Volcanoes are openings in the Earth's crust through which magma and gases erupt. There are several types of volcanoes defined by their structure and eruptive activity. Shield volcanoes have gentle slopes and erupt non-violently, building up over time. Composite and cinder cone volcanoes have steeper slopes and more explosive eruptions. Caldera volcanoes form large depressions when the magma chamber collapses. Volcanic activity occurs at plate boundaries and hot spots due to pressure buildup underground.
A volcano is a mountain that opens downward to a pool of molten rock below the surface of the earth. When pressure builds up, eruptions occur. Gases and rock shoot up through the opening and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments. Eruptions can cause lateral blasts, lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods. Volcano eruptions have been known to knock down entire forests. An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rockfalls.
what are Volcanism and volcano,
Distribution of Volcanoes
Kinds of Volcanoes
Types of Volcanic Hazards
Preparing for Volcanic Emergencies
A volcano is generally a conical shaped hill or mountain built by accumulations of lava flows, tephra, and volcanic ash. About 95% of active volcanoes occur at the plate subduction zones and at the mid-oceanic ridges. The other 5% occur in areas associated with lithospheric hot spots. These hot spots have no direct relationships with areas of crustal creation or subduction zones. It is believed that hot spots are caused by plumes of rising magma that have their origin within the asthenosphere.
Over the last 2 million years, volcanoes have been depositing lava, tephra, and ash in particular areas of the globe. These areas occur at hot spots, rift zones, and along plate boundaries where tectonic subduction is taking place within the asthenosphere.
The most prevalent kinds of volcanoes on the Earth's surface are the kind which form the "Pacific Rim of Fire". Those are volcanoes which form as a result of subduction of the nearby lithosphere.
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
A volcano is a mountain that opens downward to a pool of molten rock below the surface of the earth. When pressure builds up, eruptions occur. Gases and rock shoot up through the opening and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments. Eruptions can cause lateral blasts, lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods. Volcano eruptions have been known to knock down entire forests. An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rockfalls.
what are Volcanism and volcano,
Distribution of Volcanoes
Kinds of Volcanoes
Types of Volcanic Hazards
Preparing for Volcanic Emergencies
A volcano is generally a conical shaped hill or mountain built by accumulations of lava flows, tephra, and volcanic ash. About 95% of active volcanoes occur at the plate subduction zones and at the mid-oceanic ridges. The other 5% occur in areas associated with lithospheric hot spots. These hot spots have no direct relationships with areas of crustal creation or subduction zones. It is believed that hot spots are caused by plumes of rising magma that have their origin within the asthenosphere.
Over the last 2 million years, volcanoes have been depositing lava, tephra, and ash in particular areas of the globe. These areas occur at hot spots, rift zones, and along plate boundaries where tectonic subduction is taking place within the asthenosphere.
The most prevalent kinds of volcanoes on the Earth's surface are the kind which form the "Pacific Rim of Fire". Those are volcanoes which form as a result of subduction of the nearby lithosphere.
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
This document looks at volcanoes in detail. It starts with the definition of volcanoes and the labeling of the different parts of a volcano. Then it looks at the different extrusive and intrusive volcanic features. It also looks at the positive and negative effects of volcanic activity
A PowerPoint Presentation for Grade 9 teachers. This presentation is ONLY suggested guide for teachers to assist them on the discussion after the activities as suggested in the Learner's Module were performed. Please feel free to add comments and suggestions. Thanks!
This document looks at volcanoes in detail. It starts with the definition of volcanoes and the labeling of the different parts of a volcano. Then it looks at the different extrusive and intrusive volcanic features. It also looks at the positive and negative effects of volcanic activity
A PowerPoint Presentation for Grade 9 teachers. This presentation is ONLY suggested guide for teachers to assist them on the discussion after the activities as suggested in the Learner's Module were performed. Please feel free to add comments and suggestions. Thanks!
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
3. ~An opening in the earth's crust through
which molten lava, ash, and gases are
ejected.
~A similar opening on the surface of another
planet.
~A mountain formed by the materials ejected
from a volcano.
What is A Volcano?
http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=volcano
4. What is a volcano?
• A volcano
connects molten
rock (magma)
from within the
Earth’s crust to
the Earth's
surface.
• The volcano
includes the
surrounding cone
of erupted
material.
vent
cone
magma
chamber
conduit
6. TYPES OF ERUPTIONS
ERUPTIONS FALL INTO 2 CATEGORIES
Violent(explosive) eruptions
destroy the volcano
Non-Violent (calm or quiet)
eruptions build up the
volcano
7. Shield volcanoes can span across hundreds of miles.
Shield volcanoes have a gentle slope and consist of
frozen lava after it is hardened. Shield volcanoes
almost always have large craters at their summit.
Gentle slopes = non-violent eruptions
Hot spots!
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/volcanoes/vtypesvolcan1.html
8. Cinder cone volcanoes consist of mostly loose,
grainy cinders and have very little to no lava.
Cinder cone volcanoes are normally small about a
miles span and about one thousand feet vertically.
Cinder cone volcanoes have fairly steep slopes and
normally have a small crater at the top.
Steep slopes = explosive or violent eruptions
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/volcanoes/vtypesvolcan1.html
9. Composite volcanoes have another name called
“Strato Volcanoes.” Composite volcanoes consist of
lava that is mixed with sand or gravel which in turn
creates cinders or volcanic ash.
Steep slopes = explosive or violent eruptions
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/volcanoes/vtypesvolcan1.html
10. Caldera volcanoes are circular depressions in the
ground over a magma chamber. Sometimes the
depression in Caldera volcanoes are covered in
with lava and volcanic ash making it hard to
recognize. This type of volcano is easier noticed
from space due to the distance and view point.
When this volcano erupts it can spew volcanic
rocks for miles and miles.
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/volcanoes/vtypesvolcan1.html
11. Fissure volcanoes are also hard to recognize from
the ground and sometimes from space. Fissure
volcanoes have no main crater, the ground just
splits and lava pours out through the cracks. After
a fissure volcano erupts and has cooled because it’s
a solid it will look mainly like the plains.
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/volcanoes/vtypesvolcan1.html
12. Types Of Magma
Granite magma consist of light-colored rock and is
not as heavy as basalt magma. Granite magma is
very sticky and flows rather slowly.
Basalt magma consist of dark-colored rocks and is
much heavier then granite magma. It flows more
fluidly then molten granite.
13. Volcano Environments
~In an island-arc environment, volcanoes lie
along the crest of an arcuate.
~In an oceanic environment, volcanoes are
aligned along the crest of a broad ridge that
marks an active fracture system in the
oceanic crust.
~In the continental environment, volcanoes
are located unstable, mountainous belts that
have thick roots of granite or granite like
rock.
14. Where are volcanoes likely to
occur?
Volcanoes occur in weak spots in the earth’s crust
There are many volcanoes along the Pacific Ocean.
Many islands in the Pacific Ocean are actually
volcanoes. They form a ring around the ocean
which is called the “Pacific Belt of Fire.”
Although there are some other “belts of fire”, the
“Pacific Belt of Fire” is the biggest.
There are approximately five hundred active
volcanoes, that are known, lying in these belts.
15. Volcanoes In Other Places
Volcanoes aren’t just a thing from earth they also
happen on other planets as seen in this picture. But
while on other planets there is no destruction as we
have seen from volcanoes on earth.
Mariner 9 imagery of
Olympus Mons volcano
on Mars
16. VOLCANO FORMATION:
HOT SPOTS
A fixed source of
magma rising beneath
a plate forming
volcanic islands
Magma can be
basaltic or granitic –
so eruptions can be
explosive or “quiet”
17. When and how do eruptions occur?
Steam and gases from magma in the earth create
bubbles that expand and burst when the pressure
above them is lessened. These bubbles usually burst
with a tremendous force that along with escaping
gas comes magma too. In some cases, it takes years
for the magma to break through the surface of the
earth.
18. Why do eruptions occur?
Eruptions occur when underground pressure is
released when blocks of the earth’s crust shift.
For example, earthquakes.
20. Effusive Eruptions
• Effusive eruptions are
characterised by outpourings
of lava on to the ground.
Hawaii
Courtesy of www.swisseduc.ch
21. Damages
The most devastating destruction from volcanoes
is the tremendous loss of life. Following an
eruption in 1815, there were 56 000 people killed by
a tidal wave from a eruption. Lava from the
volcano is hot enough to catch everything in its path
on fire, even the ash from a volcano is hot enough
to start fires. Lahar can wash away houses and
uproot trees. Magma can give off poisonous gases
such as carbon monoxide. Damages from
volcanoes are very expensive to repair or replace.
