The document summarizes the geologic features and history observed in Big Bend National Park based on field mapping. During the Cretaceous period, limestone formations like the Santa Elena were deposited in the region as sea levels rose and fell. These formations were later folded and faulted during the Laramide Orogeny as the Farallon plate collided with North America. Normal faults and igneous intrusions were also observed that provided insight into the tectonic activity after deposition and folding of the layers. Analysis of the rock units, fossils, and structural features helps reconstruct the geologic changes in the area over the past 100 million years.
The document summarizes the geology of the Adirondack Mountains in northern New York state. It describes the oldest rock formations in the region, which are around 1500-1300 million years old and composed of anorthosite. It explains how the Adirondack Mountains formed through a combination of uplift and erosion over long periods of time. Examples are given of how hurricanes have dramatically changed the landscape by causing floods and rerouting rivers. Different types of rock formations are shown in photographs along hiking trails, such as intrusions, gneiss, and syenite, and their ages and compositions are discussed.
This document provides information and guidance for a unit on ground movement. It includes background on Folkestone Warren as a case study, an overview of the key processes involved in ground movement, descriptions of simulations to run in class, and background on preventing landslides using another case study at Barton Cliffs. The simulations are designed to show how different factors like material type, water pressure, underlying rocks, and cementation can influence slope stability and failure.
Hopson 2001 Potential Impact On Water Resources From Eruptions Near Mammoth L...fhopson
This document assesses the potential impacts of volcanic eruptions near Mammoth Lakes, California on local water resources. It discusses possible eruption scenarios including lava domes, cinder cones and ashfall. Hazards from eruptions like pyroclastic flows, lahars and debris avalanches could increase turbidity and acidity in streams. Large volcanic events could damage infrastructure like dams, reservoirs and the Los Angeles aqueduct by blocking or flooding stream channels. Eruptions may cause temporary changes to water quality and quantity but overall impacts would depend on the size and type of any future volcanic activity.
The document summarizes a field excursion through Canyon Country in the Colorado Plateau region. It describes the geographic features of the region including rivers, mountain ranges, and geological sections. It also discusses the climate, vegetation, rock formations, geological structures like joints, folds, and faults. The geological history of the region from the Precambrian era to present is outlined. Finally, it mentions some cultural features like petroglyphs carved by ancient peoples.
This document summarizes a study that used interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations to analyze ground deformation from the 1995 eruption of Fogo volcano in Cape Verde. The key findings were:
1. InSAR data showed ground deformation due to intrusion of a two-segment feeder dike for the eruption, but no evidence of deformation from changes in a shallow magma reservoir.
2. Modeling suggests the dike intruded at a depth of around 2 km.
3. The lack of shallow reservoir involvement and modeling of eruption volumes indicates the magma source was deep, at least 16.5 km below the surface.
4. This supports the
The document summarizes the natural and human-induced geological processes affecting the Cardona Diapir salt outcrop in northeastern Spain. It describes the formation and geological structure of the salt deposit. Underground mining for potassium salt from 1930 to 1990 caused significant changes, including the accumulation of mine waste that dammed drainage and induced sinkhole formation. In 1998, the interception of an underground salt conduit by a mine gallery dramatically altered the hydrology and caused river water and debris to flow into the mine.
The document summarizes the geologic features and history observed in Big Bend National Park based on field mapping. During the Cretaceous period, limestone formations like the Santa Elena were deposited in the region as sea levels rose and fell. These formations were later folded and faulted during the Laramide Orogeny as the Farallon plate collided with North America. Normal faults and igneous intrusions were also observed that provided insight into the tectonic activity after deposition and folding of the layers. Analysis of the rock units, fossils, and structural features helps reconstruct the geologic changes in the area over the past 100 million years.
The document summarizes the geology of the Adirondack Mountains in northern New York state. It describes the oldest rock formations in the region, which are around 1500-1300 million years old and composed of anorthosite. It explains how the Adirondack Mountains formed through a combination of uplift and erosion over long periods of time. Examples are given of how hurricanes have dramatically changed the landscape by causing floods and rerouting rivers. Different types of rock formations are shown in photographs along hiking trails, such as intrusions, gneiss, and syenite, and their ages and compositions are discussed.
This document provides information and guidance for a unit on ground movement. It includes background on Folkestone Warren as a case study, an overview of the key processes involved in ground movement, descriptions of simulations to run in class, and background on preventing landslides using another case study at Barton Cliffs. The simulations are designed to show how different factors like material type, water pressure, underlying rocks, and cementation can influence slope stability and failure.
Hopson 2001 Potential Impact On Water Resources From Eruptions Near Mammoth L...fhopson
This document assesses the potential impacts of volcanic eruptions near Mammoth Lakes, California on local water resources. It discusses possible eruption scenarios including lava domes, cinder cones and ashfall. Hazards from eruptions like pyroclastic flows, lahars and debris avalanches could increase turbidity and acidity in streams. Large volcanic events could damage infrastructure like dams, reservoirs and the Los Angeles aqueduct by blocking or flooding stream channels. Eruptions may cause temporary changes to water quality and quantity but overall impacts would depend on the size and type of any future volcanic activity.
The document summarizes a field excursion through Canyon Country in the Colorado Plateau region. It describes the geographic features of the region including rivers, mountain ranges, and geological sections. It also discusses the climate, vegetation, rock formations, geological structures like joints, folds, and faults. The geological history of the region from the Precambrian era to present is outlined. Finally, it mentions some cultural features like petroglyphs carved by ancient peoples.
This document summarizes a study that used interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations to analyze ground deformation from the 1995 eruption of Fogo volcano in Cape Verde. The key findings were:
1. InSAR data showed ground deformation due to intrusion of a two-segment feeder dike for the eruption, but no evidence of deformation from changes in a shallow magma reservoir.
2. Modeling suggests the dike intruded at a depth of around 2 km.
3. The lack of shallow reservoir involvement and modeling of eruption volumes indicates the magma source was deep, at least 16.5 km below the surface.
4. This supports the
The document summarizes the natural and human-induced geological processes affecting the Cardona Diapir salt outcrop in northeastern Spain. It describes the formation and geological structure of the salt deposit. Underground mining for potassium salt from 1930 to 1990 caused significant changes, including the accumulation of mine waste that dammed drainage and induced sinkhole formation. In 1998, the interception of an underground salt conduit by a mine gallery dramatically altered the hydrology and caused river water and debris to flow into the mine.
An Integrated Approach to the Exploration of Fractured Reservoirs: A Challeng...Mario Prince
This is an integrated analysis of the La Luna Formation in the Chuira pop-up structure, located in the Middle Magdalena Basin (MMVB). A structural trap originally mapped with 2D seismic and later with a 3D seismic volume, was interpreted using a conventional time structure maps and depth conversion methods. In 2009, the first well drilled a sequence of calcareous rocks which produce oil in stable natural flow but with a low rate. In order to understand this potential discovery, multidisciplinary studies were conducted including a detailed geology of the La Luna Formation information from outcrops, the integration of seismic attributes, log analysis, and an exhaustive reservoir research from existing samples.
Hadlari and rainbird 2011 baker lake basin tectonic synthesisrad8
The document summarizes a study on the Paleoproterozoic Baker Lake Basin in Nunavut, Canada. It discusses the basin's two-stage development between 1.84-1.78 billion years ago, with an initial stage of rifting and a second post-rift stage. It proposes that the first stage was caused by continental retro-arc extension during formation of the Kisseynew back-arc basin around 1.85-1.84 billion years ago. Upon closure of that basin, the second stage recorded lateral tectonic escape between collision zones in the region. The basin provides insights into the regional extension and crustal thinning of the western Churchill Province during this time period.
1) Glacial Lake Missoula formed during the last ice age when an ice dam blocked the Clark Fork River, causing a huge lake to form. The lake drained catastrophically when the ice dam failed, carving out features like ripple marks and waterfalls.
2) These floods discharged at rates over 600 times the modern Amazon River and formed huge ripple marks up to 30 meters tall. Analysis of sediment layers indicates periods of both low and high energy deposition from the filling and draining of the lakes.
3) Flood waters from Lake Missoula entered a second ice-dammed lake, Glacial Lake Columbia, and found outlets through channels now known as the Channeled Sc
The Geomorphology of Irish submarine canyonsThomas Mackle
This document provides an overview of submarine canyons located off the coast of Ireland. It discusses several theories for how canyons form, including glacial scarring during ice ages and erosion from turbidity currents carrying sediment. The document aims to analyze the geomorphology and formation processes of Irish submarine canyons using bathymetric data and GIS software. The author hypothesizes that the Irish canyons formed through glacial scarring and deposition from turbidity currents within existing canyons, and that the canyons will show similar characteristics and processes. The study area focuses on canyons near the North Coast of Ireland close to the Rockall Trough, which have been previously examined in other studies.
Three Sisters and Whychus Creek— A Geologic Past and PresentDesLandTrust
Join Ellen Morris Bishop, noted geologist, author, and photographer, for a talk on the geologic history of the Sisters and Whychus Creek. Ellen will discuss the geology of the Three Sisters region and the early volcanism revealed in Whychus Creek’s lower stretches.
1) The ravines at Grand Valley State University formed over the last 15,000 years through episodic erosion by small streams. As glaciers receded after the last ice age, the streams carved valleys into uplands deposited by glacial sediments.
2) The ravines cut into a broad upland ridge composed of thick glacial and lake sediments. During the most recent ice age, massive glaciers deposited layers of till, sand, silt and clay that make up the sediments the ravines eroded into.
3) The oldest sediments exposed in the ravines are fine-grained clay and silt layers deposited in Glacial Lake Chicago as it existed between retreating glacial lobes. These layers
The document summarizes a field/lab assignment completed by Jose Berber where they collected and analyzed different rock samples near Highway 5 in California. Jose describes the geological features of the area including the San Joaquin fault line and analyzes the different rocks collected, identifying some as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic based on their crystalline structures and how they were formed. Jose also describes various weathering and erosion events observed in the area and provides examples of human geological uses like a skate park and power plant built atop the local geology.
This bridge outside of Parkfield, California shows evidence of displacement along the San Andreas Fault, as the guardrail and deck are bent. The San Andreas Fault exhibits lateral movement of the Pacific and North American tectonic plates. It has been over 30 million years since the fault formed, and the plates have displaced over 560 kilometers.
This bridge outside of Parkfield, California shows evidence of displacement along the San Andreas Fault, as the guardrail and deck are bent. The San Andreas Fault exhibits lateral movement of the Pacific and North American tectonic plates. It has been over 30 million years since the fault formed, and the plates have displaced over 560 kilometers.
1. The document provides an introduction to the geology, geomorphology, natural history, and recreational opportunities of the lower Catawba River Valley in South Carolina.
2. It describes the formation of the Catawba River and the three geologic regions of South Carolina it flows through.
3. The focus is on the area around the Great Falls, detailing the local bedrock geology, geomorphology of the river valley, and evidence of the area's geological history.
Erosion shapes the land in different ways depending on the agent of erosion:
Rivers erode valleys by carrying away eroded material downstream. Over long periods of time this can carve deep V-shaped valleys. Fast flowing water is very erosive and can undercut cliffs/banks causing collapse. Meanders are formed as the river erodes the outside of bends more than the inside.
Glacial erosion grinds away rock as ice flows under its own weight. Glaciers pick up and carry rock fragments, abrading the land beneath. This forms U-shaped valleys with steep sides. Cirques, arêtes and horn peaks are characteristic landforms of glacial erosion.
Sea waves
This document discusses plate tectonics and related landforms, earthquakes, and volcanoes. It begins by describing the four main types of plate boundaries and associated landforms such as mid-oceanic ridges, trenches, and island arcs. It then covers causes of earthquakes including sudden stress release along faults, and factors that influence earthquake damage such as magnitude, building design, and population density. Prediction methods like elastic rebound theory and seismic gaps are also mentioned. Finally, it discusses volcanoes, noting where they form at plate boundaries and hotspots, how scientists monitor and predict eruptions, associated hazards from lava to tsunamis, and ways to reduce risks like controlling lava flows and using hazard maps.
This document discusses volcanoes and volcanic hazards. It begins with an overview of the nature of volcanic activity and different types of volcanic eruptions. It then describes common volcanic landforms such as lava flows, lava domes, and flood basalts. The document discusses different types of volcanoes including shield, composite cone, and cinder cones. It outlines volcanic hazards like lava flows, pyroclastic flows, and mudflows. The eruption of Mount St. Helens is summarized. The document concludes with a discussion of predicting eruptions through monitoring techniques.
1) Volcanic activity provides clues about Earth's interior processes and conditions. It creates important landforms and allows prediction of eruptions.
2) The viscosity of magma depends on its temperature, composition, and gas content, influencing the type of lava and eruption. Mafic lavas typically have lower viscosity than felsic lavas.
3) The four main types of volcanoes are shield, composite cone, cinder cone, and volcanoes associated with other features like calderas, lava plateaus, and intrusive structures like dikes, sills, laccoliths, and batholiths. Each erupts differently depending on lava viscosity.
This document summarizes the landslides that have occurred along the banks of the Dagangshan reservoir in China. It finds that numerous landslides have developed since impoundment, mainly consisting of shallow slides in accumulative layers or weakened rock masses impacted by water level changes and weathering. Seven unstable slopes were identified that show signs of large deformation, local collapses, and tension cracks induced by water level fluctuations. Overall, the landslides are associated with reservoir water levels and precipitation, and are spatially distributed along known faults and in weak, water-sensitive deposits and rocks. Two failure models are proposed to explain the deformation processes observed on representative slopes. While landslides are less extensive compared to other Chinese reservoirs, smaller water level
the deformation and failure processes of the reservoir.pptSaadTaman
This document summarizes the landslides that have occurred along the banks of the Dagangshan reservoir in China. It finds that numerous landslides have developed since impoundment, mainly affecting Quaternary deposits and weakened bedrock. Seven unstable slopes were identified that show signs of large deformation, local collapses, and tension cracks induced by water level changes and rainfall. The landslides tend to occur along major faults and in easily erodible materials. Three representative slopes exhibit different responses to water level fluctuations and rainfall infiltration. Models of creep-shear-tension and toppling-tensile-shear failures are proposed to explain slope movements. The extent of landsliding is less than other Chinese reservoirs, likely due to smaller
The document summarizes debris flows from Mount St. Helens volcano in Washington. It describes how the 1980 eruption was triggered by an earthquake-induced landslide that melted snow and ice, generating fast-moving debris flows down the slopes. Radiocarbon dating of deposits has identified nine distinct eruptive periods over the past 40,000-50,000 years, each producing debris flows that left identifiable layers in the geologic record. Different eruptive periods produced different compositions of volcanic material, from mafic to felsic, building up the size of the volcano over time.
Marine processes shape coastlines through erosion and deposition. Destructive waves have high energy and erode the land, while constructive waves have low energy and help build the coastline by transporting and depositing material. The action of swash and backwash breaks rocks down through hydraulic action and abrasion, further eroding them into sand, gravel or pebbles through attrition. Beaches form as eroded material is transported and deposited along the coast, appearing as berms that can trap water and form lagoons. Cliffs at headlands are eroded by destructive waves, retreating inland over time and leaving behind wave-cut platforms.
The document matches different types of volcanoes with their locations:
1) An undersea volcano along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (A)
2) A composite cone volcano forming part of an island arc at a destructive plate boundary (B)
3) A composite cone volcano at a destructive boundary where an oceanic plate subducts under a continental plate, resulting in violent eruptions (C)
4) A shield volcano formed at a hotspot with basic, runny lava and non-violent eruptions (D)
5) A caldera formed by collapse of a magma chamber, such as Crater Lake (E)
This document discusses various topics in geology including the three main types of rocks (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic), locations where rock samples were collected (Avila Beach, CA; Hanford, CA; and Malansac, France), detailed observations and analyses of the rock samples, geological processes like weathering and mass wasting, different sedimentary environments, and practical applications of geology like California's aqueduct system. The document provides information on geology through written explanations, diagrams, and photographs from field locations.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
An Integrated Approach to the Exploration of Fractured Reservoirs: A Challeng...Mario Prince
This is an integrated analysis of the La Luna Formation in the Chuira pop-up structure, located in the Middle Magdalena Basin (MMVB). A structural trap originally mapped with 2D seismic and later with a 3D seismic volume, was interpreted using a conventional time structure maps and depth conversion methods. In 2009, the first well drilled a sequence of calcareous rocks which produce oil in stable natural flow but with a low rate. In order to understand this potential discovery, multidisciplinary studies were conducted including a detailed geology of the La Luna Formation information from outcrops, the integration of seismic attributes, log analysis, and an exhaustive reservoir research from existing samples.
Hadlari and rainbird 2011 baker lake basin tectonic synthesisrad8
The document summarizes a study on the Paleoproterozoic Baker Lake Basin in Nunavut, Canada. It discusses the basin's two-stage development between 1.84-1.78 billion years ago, with an initial stage of rifting and a second post-rift stage. It proposes that the first stage was caused by continental retro-arc extension during formation of the Kisseynew back-arc basin around 1.85-1.84 billion years ago. Upon closure of that basin, the second stage recorded lateral tectonic escape between collision zones in the region. The basin provides insights into the regional extension and crustal thinning of the western Churchill Province during this time period.
1) Glacial Lake Missoula formed during the last ice age when an ice dam blocked the Clark Fork River, causing a huge lake to form. The lake drained catastrophically when the ice dam failed, carving out features like ripple marks and waterfalls.
2) These floods discharged at rates over 600 times the modern Amazon River and formed huge ripple marks up to 30 meters tall. Analysis of sediment layers indicates periods of both low and high energy deposition from the filling and draining of the lakes.
3) Flood waters from Lake Missoula entered a second ice-dammed lake, Glacial Lake Columbia, and found outlets through channels now known as the Channeled Sc
The Geomorphology of Irish submarine canyonsThomas Mackle
This document provides an overview of submarine canyons located off the coast of Ireland. It discusses several theories for how canyons form, including glacial scarring during ice ages and erosion from turbidity currents carrying sediment. The document aims to analyze the geomorphology and formation processes of Irish submarine canyons using bathymetric data and GIS software. The author hypothesizes that the Irish canyons formed through glacial scarring and deposition from turbidity currents within existing canyons, and that the canyons will show similar characteristics and processes. The study area focuses on canyons near the North Coast of Ireland close to the Rockall Trough, which have been previously examined in other studies.
Three Sisters and Whychus Creek— A Geologic Past and PresentDesLandTrust
Join Ellen Morris Bishop, noted geologist, author, and photographer, for a talk on the geologic history of the Sisters and Whychus Creek. Ellen will discuss the geology of the Three Sisters region and the early volcanism revealed in Whychus Creek’s lower stretches.
1) The ravines at Grand Valley State University formed over the last 15,000 years through episodic erosion by small streams. As glaciers receded after the last ice age, the streams carved valleys into uplands deposited by glacial sediments.
2) The ravines cut into a broad upland ridge composed of thick glacial and lake sediments. During the most recent ice age, massive glaciers deposited layers of till, sand, silt and clay that make up the sediments the ravines eroded into.
3) The oldest sediments exposed in the ravines are fine-grained clay and silt layers deposited in Glacial Lake Chicago as it existed between retreating glacial lobes. These layers
The document summarizes a field/lab assignment completed by Jose Berber where they collected and analyzed different rock samples near Highway 5 in California. Jose describes the geological features of the area including the San Joaquin fault line and analyzes the different rocks collected, identifying some as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic based on their crystalline structures and how they were formed. Jose also describes various weathering and erosion events observed in the area and provides examples of human geological uses like a skate park and power plant built atop the local geology.
This bridge outside of Parkfield, California shows evidence of displacement along the San Andreas Fault, as the guardrail and deck are bent. The San Andreas Fault exhibits lateral movement of the Pacific and North American tectonic plates. It has been over 30 million years since the fault formed, and the plates have displaced over 560 kilometers.
This bridge outside of Parkfield, California shows evidence of displacement along the San Andreas Fault, as the guardrail and deck are bent. The San Andreas Fault exhibits lateral movement of the Pacific and North American tectonic plates. It has been over 30 million years since the fault formed, and the plates have displaced over 560 kilometers.
1. The document provides an introduction to the geology, geomorphology, natural history, and recreational opportunities of the lower Catawba River Valley in South Carolina.
2. It describes the formation of the Catawba River and the three geologic regions of South Carolina it flows through.
3. The focus is on the area around the Great Falls, detailing the local bedrock geology, geomorphology of the river valley, and evidence of the area's geological history.
Erosion shapes the land in different ways depending on the agent of erosion:
Rivers erode valleys by carrying away eroded material downstream. Over long periods of time this can carve deep V-shaped valleys. Fast flowing water is very erosive and can undercut cliffs/banks causing collapse. Meanders are formed as the river erodes the outside of bends more than the inside.
Glacial erosion grinds away rock as ice flows under its own weight. Glaciers pick up and carry rock fragments, abrading the land beneath. This forms U-shaped valleys with steep sides. Cirques, arêtes and horn peaks are characteristic landforms of glacial erosion.
Sea waves
This document discusses plate tectonics and related landforms, earthquakes, and volcanoes. It begins by describing the four main types of plate boundaries and associated landforms such as mid-oceanic ridges, trenches, and island arcs. It then covers causes of earthquakes including sudden stress release along faults, and factors that influence earthquake damage such as magnitude, building design, and population density. Prediction methods like elastic rebound theory and seismic gaps are also mentioned. Finally, it discusses volcanoes, noting where they form at plate boundaries and hotspots, how scientists monitor and predict eruptions, associated hazards from lava to tsunamis, and ways to reduce risks like controlling lava flows and using hazard maps.
This document discusses volcanoes and volcanic hazards. It begins with an overview of the nature of volcanic activity and different types of volcanic eruptions. It then describes common volcanic landforms such as lava flows, lava domes, and flood basalts. The document discusses different types of volcanoes including shield, composite cone, and cinder cones. It outlines volcanic hazards like lava flows, pyroclastic flows, and mudflows. The eruption of Mount St. Helens is summarized. The document concludes with a discussion of predicting eruptions through monitoring techniques.
1) Volcanic activity provides clues about Earth's interior processes and conditions. It creates important landforms and allows prediction of eruptions.
2) The viscosity of magma depends on its temperature, composition, and gas content, influencing the type of lava and eruption. Mafic lavas typically have lower viscosity than felsic lavas.
3) The four main types of volcanoes are shield, composite cone, cinder cone, and volcanoes associated with other features like calderas, lava plateaus, and intrusive structures like dikes, sills, laccoliths, and batholiths. Each erupts differently depending on lava viscosity.
This document summarizes the landslides that have occurred along the banks of the Dagangshan reservoir in China. It finds that numerous landslides have developed since impoundment, mainly consisting of shallow slides in accumulative layers or weakened rock masses impacted by water level changes and weathering. Seven unstable slopes were identified that show signs of large deformation, local collapses, and tension cracks induced by water level fluctuations. Overall, the landslides are associated with reservoir water levels and precipitation, and are spatially distributed along known faults and in weak, water-sensitive deposits and rocks. Two failure models are proposed to explain the deformation processes observed on representative slopes. While landslides are less extensive compared to other Chinese reservoirs, smaller water level
the deformation and failure processes of the reservoir.pptSaadTaman
This document summarizes the landslides that have occurred along the banks of the Dagangshan reservoir in China. It finds that numerous landslides have developed since impoundment, mainly affecting Quaternary deposits and weakened bedrock. Seven unstable slopes were identified that show signs of large deformation, local collapses, and tension cracks induced by water level changes and rainfall. The landslides tend to occur along major faults and in easily erodible materials. Three representative slopes exhibit different responses to water level fluctuations and rainfall infiltration. Models of creep-shear-tension and toppling-tensile-shear failures are proposed to explain slope movements. The extent of landsliding is less than other Chinese reservoirs, likely due to smaller
The document summarizes debris flows from Mount St. Helens volcano in Washington. It describes how the 1980 eruption was triggered by an earthquake-induced landslide that melted snow and ice, generating fast-moving debris flows down the slopes. Radiocarbon dating of deposits has identified nine distinct eruptive periods over the past 40,000-50,000 years, each producing debris flows that left identifiable layers in the geologic record. Different eruptive periods produced different compositions of volcanic material, from mafic to felsic, building up the size of the volcano over time.
Marine processes shape coastlines through erosion and deposition. Destructive waves have high energy and erode the land, while constructive waves have low energy and help build the coastline by transporting and depositing material. The action of swash and backwash breaks rocks down through hydraulic action and abrasion, further eroding them into sand, gravel or pebbles through attrition. Beaches form as eroded material is transported and deposited along the coast, appearing as berms that can trap water and form lagoons. Cliffs at headlands are eroded by destructive waves, retreating inland over time and leaving behind wave-cut platforms.
The document matches different types of volcanoes with their locations:
1) An undersea volcano along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (A)
2) A composite cone volcano forming part of an island arc at a destructive plate boundary (B)
3) A composite cone volcano at a destructive boundary where an oceanic plate subducts under a continental plate, resulting in violent eruptions (C)
4) A shield volcano formed at a hotspot with basic, runny lava and non-violent eruptions (D)
5) A caldera formed by collapse of a magma chamber, such as Crater Lake (E)
This document discusses various topics in geology including the three main types of rocks (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic), locations where rock samples were collected (Avila Beach, CA; Hanford, CA; and Malansac, France), detailed observations and analyses of the rock samples, geological processes like weathering and mass wasting, different sedimentary environments, and practical applications of geology like California's aqueduct system. The document provides information on geology through written explanations, diagrams, and photographs from field locations.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
Volcanic dam at Mount Meager
1. The life and death of a volcanic dam: the
2360 BP eruption of Mt. Meager, BC
Graham Andrews – Franklin & Marshall College
UBC Collaborators: Kelly Russell, Krista Michol, Martin
Stewart
2. • Why study volcanic dams?
natural dams 101
how do dams fail?
when dams fail…
• Mount Meager and the 2360 BP eruption
Outline
non-volcanic debris flows
• Volcaniclastic stratigraphy and dam architecture
• Welded vs . non-welded
porosity
compaction
• Paleo-Salal Lake
• Lessons for the future?
3. The 2360 BP eruption of Mt. Meager gives us a
unique opportunity to explore:
This study
1. the volcanic damming (and failure) process,
2. the timescales of damming and failure,
3. the influence of changing properties in
volcanic dams, and
4. ways to prepare for and mitigate against
similar events in the future.
4. beaver dam
Natural Dams
Natural dams
form in 3
different ways: Wikipedia
biological ESA
geological
glacial
Lake Sarez,
Tajikistan
5. USGS
Natural Dams - Ice
Hubbard
glacier, AK
In 1986 and 2002 the surging Hubbard Glacier
temporarily created a 5 km3 “Russell Lake” in 24
hours before it burst.
The outburst flood generated was ≤105 m3/s.
Lake Missoula floods ≤107 m3/s
6. Dams typically fail in 1 of 2 ways:
• overtopping,
• undermining by seepage.
How dams fail
1. - Overtopping
gradually but rapidly
erodes the top and the
downstream side of the
dam – like a knick-point
migration – until the
dam fails.
• e.g., “Johnstown Flood”, PA,
1889 – 2,200+ fatalities
Wikipedia
7. Dams typically fail in 1 of 2 ways:
• overtopping,
• undermining by seepage.
How dams fail
2. - Undermining removes a large section of the dam
in one go. It usually follows seepage of water into the
porous dam structure or bedrock.
e.g., Teton Dam, Fremont and Madison Counties, ID, 1976
St. Francis Dam, CA, 1928 – 450+ fatalities
9. dam
failure USGS test
excavations
How dams fail
dam
remnant
flood
debris
Teton Dam, ID USGS
Thick dams are rarely completely destroyed – usually most of
the dam is left and the water escapes out the side of the dam.
11. Dam failure - effects Catastrophic dam failures are devastating to the
environment downstream.
Outburst floods form debris flow deposits
commonly contain house-sized clasts of rock / dam
material weighing 10s of metric tons (10,000s of
lbs).
13t piece of St. Francis dam
Volcanic outburst – ½ mile from source
floods and mudflows
are called lahars.
USGS
12. Andrews et al., in prep.
Quaternary Garibaldi
volcanic belt (GVB)
Mount Meager
Northernmost of 3
deeply-eroded felsic
stratovolcanoes:-
Garibaldi, Cayley,
and Meager.
13. Andrews et al., in prep.
Quaternary Garibaldi
volcanic belt (GVB)
Mount Meager
Northernmost of 3
deeply-eroded felsic
stratovolcanoes:-
Garibaldi, Cayley,
and Meager.
Part of the Cascade
arc and Pacific “Ring
of Fire”.
14. Andrews et al., in prep.
Quaternary Garibaldi
volcanic belt (GVB)
Mount Meager
Northernmost of 3
deeply-eroded felsic
stratovolcanoes:-
Garibaldi, Cayley,
and Meager.
Part of the Cascade
arc and Pacific “Ring
of Fire”.
Prospective for
geothermal and
hydroelectric
power.
15. The last eruption formed
the extensive ‘Bridge
River’ tephra (14C - 2360
Mount Meager
BP) – the last explosive
eruption in Canada.
Geological Survey
of Canada
16. The Meager volcanic
complex is a series of
Mount Meager
4 edifices built one on
top of the other.
Each new edifice is
further north.
The volcano has
experienced >5 periods
of glaciation.
The volcano is highly
unstable.
Hickson et al., 1999
17. Meager Peak
With over 1800 Capricorn Plinth Peak (P) –
m of relief Mt Peak 2677 m
Meager is very
Mount Meager
rugged and
steep.
The 2360 BP looking NW
vent (V) is in a
glacier-filled col
~800 m above
the adjacent
Lillooet valley
floor (1 in 3
gradient).
looking SW
19. Andrews et al., in prep.
2360 BP Pebble Creek Formation
Pebble Creek Formation
20. Andrews et al., in prep.
Pebble Creek Formation
misfit stream
and canyon
21. Keyhole Canyon & misfit Lillooet River
slot-canyon =
2300 years of
‘normal’ erosion
looking NW - upstream
looking SE - downstream
90 m
2000 m
300 m
22. The 2360 BP eruption went through 3 major
phases:
2360 BP eruption
1. sub-Plinian explosive eruption deposited
dacite ash across much of British Columbia.
Local pumice fall deposits and thin ignimbrites
(pyroclastic flows).
23. The 2360 BP eruption went through 3 major
phases:
2360 BP eruption
1. sub-Plinian explosive eruption deposited dacite ash across much
of British Columbia. Local pumice fall deposits and thin
ignimbrites (pyroclastic flows).
2. Vulcanian explosions of a hot lava dome
generated welded and non-welded block-and-
ash flow deposits.
24. The 2360 BP eruption went through 3 major
phases:
2360 BP eruption
1. sub-Plinian explosive eruption deposited dacite ash across much
of British Columbia. Local pumice fall deposits and thin
ignimbrites (pyroclastic flows).
2. Vulcanian explosions of a hot lava dome generated welded and
non-welded block-and-ash flow deposits.
3. Collapse of an extrusive dacite lava flow
generated more non-welded block-and-ash
flow deposits
explosive
effusive
37. Welded vs. non-welded
non-welded
loose to moderately lithified
32 – 40% porosity
bulk density 1.4 – 1.5 g/cm3
strongly welded
welded
5 – 16% porosity
bulk density 2.1 – 2.3 g/cm3
1mm
Michol, Russell, Andrews, JVGR 2008
38. block & ash
deposit dam
1 – rapid filling of the
valley by block & ash
flow deposits – dam
axis ~780 masl
2 – 31% compaction and
welding in the B&A
deposits – dam axis
~740 masl
3 – dam breached
eroded by the outburst
flood – canyon floor at
570 masl
Andrews et al., in prep.
39. 1 Pebble Creek Formation
2
Event stratigraphy
downstream
upstream
Andrews et al., in prep.
3
40. Salal Creek
delta
Paleo-Salal Lake
Salal Creek
Andrews et al., in prep.
top of delta & max
elevation of Salal Lake
740 masl
Lillooet
River
valley floor dam
680 masl
41. lake
reconstruction
max dam elevation
Paleo-Salal Lake
– 780 masl
Andrews et al., in prep.
delta – 740 masl min dam –
740 masl
max Salal Lake
- 740 masl
Salal Lake volume = original valley floor
~550 x 106 m3 (~0.55 km3) – 570 masl
• Salal Lake grew no higher than 740 masl (≤160 m
deep) then breached
• ¼ the volume of American Falls reservoir
42. 1 Pebble Creek Formation
2
Event stratigraphy
downstream
upstream
Andrews et al., in prep.
3
43. downstream –
lahar deposit
Outburst flood
polygonal-jointed margins huge, rounded
eroded and deposited hot blocks of
welded B&A
deposit
poorly-sorted,
non-welded matrix Andrews et al., in prep.
44. Keyhole Canyon & misfit Lillooet River
cooling joints
perpendicular to
the canyon walls
looking NW - upstream
excavated
above 600°C
looking SE - downstream
45. • Salal Lake filled for ~90 days at 161 m3/s (at
present flow-rate)
WCS model - instantaneous (catastrophic) 6000 m2 opening
Outburst flood
in the dam [undermining & rapid overtopping]
max. elevation of max. volume of Salal
dam axis and lake at Lake at failure
failure
residual lake residual lake
elevation volume
• Salal Lake drained in ~13 hours; peak deluge flux
of ~2.7 x 105 m3/s Andrews et al., in prep.
47. 1. B&A flows rapidly dammed the
Lillooet River and created Salal Lake
(≤160 m deep),
Summary
2. the dam failed after ~90 days,
3. the lake drained catastrophically and
generated an outburst flood (lahar)
that eroded the canyon,
4. welding was interrupted by dam failure
◦ 31% viscous compaction achieved in ~90 days
(consistent with ‘fast’ experimental rates).
48. 1. B&A flows rapidly dammed the
Lillooet River and created Salal Lake
(≤160 m deep),
Summary
2. the dam failed after ~90 days,
3. the lake drained catastrophically and
generated an outburst flood (lahar)
that eroded the canyon,
4. welding was interrupted by dam failure
◦ 31% viscous compaction achieved in ~90 days
(consistent with ‘fast’ experimental rates).
49. 1. B&A flows rapidly dammed the
Lillooet River and created Salal Lake
(≤160 m deep),
Summary
2. the dam failed after ~90 days,
3. the lake drained catastrophically and
generated an outburst flood (lahar)
that eroded the canyon,
4. welding was interrupted by dam failure
◦ 31% viscous compaction achieved in ~90 days
(consistent with ‘fast’ experimental rates).
50. 1. B&A flows rapidly dammed the
Lillooet River and created Salal Lake
(≤160 m deep),
Summary
2. the dam failed after ~90 days,
3. the lake drained catastrophically and
generated an outburst flood (lahar)
that eroded the canyon,
4. welding was interrupted by dam failure
◦ 31% viscous compaction achieved in ~90 days
(consistent with ‘fast’ experimental rates).
51. Sustained high-flux eruptions into drainages will build
volcanic dams.
Natural dams are doomed to fail, usually catastrophically
and without warning.
Proximal and downstream evacuation plans must include
Lessons?
syn- and post-eruption scenarios.
Volcanic dams cannot be geo-engineered to be safe and
stable must be removed before a large lake builds-up.