Volcano PPT.ppt
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Volcanoes form at subduction zones, hot spots, and through plate tectonics. There are three main types of volcanoes - shield volcanoes which erupt fluid basalt and form broad slopes, cinder cones which erupt explosively and form small steep slopes, and composite volcanoes which alternate between explosive and nonexplosive eruptions forming tall steep shapes. The type of eruption depends on factors like the viscosity, gas and water content of the magma.
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- Provide a real world example to illustrate your point
- Explain how the landform is formed by tectonic processes
- Describe the characteristic features and appearance
- Discuss any environmental or geological impacts/hazards
- Use clear diagrams and images to support your explanations
- Leave time for questions
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Volcanoes form when magma rises from below the Earth's surface and erupts through openings called vents. As magma accumulates in underground chambers, it can build up conical mountains at the vents. There are three main types of volcanoes defined by their shape and eruptive behavior: cinder cones are small and steep; shield volcanoes are broad with gentle slopes; and composite volcanoes are tall with alternating layers of ash and lava. Volcanoes can be active, dormant, or extinct depending on their history of recent eruptions.
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Volcanoes form along tectonic plate boundaries where one plate subducts under another. Most volcanoes occur along the Ring of Fire in the Pacific Ocean area where many tectonic plates meet. When plates collide or one slides under another, pressure and heat cause magma to form underground. This magma can then push through the Earth's crust in places along the plate boundaries to erupt as volcanoes. The Ring of Fire sees frequent volcanic activity because it has many locations where plates are subducting or sliding past one another, generating magma and fueling volcanoes over long chains and arcs around the Pacific Ocean margin.
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Over the last 2 million years, volcanoes have been depositing lava, tephra, and ash in particular areas of the globe. These areas occur at hot spots, rift zones, and along plate boundaries where tectonic subduction is taking place within the asthenosphere.
The most prevalent kinds of volcanoes on the Earth's surface are the kind which form the "Pacific Rim of Fire". Those are volcanoes which form as a result of subduction of the nearby lithosphere.
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Volcanoes form when magma rises up from below the Earth's surface through weaknesses in the crust called vents. There are three main types of volcanoes defined by their shape and eruptive activity: shield volcanoes which erupt frequently with fluid basalt lava to build broad domes, like those in Hawaii; composite volcanoes like Mt. St. Helens which alternate between explosive and effusive eruptions to form tall and cone-shaped peaks; and cinder cone volcanoes which have short and violent eruptions of ash and cinders building small and steep cones. Volcanic eruptions can range from non-explosive and effusive to highly explosive depending on the viscosity of the mag
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There are three main types of volcanoes that form from different geological processes:
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This document provides an overview of volcanism and volcanic processes. It discusses the types of volcanoes such as shield volcanoes, composite volcanoes, cinder cones and lava domes. It also describes volcanic deposits including lava, tephra and lava tubes. Additionally, it covers the distribution of volcanoes along plate boundaries and volcanic belts. The document outlines methods for predicting volcanic eruptions in both the long-term by examining geological records, and short-term by monitoring changes in gas emissions, earthquakes and ground deformation near active volcanoes. Finally, it discusses volcanic hazards such as lava flows, pyroclastic flows, lahars and toxic gases.
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Volcanoes form when magma rises from below the Earth's surface and erupts through openings called vents. As magma accumulates in underground chambers, it can build up conical mountains at the vents. There are three main types of volcanoes defined by their shape and eruptive behavior: cinder cones are small and steep; shield volcanoes are broad with gentle slopes; and composite volcanoes are tall with alternating layers of ash and lava. Volcanoes can be active, dormant, or extinct depending on their history of recent eruptions.
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Volcanoes form along tectonic plate boundaries where one plate subducts under another. Most volcanoes occur along the Ring of Fire in the Pacific Ocean area where many tectonic plates meet. When plates collide or one slides under another, pressure and heat cause magma to form underground. This magma can then push through the Earth's crust in places along the plate boundaries to erupt as volcanoes. The Ring of Fire sees frequent volcanic activity because it has many locations where plates are subducting or sliding past one another, generating magma and fueling volcanoes over long chains and arcs around the Pacific Ocean margin.
Earthquakes and volcanoes
Earthquakes and volcanoes occur in three main zones around the world. Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates, with the most common type occurring along faults. The San Andreas fault in California regularly produces earthquakes, including the 1906 quake in San Francisco. Volcanoes form when magma reaches the surface from underground chambers; the type of eruption determines the volcano's shape, such as cinder cones from explosive eruptions or shield volcanoes from fluid lava flows. Major zones of earthquake and volcanic activity encircle the Pacific Ocean, extend through the Mediterranean region, and follow the Mid-Atlantic Ridge under the ocean.
Study of Volcanism and volcano
what are Volcanism and volcano,
Distribution of Volcanoes
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A volcano is generally a conical shaped hill or mountain built by accumulations of lava flows, tephra, and volcanic ash. About 95% of active volcanoes occur at the plate subduction zones and at the mid-oceanic ridges. The other 5% occur in areas associated with lithospheric hot spots. These hot spots have no direct relationships with areas of crustal creation or subduction zones. It is believed that hot spots are caused by plumes of rising magma that have their origin within the asthenosphere.
Over the last 2 million years, volcanoes have been depositing lava, tephra, and ash in particular areas of the globe. These areas occur at hot spots, rift zones, and along plate boundaries where tectonic subduction is taking place within the asthenosphere.
The most prevalent kinds of volcanoes on the Earth's surface are the kind which form the "Pacific Rim of Fire". Those are volcanoes which form as a result of subduction of the nearby lithosphere.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Volcano PPT.ppt
- 1. Volcanism • Essential Questions: • What is a volcano exactly? • What are the three main types of volcanoes and in what manner do they erupt?
- 2. Volcanoes Volcanic activity takes place primarily at subduction boundaries, How and Where Volcanoes Form Oceanic lithosphere Continental lithosphere Asthenosphere 1. Water in the subducted rock is released into the asthenosphere. 2. The water lowers the melting temperatures of materials in the asthenosphere, leading to magma formation. 3. The magma is less dense than its surroundings, so it rises. 4. Some of the magma reaches Earth’s surface, and volcanoes form on the overriding continental plate.
- 3. The Hawaiian Islands formed over a hot spot. Volcanoes Magma and volcanoes also form at hot spots. VOCABULARY How and Where Volcanoes Form Direction of Plate Movement Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii volcano hot spot
- 6. Plate Tectonics and Magma Generation
- 7. Major Volcanoes Around the World
- 8. Gases escape easily from basaltic magma, generating relatively quiet eruptions. Hardened basaltic lava flows on land are characterized as pahoehoe or aa; if the lava cools underwater, it is characterized as pillow lava. Magma and Erupted Materials A.Parameters of volcanism: 1.Viscosity 2.Chemistry of Magma 3.Gases within the magma 4.Water content of magma
- 9. Magma and Erupted Materials Viscosity: Viscosity is a measure of how thick (viscous) and sticky a liquid is. Magma and Erupted Materials Lava Flow - A 'stream' of molten rock
- 10. Silica Content Melting Temp. Gas Content Viscosity Type of Eruption Location Least (~50%) Basaltic Magma Least Least viscous Rarely explosive Highest Rifts, oceanic hot spots AndesiticMagma Intermediate (~60%) Intermediate Intermediate Sometimes explosive Intermediate Subduction boundaries Rhyolitic Magma Most (~70%) Most Most viscous Usually explosive Lowest Continental hot spots Magma and Erupted Materials Magma and Erupted Materials
- 11. Volcanic Landforms A volcano’s shape and structure depend on how it erupts and what materials are released. Shield volcanoes are formed by basaltic lava that flows long distances before hardening.
- 12. Tectonic Settings and Volcanic Activity
- 13. Igneous __________- classified by shape, size, and orientation Intrusions
- 14. There are three types of volcanic cones: • ______ – explosive eruptions, small but steep slopes, pyroclastics. • _______ – non-explosive eruptions, fluid basaltic lava, gentle broad slopes. • _________ – alternating between lava and pyroclastics, explosive and non-explosive eruptions, steep and tall. Cinder Shield Composite
- 15. Volcano Types
- 16. Volcanoes A volcano’s shape and structure depend on how it erupts and what materials are released. VOCABULARY Volcanic Landforms Shield volcanoes are formed by basaltic lava that flows long distances before hardening. Shield Volcano shield volcano cinder cone composite volcano lahar caldera lava plateau
- 17. Shield and Composite Volcanoes
- 18. Volcanoes Cinder cones are formed when molten lava is thrown into the air from a vent and breaks into drops. These drops harden into cinders that form a steep cone around the vent. Volcanic Landforms Cinder Cone
- 19. Volcanoes Composite volcanoes are formed by layers of pyroclastic materials and lava that have erupted in the past. Volcanic Landforms Composite Volcano
- 21. Debris Avalanche and Eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington
- 22. Volcanoes Volcanic Landforms A caldera is a large crater-shaped basin that forms when the top of a volcano collapses.
- 23. Formation of Crater Lake
- 24. EFFUSIVE ERUPTIONS • Generally at hots spots, spreading centers • Mantle comes directly to surface • Hot lava; low viscosity, very mafic, flows easily, gases escape easily • Forms shields, flood basalts
- 25. EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS • Found at subduction zones • Magma low temp (800 degrees C), high viscosity, does not flow easilty, more felsic mineralogy, gases trapped, hard to predict explosions • Forms composite volcanoes, cinder cones, calderas, aerial bombs, nuee ardente gas flows, very destructive