This document summarizes an opinion piece from the journal Psychosis that explores how auditory hallucinations can be meaningful experiences for those diagnosed with schizophrenia. It discusses case studies where patients derived insight from voices and reviews literature suggesting voices have been viewed as meaningful in other times and cultures. The summary argues for a more holistic view of voices that acknowledges they may have purpose and meaning rather than dismissing them as meaningless symptoms to be eliminated.
Understanding suicide and Crisis Intervention Muskan Hossain
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NEUROBIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS LINKED TO SUICIDE RISK
MIND OF A SUICIDAL PERSON
The Media Presentation of Suicide
Case Studies
Prevention of Suicide
Prevention of Suicidal Ideation
Crisis Intervention Of Suicide
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SCHENIDER FIRST RANK SYMPTOMS
BY DR.WASIM
UNDER GUIDANCE OF
DR.SANJAY.JAIN.
EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF FRS
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITION
Schneider formulated what he considered to be pathognomic of first rank symptoms of schizophrenia (Schneider, 1959).
THANK YOU
Understanding suicide and Crisis Intervention Muskan Hossain
Defining Suicide
Suicidal Ideation
Suicidal Ideation in Young Children
SUICIDE INTENT SCALE
Psychology and Psychopathology of Suicide
NEUROBIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS LINKED TO SUICIDE RISK
MIND OF A SUICIDAL PERSON
The Media Presentation of Suicide
Case Studies
Prevention of Suicide
Prevention of Suicidal Ideation
Crisis Intervention Of Suicide
Treatment of Suicidal Ideation
World Suicide Prevention Day
BOOKS ON SUICIDE AND CRISIS INTERVNETION
SCHENIDER FIRST RANK SYMPTOMS
BY DR.WASIM
UNDER GUIDANCE OF
DR.SANJAY.JAIN.
EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF FRS
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITION
Schneider formulated what he considered to be pathognomic of first rank symptoms of schizophrenia (Schneider, 1959).
THANK YOU
A psychological perspective on the inevitability of pain and sufferingHospiscare
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Sensory Deprivation, Memory and Smell, and Death Anxiety.
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A lecture given at the 1st international conference on humanistic and existential psychotherapy, Lima, Peru. I consider whether psychiatric diagnosis is consistent with an existential approach to psychotherapy, using the recent protests against the REMOVAL of the diagnosis Asperger's Syndrome from DSM 5 as an example
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A psychological perspective on the inevitability of pain and sufferingHospiscare
Revd David Nicholson A psychological perspective on the inevitability of pain and suffering, presented at the Holy Living, Holy Dying conference held in Exeter on 2 November 2009
Sensory Deprivation, Memory and Smell, and Death Anxiety.
Three design concepts that are informed by psychology articles and experiments and that demonstrate their findings.
A lecture given at the 1st international conference on humanistic and existential psychotherapy, Lima, Peru. I consider whether psychiatric diagnosis is consistent with an existential approach to psychotherapy, using the recent protests against the REMOVAL of the diagnosis Asperger's Syndrome from DSM 5 as an example
Technical Bulletin 0714 Elastomeric insulation versus polyisocyanurate in low...Joe Hughes
PURPOSE
Several of Dyplast’s prior Technical Bulletins have provided in-depth comparisons of various insulants, including polyisocyanurate (polyiso or PIR), polyurethane (PUR), phenolic, polystyrene (expanded EPS and extruded XPS), cellular glass, and fiberglass - - as well as less-than-comprehensive comparisons with elastomeric and aerogel. Now with somewhat more information becoming available from elastomeric manufacturers and the aggressive marketing from elastomeric suppliers for colder applications it is appropriate to dedicate a Technical Bulletin to elastomeric insulants as compared to polyisocyanurate - - and to a much lesser extent phenolic, and cellular glass.
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Running head: WOLFGANG KOHLER’S CONTRIBUTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1
WOLFGANG KOHLER’S CONTRIBUTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 3
1ST Peer review
Max Wertheimer was a resilient young man. His father ran a business college in Prague where him and his family lived without controversy. That was, until his family was forced out of Germany due to the growing threat of Nazism. Before this, though, Max was able to obtain a traditional education, against his fathers wishes, and take many classes before focusing on philosophy and psychology. When studying at the University of Berlin, Wertheimer worked in the Phonogram Archives. Which was basically a library of music samples recorded onto wax cylinders originating from a vast array of countries. Music had an immense influence on the establishment of Gestalt psychology because of the use of melodies to teach its concepts. For example, a melody exists due to the organization of the notes, not because of the notes on their own-a key theory in Gestalt psychology.
After conducting research on music produced by a Sri Lankan tribe, the effects of brain injuries on speech and language comprehension, and the mathematical thinking abilities of native peoples, Wertheimer moved on (largely by accident) to study apparent motion This would not only make him famous, but shine light onto the legitimacy of Gestalt psychology. While traveling by train, he noticed that parts of the landscape that were further away appeared to be traveling with the train. He deduced that this perception of moving objects that were clearly not in motion had to be originating in his brain. He then set up shop at the University of Frankfurt where he invented a tachistoscope and tested this phenomenon, later dubbed the phi phenomenon. Thus, designating the official start of Gestalt psychology.
This discovery was much more than just that. Wertheimer attempted to find the physiological causation for the phenomenon and was able to rule out several, older previous explanations. Although the true reasoning behind the phi phenomenon has yet to be discovered, the research that took place in pursuit of that truth paved the way for the branch of psychology as a whole. It is interesting to think where (or if at all) Gestalt psychology would be today if Wertheimer had slept on that train and continued with his vacationing instead.
References
Kardas, E. P. (2014). History of psychology: The making of a science. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning
2nd Peer review
For our final Explore Discussion, I am choosing to write about Alfred Adler’s individual psychology. One of the most interesting things about Adler’s childhood is that he was a sickly child and almost died at age 4, which was actually the reason he chose to pursue a doctorate degree. “He did survive and vowed to become a better doctor than the one who treated him” (Kardas, 2014, p. 385). I thought this quote deserved recognition as it sho.
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2. Psychosis 179
The significance of this vignette can be understood from its impact of exploring
and understanding auditory hallucinations or voices at a deeper, more symbolic level.
Lisa was able to make sense or meaning of her voices and utilize them to her advan-
tage. As she said during our final weeks of clinical work:
I was able to look at them in a new way and see that they were actually trying to warn
me; they were trying to make me aware of things that weren’t going right, the anger and
the stuffing, etc. They were trying to make me aware …
This idea – of finding meaning or value in the voices – is of grave relevance in a
country, such as the USA, where schizophrenia is one of the most prevalent psycho-
logical illnesses. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (2008),
approximately 2.4 million adults are diagnosed with schizophrenia. Many of these
individuals have dealt with their voices by eliminating them via neuroleptic medica-
tions. Like Lisa, that is what they have been led to believe: medications are the only
route in eradicating auditory hallucinations, a phenomenon that is considered irrele-
vant and meaningless in an individual’s life.
However, a small but growing number of researchers believe otherwise. These
theorists and researchers promote a more holistic view of auditory hallucinations,
suggesting that they are a significant part of the individual’s experience, and therefore
should not be eliminated. The proponents of this paradigm include Bentall (2003),
Dorman (2003), Hornstein (2009), Jung (1989), Laing (1960), Romme and Escher
(1993), Smith (2007) and Steinman (2009), among others. These individuals have
indicated that auditory hallucinations may have a purpose in a person’s life, and may
have meaning or relevance for the individual concerned. The most current literature
has been based on the work of Romme and Escher (1993), and is pertinent in attaining
a broader understanding of the value or meaningfulness of auditory hallucinations.
Romme and Escher (1993), on speaking of the importance of accepting auditory hallu-
cinations states:
hearing voices has been considered solely as a symptom of illness, and the psychiatric
intervention has paid no attention to the possible meaning of voices to the patient’s life
history. (p. 8)
The above concept is further illustrated through the words of the American psychi-
atrist Dorman (2003), who describes his patient Catherine Penny. Penny was diagnosed
with schizophrenia at the age of 17. On his experiences regarding Catherine’s auditory
hallucinations, Dorman states, “her voices were not just hallucinations – meaningless
symptoms; they spoke the rage she dared not acknowledge” (p. 242).
The exploration of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia, as being meaningful,
has two implications. First, the simple act of acknowledging that auditory hallucina-
tions may have some meaning or symbolism in the individual’s life can be healing or
therapeutic in and of itself. As Hillman (1977) points out, we need to approach the
concept of auditory hallucinations afresh. In fact, he describes symptoms, such as
auditory hallucinations, as the psyche’s yearning to heal and says that pathology, in
the deepest sense, speaks to “the psyche’s autonomous ability to create illness,
morbidity, disorder, abnormality, and suffering in any aspect of its behavior” (p. 57).
Second, in merely acknowledging and exploring auditory hallucinations or voices,
it may be expected that the individual may develop a relationship with their auditory
hallucinations, making it part of their recovery process from schizophrenia. It is
3. 180 R. Suri
crucial to state that recovery does not necessarily equate to cure, but is more related
to the individual developing a new understanding of his/her life circumstances, and
living a satisfying and hopeful life (Anthony, 1993).
The exploration of auditory hallucinations is gaining more momentum and accep-
tance than it did a decade ago. However, it needs to be delved into and researched a
lot further. As Gray (2008) states, studies of auditory hallucinations, particularly in
schizophrenia, have been very limited. He encourages more qualitative studies
because that would provide an avenue for understanding auditory hallucinations as
“more valid and meaningful” (p. 1006).
Based on the existing research and evidence, isn’t it about time we re-view auditory
hallucinations as a possible clue to the human psyche instead of simply dismissing
them as a pathology?
References
Anthony, W.A. (1993). Recovery from mental illness: The guiding vision of the mental health
service system in the 1990s. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 16(4), 11–23.
Bentall, R. (2003). Madness explained: Psychosis and human nature. London: Penguin
Books.
Dorman, D. (2003). Dante’s cure: A journey out of madness. New York: Other Press.
Gray, B. (2008). Hidden demons: A personal account of hearing voices and the alternative of
the hearing voice movement. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(6), 1006–1007.
Hillman, J. (1977). Re-visioning psychology. New York: Harper Collins.
Hornstein, G. (2009). Agnes’s jacket: A psychologist’s search for the meanings of madness.
New York: Rodale Books.
Jung, C. (1989). Memories, dreams, reflections. New York: Vintage Books.
Laing, R. (1960). The divided self. London: Tavistock.
National Institute of Mental Health. (2008). The numbers count: Mental disorders in America.
Retrieved April 2, 2008, from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-numbers-
count-mental-disorders-in-america.shtml#Schizophrenia
Romme, M., & Escher, S. (1993). Accepting voices. London: Mind Publications.
Smith, D.B. (2007). Muses, madmen and prophets: Rethinking the history, science, and meaning
of auditory hallucination. London: Penguin Press.
Steinman, I. (2009). Treating the untreatable: Healing in the realms of madness. London:
Karnac Books.
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