspberry Pi sends the fault details over the internet where they are displayed. The system aims to provide faster fault detection and more accessible fault information than existing methods. It works on the principle of current transformer theory and uses the Raspberry Pi's processing power and ability to connect to the internet to remotely monitor and locate underground cable faults.
The Megger TDR2000/3 is a dual channel time domain reflectometer for locating faults on paired metallic cables. It has a minimum resolution of 0.1m and a maximum range of 20km depending on the cable type and velocity factor selected. It has five output impedances and an auto impedance matching feature. The TDR2000/3 can identify faults through reflected pulses which indicate issues like open conductors, shorts, joints or splits in the cable. It stores up to 100 traces internally and can upload data via USB to the TraceXpert software for additional analysis and reporting of cable test results.
This project created an ultrasonic motion detector that uses sound pulses to detect motion in two dimensions. It sends out pulses at 20 pulses per second which reflect off objects and are detected by two receivers. The time delays between pulse transmission and reception are used to triangulate the position of detected objects. Testing showed the device could successfully track a person walking as well as detect and locate an object moving in front of the receivers. While not perfectly sensitive, the device functioned as intended to detect and map motion in two dimensions.
Detection of fault location in underground cable using arduinoChirag Lakhani
This document describes a project to detect the location of faults in underground cables using an Arduino board. It discusses underground cables versus overhead cables, common types of underground cable faults, and methods for detecting faults including offline and online methods. It then introduces the circuit used, which works by measuring resistance changes along cable phases to determine the distance to a fault. Key components are described including relays, a relay driver, and the Arduino code to control components and display results.
1. The document describes an underground cable fault distance locator project that uses a microcontroller to determine the distance of faults in underground power cables.
2. The project uses a bank of resistors to represent an underground cable carrying power. When a fault occurs, the voltage drop across the cable varies depending on the fault location, allowing the distance to be calculated.
3. The microcontroller measures the voltage drop, performs calculations, and displays the fault distance on an LCD screen. It can also send the fault information via GSM to notify relevant parties.
This document discusses an ultrasonic sensor network that communicates using NRF24L01+ radio modules. It covers the network components including the NRF24L01+ transceiver, contention-based MAC protocols like MACA and PAMAS, and the LEACH clustering protocol. It also describes how the sensors and radios are programmed using Arduino to successfully transmit distance readings wirelessly between nodes with some data loss due to packet collisions. Future work aims to improve the communication efficiency and reduce energy consumption.
final Year Projects, Final Year Projects in Chennai, Software Projects, Embedded Projects, Microcontrollers Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, Matlab Projects, Java Projects, .NET Projects, IEEE Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, Software, IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded, Software IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded IEEE 2009 Projects, Final Year Project Titles, Final Year Project Reports, Final Year Project Review, Robotics Projects, Mechanical Projects, Electrical Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Power System Projects, Model Projects, Java Projects, J2EE Projects, Engineering Projects, Student Projects, Engineering College Projects, MCA Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, Wireless Networks Projects, Network Security Projects, Networking Projects, final year projects, ieee projects, student projects, college projects, ieee projects in chennai, java projects, software ieee projects, embedded ieee projects, "ieee2009projects", "final year projects", "ieee projects", "Engineering Projects", "Final Year Projects in Chennai", "Final year Projects at Chennai", Java Projects, ASP.NET Projects, VB.NET Projects, C# Projects, Visual C++ Projects, Matlab Projects, NS2 Projects, C Projects, Microcontroller Projects, ATMEL Projects, PIC Projects, ARM Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, FPGA Projects, CPLD Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Electrical Projects, Robotics Projects, Solor Projects, MEMS Projects, J2EE Projects, J2ME Projects, AJAX Projects, Structs Projects, EJB Projects, Real Time Projects, Live Projects, Student Projects, Engineering Projects, MCA Projects, MBA Projects, College Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, M.Sc Projects, Final Year Java Projects, Final Year ASP.NET Projects, Final Year VB.NET Projects, Final Year C# Projects, Final Year Visual C++ Projects, Final Year Matlab Projects, Final Year NS2 Projects, Final Year C Projects, Final Year Microcontroller Projects, Final Year ATMEL Projects, Final Year PIC Projects, Final Year ARM Projects, Final Year DSP Projects, Final Year VLSI Projects, Final Year FPGA Projects, Final Year CPLD Projects, Final Year Power Electronics Projects, Final Year Electrical Projects, Final Year Robotics Projects, Final Year Solor Projects, Final Year MEMS Projects, Final Year J2EE Projects, Final Year J2ME Projects, Final Year AJAX Projects, Final Year Structs Projects, Final Year EJB Projects, Final Year Real Time Projects, Final Year Live Projects, Final Year Student Projects, Final Year Engineering Projects, Final Year MCA Projects, Final Year MBA Projects, Final Year College Projects, Final Year BE Projects, Final Year BTech Projects, Final Year ME Projects, Final Year MTech Projects, Final Year M.Sc Projects, IEEE Java Projects, ASP.NET Projects, VB.NET Projects, C# Projects, Visual C++ Projects, Matlab Projects, NS2 Projects, C Projects, Microcontroller Projects, ATMEL Projects, PIC Projects, ARM Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, FPGA Projects, CPLD Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Electrical Projects, Robotics Projects, Solor Projects, MEMS Projects, J2EE Projects, J2ME Projects, AJAX Projects, Structs Projects, EJB Projects, Real Time Projects, Live Projects, Student Projects, Engineering Projects, MCA Projects, MBA Projects, College Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, M.Sc Projects, IEEE 2009 Java Projects, IEEE 2009 ASP.NET Projects, IEEE 2009 VB.NET Projects, IEEE 2009 C# Projects, IEEE 2009 Visual C++ Projects, IEEE 2009 Matlab Projects, IEEE 2009 NS2 Projects, IEEE 2009 C Projects, IEEE 2009 Microcontroller Projects, IEEE 2009 ATMEL Projects, IEEE 2009 PIC Projects, IEEE 2009 ARM Projects, IEEE 2009 DSP Projects, IEEE 2009 VLSI Projects, IEEE 2009 FPGA Projects, IEEE 2009 CPLD Projects, IEEE 2009 Power Electronics Projects, IEEE 2009 Electrical Projects, IEEE 2009 Robotics Projects, IEEE 2009 Solor Projects, IEEE 2009 MEMS Projects, IEEE 2009 J2EE P
The Handheld Satcom Test Source by WORK Microwave is a portable signal generator capable of producing precise reference signals between 50-180 MHz and 950-2150 MHz. It can be used to test high-frequency converters by generating two signals to measure intermodulation distortion. It is also well-suited for calibrating other test equipment like spectrum analyzers due to its adjustable power levels and ability to store settings internally. Testing confirmed it provides accurate readings when used to verify the measurements of a Deviser S7000 TV analyzer.
Design and Detection of Underground Cable Fault Using Raspberry Pi and IoT Sy...ijtsrd
This document describes a proposed system to detect and locate faults in underground power cables using a Raspberry Pi and Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system uses current transformers to measure changes in current caused by faults, which are then processed by a microcontroller to calculate the distance to the fault. The Raspberry Pi sends the fault details over the internet where they are displayed. The system aims to provide faster fault detection and more accessible fault information than existing methods. It works on the principle of current transformer theory and uses the Raspberry Pi's processing power and ability to connect to the internet to remotely monitor and locate underground cable faults.
The Megger TDR2000/3 is a dual channel time domain reflectometer for locating faults on paired metallic cables. It has a minimum resolution of 0.1m and a maximum range of 20km depending on the cable type and velocity factor selected. It has five output impedances and an auto impedance matching feature. The TDR2000/3 can identify faults through reflected pulses which indicate issues like open conductors, shorts, joints or splits in the cable. It stores up to 100 traces internally and can upload data via USB to the TraceXpert software for additional analysis and reporting of cable test results.
This document describes a Doppler radar system designed by a student team for a senior design course. The team aimed to improve the accuracy, weight, and usability of a radar gun system built in a previous quarter by replacing components with printed circuit board versions. The design process and testing of individual components like the low pass filter, amplifiers, voltage controlled oscillator, splitter, and mixer are discussed. The team connected the components following a schematic but initially had issues with noise and accuracy that were addressed by replacing some amplifiers. The final system showed improvement in detecting motion over 20 meters but still had room for enhanced performance.
Am Radio Receiver And Amplifier Experiment And Am Transmission Demonstrationguestb0bbf0
The document summarizes two experiments conducted by Jessica McCall, Fouzia Chuta and Martin Mills for their media technology course: 1) building an AM radio receiver with audio amplifier, and 2) demonstrating AM transmission. For the first experiment, they explain the aims, equipment used including a diagram, construction method, and results which was that the radio successfully received BBC radio stations. For the second experiment on AM transmission demonstration, they explain the aims, equipment such as an oscilloscope and function generator, method of using this equipment to generate and receive AM signals, and results being that the radio made a buzzing sound when tuned to the transmission frequency.
This document describes a proposed system for detecting the location of faults in underground cables using an Arduino microcontroller. It begins by discussing challenges with detecting faults in underground cables and describing existing methods like the A-frame technique. It then introduces the proposed system, which uses the Arduino microcontroller and sensors to measure resistance along the cable and identify changes indicating a fault. When a fault occurs, the location is determined based on the cable length and displayed on an LCD screen. The system is also meant to disconnect the faulty line and trigger an alarm to alert workers. In under 3 sentences, the document proposes and describes a new system using an Arduino microcontroller to more easily detect the precise location of faults in underground power cables.
The document describes a handheld satellite communications test signal generator produced by WORK Microwave. It can generate signals from 50-180 MHz and 950-2150 MHz with precision and calibration certification. The generator allows for precise measurement of parameters for high-frequency converters like intermodulation and 1 dB compression point. It has two independent synthesizers, allowing it to output two signals simultaneously for testing. The generator was used to precisely calibrate a television signal analyzer, confirming its accuracy. It can also be used to test cable runs by sweeping signals and measuring attenuation characteristics.
This document summarizes the WORK Microwave Handheld Satcom Test Source signal generator. It can generate signals from 50-180 MHz and 950-2150 MHz with precision to serve as a reference for measuring complex analog systems. It has two independent synthesizers, allowing it to generate two signals simultaneously for measuring intermodulation of high-frequency converters. Its adjustable output power level from -45 to -5 dBm in 0.5 dB steps enables measuring the 1 dB compression point and conversion gain of converters. The portable generator can operate on its internal battery or via USB, making it a versatile testing device.
The document summarizes a test signal generator produced by WORK Microwave called the Handheld Satcom Test Source. It can generate signals from 50-180 MHz and 950-2150 MHz with adjustable power levels and is used to test high-frequency converters and measure intermodulation signals and compression points. The generator has two independent synthesizers, rechargeable batteries, and connects to a computer via USB to control sweeps and measurements through easy-to-use software. It provides a robust and portable solution for precision high-frequency testing.
The document summarizes a test signal generator produced by WORK Microwave called the Handheld Satcom Test Source. It can generate signals from 50-180 MHz and 950-2150 MHz with precision and is used as a reference for calibrating equipment and testing high-frequency converters. The generator has two independent synthesizers allowing it to output two signals simultaneously for measuring intermodulation. It also allows adjustable power levels for testing parameters like 1 dB compression point and conversion gain of converters. The generator has a rechargeable battery, rugged aluminum housing, and connects to a PC for control via USB without needing additional drivers.
ENGR 1201
Final Project
Operational Amplifier
Jennifer Medina
Bao Tr
May 8, 2015
What is an Operational Amplifier?
An operational amplifier is fundamentally a voltage amplifying device designed to be used with external feedback components such as resistors and capacitors between its output and input terminals. These feedback components determine the resulting function or operation of the amplifier and by virtue of the different feedback configurations whether resistive, capacitive or both, the amplifier can perform a variety of different operations, giving rise to its name of Operational Amplifier. In our project, we used three terminal device which consists of two high impedance inputs, one called inverting input that is marked as a negative or a minus (-), and the other one that is positive that is called non-inverting input that is marked with a plus or positive sign (+). The third terminal represent the Operational Amplifier output port which can both sink either voltage or a current in our case we used voltage.
Objective:
The objective of this project is to understand exactly how a basic operational amplifiers works. Also, to be able to read basic electrical circuits.
Apparatus used:
Resistors, connecting wires, batteries, digital oscilloscope, voltmeter, an electronic learning lab, speaker, connecting cables, DC power supply, capacitors, and a bug.
Concepts
· Voltage – Voltage “in” and Voltage “out”
· Current – Current “in” and Current “out”
· Trans conductance – Voltage “in” and Current “out”
· Trans resistance – Current “in” and Voltage “out”
· Resistor
· Battery
· Ground
· /
· Wave graph
The presented circuit diagrams where the ones use for the project.
Circuit diagram #1
V DD
Vout
Rin
Vin
RF
VDD
Vout
Vin
Rin
RF
Circuit diagram#2
Vin
V out
RF
Rin
AC
source
8
6
3
5
7
2
4
1
Data:
This image we see the actual circuit done in the electronic learning lab. This match exactly with our circuits shown before.
These second images we can see a picture of the oscilloscope proving the theory of operational amplifiers. The yellow waves is the initial signal and the green waves are the output signal. As one can see the yellow is a very small signal compare it to the green one. The green one is inverted and has a larger amplitude, but they both have the same frequency.
In this particular image one can see what happened when we increase the RF (resistance) RF varies that is why it has a cross line in our circuit diagram #2. However, RF is just affecting the output result the input is till will be the same
In this image we increase the Voltage and we reduce the resistor, but because we did this our PK-PK also increases. This still just affect the output, the input still the same and the frequency of both channels is till the same. Something very important that happened whil ...
The Handheld Satcom Test Source by WORK Microwave allows for precise and certified high-frequency measurements. It can generate signals from 50-180 MHz and 950-2150 MHz with adjustable power levels. It has two independent synthesizers, allowing it to output two signals simultaneously to measure intermodulation distortion. Its rechargeable battery and internal storage of test parameters make it portable and easy to use. The document demonstrates how the Test Source is used to measure parameters of RF converters and calibrate test equipment like the Deviser S7000 TV analyzer, confirming its ability to perform accurate high-frequency measurements.
The Handheld Satcom Test Source by WORK Microwave is a portable test signal generator designed for precise high-frequency measurements. It can generate signals from 50-180 MHz and 950-2150 MHz with adjustable power levels. The generator has two independent synthesizers allowing it to output two signals simultaneously for measuring intermodulation in high-frequency converters. Its portability and integrated rechargeable battery make it a versatile tool for testing satellite transmission equipment.
Joint-level Force Sensing for a Soft Robot ManipulatorVaibhav Bansal
This document summarizes a project that aimed to achieve joint-level force sensing for a soft robot manipulator called the Gummi Arm. Stretch sensors were installed on the rubber tendons of the shoulder joint to provide feedback. When an object impeded movement, the sensors detected increased tension and the control logic moved the arm in the reverse direction, demonstrating basic active compliance. Some issues that may arise over time are sensor damage from large stretches or loss of elasticity affecting readings. Overall, the project successfully used sensor feedback to control the shoulder joint based on forces.
This document describes a project to monitor and control water level in a tank using an ultrasonic sensor and Arduino with a real-time operating system. It uses an ultrasonic sensor to constantly monitor water level and a pump to fill the tank when needed. The system is modeled as 4 tasks - one to read sensor data, one to control the pump, one to update an LCD display, and an idle task. The tasks communicate using semaphores to synchronize access to shared resources.
The document summarizes a student radio project to build an AM radio receiver and audio amplifier. It describes the components and construction process for each device. Testing showed the radio could receive two stations clearly, though other factors limited reception. The amplifier worked properly when tested separately, showing the goals of understanding radio waves and building functioning devices were achieved.
The document describes the design and development of a TV remote jammer circuit using an IC 555 timer. It begins with an introduction to remote controls and their operating principles. It then discusses the literature surveyed on remote jamming techniques. The system development section describes the use of an astable multivibrator using IC 555 to generate pulses that jam the IR receiver of the TV. It provides circuit diagrams and explanations of the power supply, astable multivibrator, and the overall TV remote jammer circuit. The document aims to jam the TV receiver at a particular frequency and channel to prevent changes using the remote control.
The document describes the design and development of a TV remote jammer circuit using an IC 555 timer. It begins with an introduction to remote controls and their operating principles. It then discusses the literature surveyed on remote jamming techniques. The system development section describes the use of an astable multivibrator using IC 555 to generate pulses that jam the IR receiver of the TV. It provides circuit diagrams and explanations of the power supply, astable multivibrator, and the overall TV remote jammer circuit. The document aims to jam the TV receiver at a particular frequency and channel to prevent changes using the remote control.
The document summarizes a test signal generator called the Handheld Satcom Test Source produced by WORK Microwave. It can generate signals from 50-180 MHz and 950-2150 MHz with precision, making it suitable for calibrating test equipment and measuring parameters of high-frequency converters. The generator has two independent synthesizers allowing it to supply two signals simultaneously for measuring intermodulation. It also allows flexible setting of output levels for measurements like compression point and conversion gain. The generator includes rechargeable batteries, software control, and integrates smoothly with Windows operating systems.
The document provides details about the design and construction of a remote control for an induction motor regulator. It discusses the components used, including transistors, capacitors, encoder and decoder ICs, diodes, LEDs, and regulators. The remote control works by transmitting an infrared signal when a button is pressed, which is received by the regulator and used to control the motor speed. Testing was performed to ensure proper functioning of the power supply and receiver circuit. The aim of the project is to enable remote control of an induction motor for added convenience and comfort.
The Construction And Testing Of An Am Radio Slidetanishaleigh
The document details the construction of an AM radio receiver and audio amplifier by a group of students. It describes the components used to build each device and the steps taken in the assembly process. The radio was able to receive signals from two local stations when tuned. Initial testing found an issue with the speaker in the amplifier, but re-soldering the connections resolved the problem, resulting in a working amplifier for the radio transmission.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
This document describes a Doppler radar system designed by a student team for a senior design course. The team aimed to improve the accuracy, weight, and usability of a radar gun system built in a previous quarter by replacing components with printed circuit board versions. The design process and testing of individual components like the low pass filter, amplifiers, voltage controlled oscillator, splitter, and mixer are discussed. The team connected the components following a schematic but initially had issues with noise and accuracy that were addressed by replacing some amplifiers. The final system showed improvement in detecting motion over 20 meters but still had room for enhanced performance.
Am Radio Receiver And Amplifier Experiment And Am Transmission Demonstrationguestb0bbf0
The document summarizes two experiments conducted by Jessica McCall, Fouzia Chuta and Martin Mills for their media technology course: 1) building an AM radio receiver with audio amplifier, and 2) demonstrating AM transmission. For the first experiment, they explain the aims, equipment used including a diagram, construction method, and results which was that the radio successfully received BBC radio stations. For the second experiment on AM transmission demonstration, they explain the aims, equipment such as an oscilloscope and function generator, method of using this equipment to generate and receive AM signals, and results being that the radio made a buzzing sound when tuned to the transmission frequency.
This document describes a proposed system for detecting the location of faults in underground cables using an Arduino microcontroller. It begins by discussing challenges with detecting faults in underground cables and describing existing methods like the A-frame technique. It then introduces the proposed system, which uses the Arduino microcontroller and sensors to measure resistance along the cable and identify changes indicating a fault. When a fault occurs, the location is determined based on the cable length and displayed on an LCD screen. The system is also meant to disconnect the faulty line and trigger an alarm to alert workers. In under 3 sentences, the document proposes and describes a new system using an Arduino microcontroller to more easily detect the precise location of faults in underground power cables.
The document describes a handheld satellite communications test signal generator produced by WORK Microwave. It can generate signals from 50-180 MHz and 950-2150 MHz with precision and calibration certification. The generator allows for precise measurement of parameters for high-frequency converters like intermodulation and 1 dB compression point. It has two independent synthesizers, allowing it to output two signals simultaneously for testing. The generator was used to precisely calibrate a television signal analyzer, confirming its accuracy. It can also be used to test cable runs by sweeping signals and measuring attenuation characteristics.
This document summarizes the WORK Microwave Handheld Satcom Test Source signal generator. It can generate signals from 50-180 MHz and 950-2150 MHz with precision to serve as a reference for measuring complex analog systems. It has two independent synthesizers, allowing it to generate two signals simultaneously for measuring intermodulation of high-frequency converters. Its adjustable output power level from -45 to -5 dBm in 0.5 dB steps enables measuring the 1 dB compression point and conversion gain of converters. The portable generator can operate on its internal battery or via USB, making it a versatile testing device.
The document summarizes a test signal generator produced by WORK Microwave called the Handheld Satcom Test Source. It can generate signals from 50-180 MHz and 950-2150 MHz with adjustable power levels and is used to test high-frequency converters and measure intermodulation signals and compression points. The generator has two independent synthesizers, rechargeable batteries, and connects to a computer via USB to control sweeps and measurements through easy-to-use software. It provides a robust and portable solution for precision high-frequency testing.
The document summarizes a test signal generator produced by WORK Microwave called the Handheld Satcom Test Source. It can generate signals from 50-180 MHz and 950-2150 MHz with precision and is used as a reference for calibrating equipment and testing high-frequency converters. The generator has two independent synthesizers allowing it to output two signals simultaneously for measuring intermodulation. It also allows adjustable power levels for testing parameters like 1 dB compression point and conversion gain of converters. The generator has a rechargeable battery, rugged aluminum housing, and connects to a PC for control via USB without needing additional drivers.
ENGR 1201
Final Project
Operational Amplifier
Jennifer Medina
Bao Tr
May 8, 2015
What is an Operational Amplifier?
An operational amplifier is fundamentally a voltage amplifying device designed to be used with external feedback components such as resistors and capacitors between its output and input terminals. These feedback components determine the resulting function or operation of the amplifier and by virtue of the different feedback configurations whether resistive, capacitive or both, the amplifier can perform a variety of different operations, giving rise to its name of Operational Amplifier. In our project, we used three terminal device which consists of two high impedance inputs, one called inverting input that is marked as a negative or a minus (-), and the other one that is positive that is called non-inverting input that is marked with a plus or positive sign (+). The third terminal represent the Operational Amplifier output port which can both sink either voltage or a current in our case we used voltage.
Objective:
The objective of this project is to understand exactly how a basic operational amplifiers works. Also, to be able to read basic electrical circuits.
Apparatus used:
Resistors, connecting wires, batteries, digital oscilloscope, voltmeter, an electronic learning lab, speaker, connecting cables, DC power supply, capacitors, and a bug.
Concepts
· Voltage – Voltage “in” and Voltage “out”
· Current – Current “in” and Current “out”
· Trans conductance – Voltage “in” and Current “out”
· Trans resistance – Current “in” and Voltage “out”
· Resistor
· Battery
· Ground
· /
· Wave graph
The presented circuit diagrams where the ones use for the project.
Circuit diagram #1
V DD
Vout
Rin
Vin
RF
VDD
Vout
Vin
Rin
RF
Circuit diagram#2
Vin
V out
RF
Rin
AC
source
8
6
3
5
7
2
4
1
Data:
This image we see the actual circuit done in the electronic learning lab. This match exactly with our circuits shown before.
These second images we can see a picture of the oscilloscope proving the theory of operational amplifiers. The yellow waves is the initial signal and the green waves are the output signal. As one can see the yellow is a very small signal compare it to the green one. The green one is inverted and has a larger amplitude, but they both have the same frequency.
In this particular image one can see what happened when we increase the RF (resistance) RF varies that is why it has a cross line in our circuit diagram #2. However, RF is just affecting the output result the input is till will be the same
In this image we increase the Voltage and we reduce the resistor, but because we did this our PK-PK also increases. This still just affect the output, the input still the same and the frequency of both channels is till the same. Something very important that happened whil ...
The Handheld Satcom Test Source by WORK Microwave allows for precise and certified high-frequency measurements. It can generate signals from 50-180 MHz and 950-2150 MHz with adjustable power levels. It has two independent synthesizers, allowing it to output two signals simultaneously to measure intermodulation distortion. Its rechargeable battery and internal storage of test parameters make it portable and easy to use. The document demonstrates how the Test Source is used to measure parameters of RF converters and calibrate test equipment like the Deviser S7000 TV analyzer, confirming its ability to perform accurate high-frequency measurements.
The Handheld Satcom Test Source by WORK Microwave is a portable test signal generator designed for precise high-frequency measurements. It can generate signals from 50-180 MHz and 950-2150 MHz with adjustable power levels. The generator has two independent synthesizers allowing it to output two signals simultaneously for measuring intermodulation in high-frequency converters. Its portability and integrated rechargeable battery make it a versatile tool for testing satellite transmission equipment.
Joint-level Force Sensing for a Soft Robot ManipulatorVaibhav Bansal
This document summarizes a project that aimed to achieve joint-level force sensing for a soft robot manipulator called the Gummi Arm. Stretch sensors were installed on the rubber tendons of the shoulder joint to provide feedback. When an object impeded movement, the sensors detected increased tension and the control logic moved the arm in the reverse direction, demonstrating basic active compliance. Some issues that may arise over time are sensor damage from large stretches or loss of elasticity affecting readings. Overall, the project successfully used sensor feedback to control the shoulder joint based on forces.
This document describes a project to monitor and control water level in a tank using an ultrasonic sensor and Arduino with a real-time operating system. It uses an ultrasonic sensor to constantly monitor water level and a pump to fill the tank when needed. The system is modeled as 4 tasks - one to read sensor data, one to control the pump, one to update an LCD display, and an idle task. The tasks communicate using semaphores to synchronize access to shared resources.
The document summarizes a student radio project to build an AM radio receiver and audio amplifier. It describes the components and construction process for each device. Testing showed the radio could receive two stations clearly, though other factors limited reception. The amplifier worked properly when tested separately, showing the goals of understanding radio waves and building functioning devices were achieved.
The document describes the design and development of a TV remote jammer circuit using an IC 555 timer. It begins with an introduction to remote controls and their operating principles. It then discusses the literature surveyed on remote jamming techniques. The system development section describes the use of an astable multivibrator using IC 555 to generate pulses that jam the IR receiver of the TV. It provides circuit diagrams and explanations of the power supply, astable multivibrator, and the overall TV remote jammer circuit. The document aims to jam the TV receiver at a particular frequency and channel to prevent changes using the remote control.
The document describes the design and development of a TV remote jammer circuit using an IC 555 timer. It begins with an introduction to remote controls and their operating principles. It then discusses the literature surveyed on remote jamming techniques. The system development section describes the use of an astable multivibrator using IC 555 to generate pulses that jam the IR receiver of the TV. It provides circuit diagrams and explanations of the power supply, astable multivibrator, and the overall TV remote jammer circuit. The document aims to jam the TV receiver at a particular frequency and channel to prevent changes using the remote control.
The document summarizes a test signal generator called the Handheld Satcom Test Source produced by WORK Microwave. It can generate signals from 50-180 MHz and 950-2150 MHz with precision, making it suitable for calibrating test equipment and measuring parameters of high-frequency converters. The generator has two independent synthesizers allowing it to supply two signals simultaneously for measuring intermodulation. It also allows flexible setting of output levels for measurements like compression point and conversion gain. The generator includes rechargeable batteries, software control, and integrates smoothly with Windows operating systems.
The document provides details about the design and construction of a remote control for an induction motor regulator. It discusses the components used, including transistors, capacitors, encoder and decoder ICs, diodes, LEDs, and regulators. The remote control works by transmitting an infrared signal when a button is pressed, which is received by the regulator and used to control the motor speed. Testing was performed to ensure proper functioning of the power supply and receiver circuit. The aim of the project is to enable remote control of an induction motor for added convenience and comfort.
The Construction And Testing Of An Am Radio Slidetanishaleigh
The document details the construction of an AM radio receiver and audio amplifier by a group of students. It describes the components used to build each device and the steps taken in the assembly process. The radio was able to receive signals from two local stations when tuned. Initial testing found an issue with the speaker in the amplifier, but re-soldering the connections resolved the problem, resulting in a working amplifier for the radio transmission.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
2. Introduction
The main goal for our semester project was to construct a wall climbing robot,
which would be controlled remotely, and have a video image transmitted back from the
robot to the user. We inherited most of the parts from previous semester’s work but with
only motion control functioning. Initially we had to figure out what every element did,
and to get them to work. The main components of the climber were the FASST
controller/receiver pair, the servomotors, the camera, and the image transmitter.
Throughout the semester we first got every individual component of the climber to work,
and tested the functionality. We also managed to implement the battery status overlay
onto the screen. We also resoldered much of the internal circuitry of the climber, in order
to cut down total amount of wires. We added a level of control to the central VRAM
motor so that it can be controlled remotely, but only in a off-low-high way instead of an
analogue way which we had hoped. We also wanted to add a camera switching option,
but were unable to get the devices to work correctly. In the end we had made a climber
which was controlled remotely, sent an image with battery status back to the controller,
and a controllable VRAM motor.
Tech Rationale
A wall climbing robot can have many uses. Our robot specifically is useful for
going into an area and being able to view the area without having any humans entering
the potentially dangerous area. The uses of this for military applications are obvious, to
send a robot into a potentially dangerous area to see if there are any enemy soldiers or
bombs without endangering soldiers’ lives. Another potential use would be to send the
3. robot into areas a human couldn’t physically go like a crawl space or cave of some kind
and gather data. Technically the robot is rather simple, as there are just two small
cameras, four servomotors, a wall climbing motor, and various integrated circuits. One
potential downfall is that the robot needs a relatively smooth surface to either traverse or
climb, but in principal the robot shows the ability to gain information remotely. Also we
would have to conduct experiments to see the distance able for the robot to be controlled
and also to send information back to the user.
Procedure
When we first arrived in lab, we were greeted by a smattering of parts. Our
mission throughout the first few weeks was to determine the composition of the robot.
Our first goal was to determine the function of the receiver which talked to the remote
control. The receiver is an Futaba R617FS which has 7 channels and receives at 2.4 GHz.
In striving to figure out how the receiver was powered, we discovered that it is in fact
powered by the components which plug into each of the 7 channels. Each channel has 3
pins which correspond to power, ground, and signal. In analyzing the signal channel, we
found that many of the switches and sticks corresponded directly to channels on the
receiver. We also analyed the signal to see how it worked and found that each channel
supported a 1.5 mS pulse, and this could vary from about 1 to 2 mS when the control was
pushed to the extreme. Scope traces are found in the appendix.
4. From here, our first goal was to be able to drive the bot. Thus, we removed all the
components from the bot which were not directly related to driving the wheels. The
remaining parts were the two batteries and their attached switch, the voltage regulators
and driver circuits on each pair of wheels, and the receiver. After trying several
combinations of receiver channels, we became about to drive the bot on the ground using
the right stick to control the right wheels, and the left stick to control the left wheels.
These two sticks corresponded to channels 2 and 3 in the receiver. A full listing of
switch/channel correspondences are found in our lab notes.
Our next goal was to figure out what was happening in the video side of things.
We had very much difficulty in figuring out what each of the parts was doing. With some
help from Dr. Janet, we found we had an EagleTree Elogger, which takes telemetry and
packages it as a video signal. We had an EagleTree Video OSD, which overlays the
telemetry on top of video. Finally we had a video splitter which took two video signals
and passed through one at a time, much like a multiplexer. Lastly, there was a 2.4 GHz
500mW transmitter. At this point we did not seem to have a corresponding receiver. We
received one from Dr. Janet later in the semester. We did, though, have what appeared to
be a 12v 2.5” LCD screen. Our goal was to incrementally build up the video circuit from
basic parts until we had a full working unit. A flow chart of our final system is provided
in the appendix.
The first goal was to get any signal to display on the screen. We thus took one of
the cameras and plugged it directly into the screen. We were able to get an image when
5. we provided the screen with 12v and the camera with the 5v which come off the voltage
regulators which we also had. The next step was to try to overlay data. This was actually
harder than it seemed because the 3 pin sockets which were on the overlay were poorly
labeled, and thus we had to try many combinations till we were able to obtain the video
output signal from both the camera and the Elogger. We then attached the battery
connector which went between the two power rails to the Elogger and were able to
monitor the battery voltages across the rails. If we so desired, and had extra battery
connecters, we could have designed the circuit such that it measured current as well, or
possibly used it to measure RPM on a motor if we had the appropriate hardware.
Our next goal was to implement the video switcher which would allow us to
switch between two camera sources. First though, it was necessary to resolder the control
wires to the unit, as they had broken off. After this we connected the units and were
unable to get any video to display. We read the datasheet and found that a signal of
1.2mS changed the video to one source, and a signal of 1.8mS changed it to the other,
with anything in between having no effect. We looked at the scope trace for that
particular channel and found that what we expected was precisely what was being output.
We did find, however, that if we pulled the signal line high one video source was
displayed. We believe either we resoldered the wires wrong or more likely that the chip
had burnt out, but either way, we had not the time to complete it.
Once we had receiver the 2.4 GHz receiver from Dr. Janet, our next task was to
try to get wireless video working. We had heard that there had been issues in the past
6. where there was a large amount of interference with the remote control and the video
transmission. We found this to be the case, when the controller was switched on, the
video would become scrambled. We also knew that the remote only used seven channels,
yet the transmitter had 8 available. We went through each of the combinations and found
channel 6 to have little or no interference. We thus used channel 6 for the remainder of
the project. We did though, notice as we moved the bot around, and away from the
receiver, the signal would become more choppy and initially thought this was just
interference, so we tried to order a transmitter pair at 1.2 GHz, only to find they were not
stocked anymore. Thus we had to make do. Through more trial, though, we found that we
were able to get a strong signal most of the time, and that the signal quality seemed to
have more to do with the transmitter placement and the objects that lay in between the
transmitter and receiver than with whether the remote was on or off. We also found that
by touching the antenna of the receiver, effectively turning our bodies into antennae, the
signal quality was abundantly greater. We thus concluded that the signal quality on this
channel was not caused by interference, but by the limited broadcast power of the
transmitter. We concluded that if interference was really an issue, than by touching the
antenna, we would not only be amplifying the video signal but the controller signal as
well, which would cause no noticeable drop in interference. Since signal quality
improved, we concluded it must be a power issue. We proposed that any signal
interference would likely be because there is a large amount of data on the 2.4 GHz range
regardless of channel since the controller outputs on the other 7 channels. We also
attempted to disable some of the channels of the controller which we weren’t using, and
7. we were able to, but by doing so, we found that the controller simply output the 1.5mS
signal rather than actually disabling the channel.
The last component of the project was the suction motor, which would cause the
bot to stick to walls. This, as we had initially assumed, does not just connect to the 22v
Rails, but uses something called a Pixie 20p to control the motor. The pixie takes the
PWM signal from the radio receiver and drives the motor accordingly. Since the pixie is
powered by the 22v line, the line to the receiver must be cut so there is not a short circuit
from 22 to 5 volts. The pixie controls the motor proportionally from off, to full on based
on the proportion the control is from about 1.1 to 1.9mS pulses it receives. We tried to
implement this using the dial on the controller, but the pixie refused to arm. Before the
pixie is operational, it must receive an off signal for 2 seconds. The pixie was never
arming when attached to the dial. We eliminated the pixie as the problem when we
attached it to one of the channels corresponding to the joysticks. It worked superbly.
Under further analysis, we found that the dial was not varying the pulse width over the
full range but only from about 1.4 to 1.6 mS, which was not enough for the pixie. We
tried to program the controller to operate the dial over a larger range but were unable to.
We thus assumed something must be amiss with the dial itself. In the end, we attached
the pixie to the 3 position switch such that there would be an off, low, and high setting.
In terms of assembling the robot, we undid most of the previous wiring and
soldered it back together in a slightly more reasonable manner, having large nodes for the
22 volt rails to which many things could be connected to. Unfortunately the shortness of
8. some wires limited the usefulness of rearranging things, and the length of some of the
others caused a large mess to be remaining in the end anyway. In the end, we had two
nodes which connected to: the terminals of the battery circuit, the battery monitor output,
the pixie, the two wheel motor controllers, and the voltage regulator for the camera
circuit, which had the correct outputs for the camera and the transmitter.
As was demonstrated, the project was a success, as we were able to drive the bot
via the controller while viewing the camera with little interference. We were also able to
use the battery monitor and control the central motor remotely.
Main Costs
Futaba 7C R/C System $280.00
Eagle Tree Video OSD $80.99
Eagle Tree Elogger $69.99
LM 500mW Transmitter $49.50
2.4 GHz Receiver ~$50.00
Total >$530.48
Timeline
10/18: Introduced to robot, not working, most parts disconnected
11/1: Climber can drive around and video overlay works
11/22: Video link working, pixie received
11/28: Pixie working when not attached to dial
9. 12/4: System integrated
Conclusion and Future Direction
Before out project really got going, we knew we wanted to implement a wall
climber that would be controlled by a user and could send information back. After seeing
what we had to work with, we narrowed our goal to a climber with motion control that
would send back an image. We accomplished these goals, as well as being able to
control the central VRAM motor, so that power can be saved when the climber is moving
on flat surfaces as opposed to climbing walls. We did not manage to add camera
switching to the climber which we had hoped to. Immediate future work on the robot
should be focused on implementing the camera switching. Another important task is to
fix the interference problem on the transmitted image. Because the controller and the
image transmitter are both 2.4 GHz there is interference. However, we believe that the
interference can be overcome with a more powerful image transmitter, without having to
change frequencies. The next steps beyond that would be to find or build a cover for the
chassis so that the climber can climb without having circuits fall out, as well as to include
a skirt for the VRAM motor for better wall climbing ability.