This document provides an outline and overview of the history of the separation between Judaism and Christianity and its consequences. It discusses: 1) The traditional view that the separation occurred between 70-135 CE following the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. 2) A revisionist view that the separation was unsystematic and not complete until the 4th-5th centuries CE. 3) How early church fathers developed anti-Jewish theology which led to supersessionism and the idea that the church replaced Israel in God's purposes.

2. Die Erste Spaltung im Liebe
Christi und seine
Folgenwirkungen
The first schism in the Body of the
Messiah and its consequences
www.mmjt.eu
richardsharvey@gmail.com

3. Outline
•
•
•
•
Personal introduction - reflection
The historical factors - rejection
The present situation - reconciliation
The future prospect - rejoicing

9. Salomon Herz Hirschland
born Steinheim, Westphalia 1766

10. Essen 1812 – 1882
• Salomon (1799-1869) —
Veterinarian – father of
• Abraham (1801-1866) —
Merchant and Lottery Agent
• Levi (1804-1863) — Weaver,
Butcher & Banker
• Simon (1807-1885) –Banker
& Trader
• Moses (1810-1888) —
Doctor of Medicine

12. Brothers Hirschland, London

13. London 1884-2013
• Richard Hirschland
(1859-1936)
• Sydney Moses
Hirschland -> Harvey
(1895-1989)
• Anthony Adolph
Hirschland -> Harvey
(1923-2012)
• Richard Simon Harvey
(1956-)

14. Outline
• Personal introduction - reflection
• The historical factors - rejection
• The present situation - reconciliation
• The future prospect - rejoicing

15. The “Parting of the Ways” or the
“Ways that Never Parted”?
• The traditional view
(Parkes, Simon, Dunn)
• New understandings
(Boyarin, Frederickson)
• Contemporary
significance
• Inventiing Jewish and
Christian idenities
http://jewishstudies.eteacherbiblical.com/2013/06/inventing-christian-id
)
15

16. The Traditional View
•
•
•
•
Between 70 and 135
Destruction of Temple
Birkat Haminim c.90
Jerusalem becomes
Roman city
• Jewish believers flee
to Pella
• Bar Kocheba revolt

17. The Revisionist View
• Boyarin, Frederickson
• Separation of
Judaism and
Christianity
unsystematic,
sporadic and not
complete until 4th/5th c
• Partitioning of Jewish
Christianity to define
borders

18. Key Periods in the history of Jewish
believers in Yeshua - Infancy

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

0-32The Messiah among us!
32c
Great Commission (Matthew 28)
120c
14 Jewish Bishops of Jerusalem
150c
Justin Martyr’s “Dialogue with
Trypho”
170c
Hegesippus “Memoirs of the
History of the Church” in Eusebius
200c
Epiphanius “Panarion” against
Ebionites
400c
Jerome translates NT with
Messianic Jewish assistance
5th-9th c - Evidence of Jewish-Christian groups in
East, influencing Syriac church and Islam
18

19. Key Consequences
• Loss of Jewish
worldview in West
• Anti-Judaism in
Christian theology
• Supersessionism
• “When Judaism and
Christianity parted
company, the truth
was divided”

20. Synagogue
Without a home,
among the
people of Israel,
or in the Christian Church,
the Messianic Jewish
community ends up
in the no-man’s land
in-between
Church

21. Tertullian (165-220)
• The new law of peace
and love replaces the
law of retribution
• Israel cease to be
God’s chosen people.
• Rebecca, Esau and
Jacob.
• Esau = Israel; Jacob =
Church

22. St John Chrysostom (350-407)
Bishop of Constantinople
• Chrysostom = Mouth of Gold
• 8 Homilies against the Jews and
Jewish Christians
•
"Shall I tell you of their plundering,
their covetousness, their
abandonment of the poor, their thefts,
their cheating in trade? The whole day
long will not be enough to give you an
account of these things. But do their
festivals have something solemn and
great about them? They have shown
that these, too, are impure." (Homily I,

23. St Augustine (354-430)
"...the Church admits and avows the Jewish
people to be cursed, because after killing
Christ they continue to till the ground of an
earthly circumcision, an earthly Sabbath, an
earthly passover, while the hidden strength
or virtue of making known Christ, which this
tilling contains, is not yielded to the Jews
while they continue in impiety and unbelief,
for it is revealed in the New Testament.
While they will not turn to God, the veil which
is on their minds in reading the Old
Testament is not taken away... the Jewish
people, like Cain, continue tilling the ground,
in the carnal observance of the law, which
does not yield to them its strength, because
they do not perceive in it the grace of Christ"

24. Anti Jewish invective…
.. by early church fathers:
• St Augustine
• St Ambroise
• St John Chrysostom
• St Jerome
• Gregory of Nyssus
• Many others

25. Types of Supersessionism
φ Punitive supersessionism – Israel
to be punished for her rejection of
Jesus
φ Economic supersessionism – Israel
no longer needed in the purposes
of God – no continuing theological
significance outside the Church
φ Structural supersessionism – the
Christian reading of the biblical
canonical narrative goes from
Creation and Fall to Redemption
and Consummation omitting
Election of Israel as Blessing to the
Nations
25

26. R K Soulen and the Reframing of the
Canonical Narrative
φ ‘The standard model drives a
historical wedge between the
gospel and the God of Israel
by collapsing God’s covenant
with Israel into the economy
of redemption in its
prefigurative form’
(1996:110)
φ Economy of Creation, Fall,
Election of Israel,
Redemption, Restoration
26

27. Messianic Jews challenge
Supersessionism
• One chair occupied by
Israel and taken over by
Christians
• One chair broken in two
• William Temple - “When
Judaism and Christianity
parted company, the
truth was divided”

28. Covenant in Jewish Thought
φ Election – the choice God made of
Israel to be his people
φ Covenant – the form of the
communal relationship He calls
them into
φ Redemption – the goal, promise
and ultimate universal purpose
towards which election and
covenant move
28

29. Key Consequences (2)
• Church without
Israel is incomplete
• Israel without
Messiah is
incomplete
• The mystery of the
Church is bound
inextricably to the
mystery of Israel

30. Luther on Law
• “The Law and the Gospel are two
doctrines that are absolutely
contrary.”
• “The Law is the Word of perdition,
the Word of wrath, the Word of
sadness, the Word of pain, the voice
of the Judge,” while
• The Gospel “is the Word of
salvation, the Word of grace, the
Word of comfort, the Word of joy.”
•
What Luther Says, An Anthology, vol. 2, comp. Ewald
M. Plass (St. Louis, Mo.: Concordia, 1959), 733

31. Outline
• Personal introduction - reflection
• The historical factors - rejection
• The present situation - reconciliation
• The future prospect - rejoicing

32. White Crucifixion
Marc Chagall, 1938

33. What is a lament?
• Passionate expression of grief
• Expression of deep regret or
sorrow for the loss of a
person or position
• Means of invoking the
presence of God within a
situation of distress
• Sub-types: funeral dirge, city,
communal, individual laments
• Heb: qinâ - dirge (2 Sam.
1:17, Amos 8:10) tefillah lament
• A phonetic illustration of
suffering

34. Lament Rhythm (3:2) - Ps.5:1-2
My-words give-earto, O LORD
Amarai Ha’azinah
YHWH
Give-heed-to mygroaning
Binah Hagigi
Listen to-the-soundof my-cry
Hakshivah L’qol shav’i
My-king and-my-God Malki v’Elohai

35. Elements of Laments (Psalm 54)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Call for vengeance
Complaint
Confession of sin
Exclamation of praise
Expression of trust
Grounds for Petition
Invocation of God
Petition
Protestation of
innocence
• Vow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1 invocation
2 petition
3 complaint
4 trust
5 vengeance
6 vow
7 praise

36. Lament tradition
• Frequent response to catastrophe,
meaninglessness, delay in
redemption of the faithful and
judgement on the wicked
(Lamentations, Pss. 44; 137)
• God called to account
• Lament form allows arguing with
good, bad theology and
expression of anger
• ‘The lament does not solve all of
the sufferer’s intellectual questions
about the origin and meaning of
the suffering, but does provide a
structured way for the faithful to
bring their suffering to God’s
attention and to cope with it.’ (ABD
VI:222)

37. Sitting in Sadness – Turning the back

38. Reconciliation - Process and Product
Reconciliation goes
•beyond conflict resolution
•changing the motivations,
goals, beliefs, attitudes and
emotions
•the nature of the relationships
between the parties
• the parties themselves
(Bar-Tal and Gemma H. Bennink 2004:12)

39. Intra-Societal Reconciliation
Truth – open expression
of the past
Mercy - forgiveness to
enable new relations
Justice - restitution and
social restructuring
Peace – a common
future, wellbeing, and
security for all the parties.
(Lederach, 1997)

40. “The Place Called Reconciliation”
• Truth
–
–
–
–
Acknowledgment
Transparency
Revelation
Clarity
• Justice
–
–
–
–
Equality
Right relationships
Restoration
Restitution
Mercy and truth are met together;
righteousness and peace have kissed each
other. (Psalm 85:10)
• Mercy
–
–
–
–
–
Acceptance
Forgiveness
Support
Compassion
Healing
• Peace
–
–
–
–
–
Harmony
Unity
Well-being
Security
Respect

41. 4. The MJM challenges Two
Covenant Theology
• Two chairs, no connection,
both equally comfortable, one
called Torah, one called
Yeshua
• Franz Rosenzweig (1886–
1929) – “Judaism is the Sun,
Christianity the rays”
• The Jewish ‘no’ to Jesus?

42. Marquardt’s “Jewish ‘No!’ to Jesus”
• Text

43. Influencing Factors
• Rediscovery of the Jewishness of Jesus,
the Early Church, Paul
• Importance of Jewish background of
Scripture
• Significance of land and people of Israel
today
• The Charismatic/Prophetic dimensions of
Restoration and Reconciliation
43
43

44. Outline
• Personal introduction - reflection
• The historical factors - rejection
• The present situation - reconciliation
• The future prospect - rejoicing

45. Godly and Worldly Grief
• For godly grief produces repentance which
leads to salvation and brings no regret –
but worldly grief produces death. (2 Cor.
7:10)
• Repentance – Reconciliation –
Restoration – Rejoicing!

46. God is faithful!