Entomology has been deeply rooted in various cultures since prehistoric times for the purpose of agriculture. Nowadays, many scientists are interested in the field of biodiversity in order to maintain the diversity of species within our ecosystem. Out of 1.3 million known species on this earth, insects account
for more than two thirds of these known species. Since 400 million years ago, there have been various kinds of interactions between humans and insects. There have been several attempts to create a method to perform insect identification accurately. Great knowledge and experience on entomology are required for accurate insect identification. Automation of insect identification is required because there is a shortage of
skilled entomologists. This paper provides a review of the past literature in vision-based insect recognition and classifications. Over the past decades, automatic insect recognition and classification has been given extra attention especially in term of crop pest and disease control. This paper details advances in insect recognition, discussing representative works from different types of method and classifiers algorithm. Among the method used in the previous research includes color histogram, edge detection and feature extraction (SIFT vector). We provides discussion on the state-of-the-art and provides perspective on future research direction in insect recognition and classification problem.
Entomology has been deeply rooted in various cultures since prehistoric times for the purpose of
agriculture. Nowadays, many scientists are interested in the field of biodiversity in order to maintain the
diversity of species within our ecosystem. Out of 1.3 million known species on this earth, insects account
for more than two thirds of these known species. Since 400 million years ago, there have been various
kinds of interactions between humans and insects. There have been several attempts to create a method to
perform insect identification accurately. Great knowledge and experience on entomology are required for
accurateinsect identification. Automation of insect identification is required because there is a shortage of
skilled entomologists. This paper provides a review of the past literature in vision-based insect recognition
and classifications. Over the past decades, automatic insect recognition and classification has been given
extra attention especially in term of crop pest and disease control. This paper details advances in insect
recognition, discussing representative works from different types of method and classifiers
algorithm.Among the method used in the previous research includes color histogram, edge detection and
feature extraction (SIFT vector). We provides discussion on the state-of-the-art and provides perspective
on future research direction in insect recognition and classification problem.
Vision based entomology how to effectively exploit color and shape featurescseij
Entomology has been deeply rooted in various cultures since prehistoric times for the purpose of
agriculture. Nowadays, many scientists are interested in the field of biodiversity in order to maintain the
diversity of species within our ecosystem. Out of 1.3 million known species on this earth, insects account
for more than two thirds of these known species. Since 400 million years ago, there have been various kinds
of interactions between humans and insects. There have been several attempts to create a method to
perform insect identification accurately. Great knowledge and experience on entomology are required for
accurate insect identification. Automation of insect identification is required because there is a shortage of
skilled entomologists. We propose an automatic insect identification framework that can identify
grasshoppers and butterflies from colored images. Two classes of insects are chosen for a proof-ofconcept.
Classification is achieved by manipulating insects’ color and their shape feature since each class
of sample case has different color and distinctive body shapes. The proposed insect identification process
starts by extracting features from samples and splitting them into two training sets. One training
emphasizes on computing RGB features while the other one is normalized to estimate the area of binary
color that signifies the shape of the insect. SVM classifier is used to train the data obtained. Final decision
of the classifier combines the result of these two features to determine which class an unknown instance
belong to. The preliminary results demonstrate the efficacy and efficiency of our two-step automatic insect
identification approach and motivate us to extend this framework to identify a variety of other species of
insects.
Anomaly Detection in Fruits using Hyper Spectral Imagesijtsrd
One of the biggest problems in hyper spectral image analysis is the wavelength selection because of the immense amount of hypercube data. In this paper, we introduce an approach to find out the optimal wavelength selection in predicting the quality of the fruit. Hyper spectral imaging was built with spectral region of 400nm to 1000nm for fruit defect detection. For image acquisition, we used fluorescent light as the light source. Analysis was performed in visible region, which had spectral from 413nm to 642nm it was done because of the low reflectance spectrum found in fluorescent light sources. The captured image in this experiment demonstrates irregular illumination that means half of the fruit has brighter area. Analysis of the hyper spectral image was done in order to select diverse wavelengths that could possibly be used in multispectral imaging system. Selected wavelengths were used to create a separate image and each image went through thresholding. Experiment shows a multispectral imaging system which is able to detect defects in fruits by selecting most contributing wavelengths from the hyper spectral image. Algorithm presented in this paper could be improved with morphology operations so that we could get the actual size of the defect. Sandip Kumar | Parth Kapil | Yatika Bhardwaj | Uday Shankar Acharya | Charu Gupta ""Anomaly Detection in Fruits using Hyper Spectral Images"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23753.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/23753/anomaly-detection-in-fruits-using-hyper-spectral-images/sandip-kumar
COMPUTER VISION FOR DATA CATALOGING IN ECOLOGICAL RESEARCHijma
Data collection is an essential, but time-consuming procedure in ecological research. An algorithm was developed by the author which incorporated two important computer vision techniques to automate butterfly cataloguing. Optical Character Recognition is used for character recognition and Contour Detection is used for image-processing. Proper pre-processing is first done on the images to improve accuracy of character recognition and butterfly measurement. Although there are limitations to Tesseract’s detection of certain fonts, overall, it can successfully identify words of basic fonts. Contour detection is an
advanced technique that can be utilized to measure an image. Multiple mathematical algorithms are used to calculate and determine the precise location of the points on which to draw the body and forewing lines of the butterfly. Overall, 92% accuracy are achieved by the program for the set of butterflies measured.
Development and Implementation of VLSI Reconfigurable Architecture for Gabor ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The Gabor filter is a very effective tool in visual
search approaches and multimedia applications. This filter
provides high resolution in time-frequency domains and thus
finds use in object recognition, character recognition and
pattern recognition applications. Medical Image analysis
using image processing algorithms is one of the best ways of
diagnosing diseases inside human body. The Gabor wavelets
resemble the visual cortex cell operation of mammalian
brains and hence are best suited for biological image analysis.
A Tonsillitis detection system is proposed here using Gabor
filtering approach. This system detects the presence of
Tonsillitis from the tonsils images. A suitable VLSI
architecture for the implementation of the Gabor filter was
modeled in Verilog using Xilinx tool and simulated using the
tonsils test images. The proposed system was successful in
detecting the presence of Tonsillitis from the diseased tonsils
image. The complete system was then synthesized and
implemented on FPGA Artix 7. The design was capable of
operating at a maximum frequency of 394.563 MHz.
A BRIEF OVERVIEW ON DIFFERENT ANIMAL DETECTION METHODSsipij
Researches based on animal detection plays a very vital role in many real life applications. Applications
which are very important are preventing animal vehicle collision on roads, preventing dangerous animal
intrusion in residential area, knowing locomotive behavioural of targeted animal and many more. There
are limited areas of research related to animal detection. In this paper we will discuss some of these areas
for detection of animals.
Entomology has been deeply rooted in various cultures since prehistoric times for the purpose of
agriculture. Nowadays, many scientists are interested in the field of biodiversity in order to maintain the
diversity of species within our ecosystem. Out of 1.3 million known species on this earth, insects account
for more than two thirds of these known species. Since 400 million years ago, there have been various
kinds of interactions between humans and insects. There have been several attempts to create a method to
perform insect identification accurately. Great knowledge and experience on entomology are required for
accurateinsect identification. Automation of insect identification is required because there is a shortage of
skilled entomologists. This paper provides a review of the past literature in vision-based insect recognition
and classifications. Over the past decades, automatic insect recognition and classification has been given
extra attention especially in term of crop pest and disease control. This paper details advances in insect
recognition, discussing representative works from different types of method and classifiers
algorithm.Among the method used in the previous research includes color histogram, edge detection and
feature extraction (SIFT vector). We provides discussion on the state-of-the-art and provides perspective
on future research direction in insect recognition and classification problem.
Vision based entomology how to effectively exploit color and shape featurescseij
Entomology has been deeply rooted in various cultures since prehistoric times for the purpose of
agriculture. Nowadays, many scientists are interested in the field of biodiversity in order to maintain the
diversity of species within our ecosystem. Out of 1.3 million known species on this earth, insects account
for more than two thirds of these known species. Since 400 million years ago, there have been various kinds
of interactions between humans and insects. There have been several attempts to create a method to
perform insect identification accurately. Great knowledge and experience on entomology are required for
accurate insect identification. Automation of insect identification is required because there is a shortage of
skilled entomologists. We propose an automatic insect identification framework that can identify
grasshoppers and butterflies from colored images. Two classes of insects are chosen for a proof-ofconcept.
Classification is achieved by manipulating insects’ color and their shape feature since each class
of sample case has different color and distinctive body shapes. The proposed insect identification process
starts by extracting features from samples and splitting them into two training sets. One training
emphasizes on computing RGB features while the other one is normalized to estimate the area of binary
color that signifies the shape of the insect. SVM classifier is used to train the data obtained. Final decision
of the classifier combines the result of these two features to determine which class an unknown instance
belong to. The preliminary results demonstrate the efficacy and efficiency of our two-step automatic insect
identification approach and motivate us to extend this framework to identify a variety of other species of
insects.
Anomaly Detection in Fruits using Hyper Spectral Imagesijtsrd
One of the biggest problems in hyper spectral image analysis is the wavelength selection because of the immense amount of hypercube data. In this paper, we introduce an approach to find out the optimal wavelength selection in predicting the quality of the fruit. Hyper spectral imaging was built with spectral region of 400nm to 1000nm for fruit defect detection. For image acquisition, we used fluorescent light as the light source. Analysis was performed in visible region, which had spectral from 413nm to 642nm it was done because of the low reflectance spectrum found in fluorescent light sources. The captured image in this experiment demonstrates irregular illumination that means half of the fruit has brighter area. Analysis of the hyper spectral image was done in order to select diverse wavelengths that could possibly be used in multispectral imaging system. Selected wavelengths were used to create a separate image and each image went through thresholding. Experiment shows a multispectral imaging system which is able to detect defects in fruits by selecting most contributing wavelengths from the hyper spectral image. Algorithm presented in this paper could be improved with morphology operations so that we could get the actual size of the defect. Sandip Kumar | Parth Kapil | Yatika Bhardwaj | Uday Shankar Acharya | Charu Gupta ""Anomaly Detection in Fruits using Hyper Spectral Images"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23753.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/23753/anomaly-detection-in-fruits-using-hyper-spectral-images/sandip-kumar
COMPUTER VISION FOR DATA CATALOGING IN ECOLOGICAL RESEARCHijma
Data collection is an essential, but time-consuming procedure in ecological research. An algorithm was developed by the author which incorporated two important computer vision techniques to automate butterfly cataloguing. Optical Character Recognition is used for character recognition and Contour Detection is used for image-processing. Proper pre-processing is first done on the images to improve accuracy of character recognition and butterfly measurement. Although there are limitations to Tesseract’s detection of certain fonts, overall, it can successfully identify words of basic fonts. Contour detection is an
advanced technique that can be utilized to measure an image. Multiple mathematical algorithms are used to calculate and determine the precise location of the points on which to draw the body and forewing lines of the butterfly. Overall, 92% accuracy are achieved by the program for the set of butterflies measured.
Development and Implementation of VLSI Reconfigurable Architecture for Gabor ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The Gabor filter is a very effective tool in visual
search approaches and multimedia applications. This filter
provides high resolution in time-frequency domains and thus
finds use in object recognition, character recognition and
pattern recognition applications. Medical Image analysis
using image processing algorithms is one of the best ways of
diagnosing diseases inside human body. The Gabor wavelets
resemble the visual cortex cell operation of mammalian
brains and hence are best suited for biological image analysis.
A Tonsillitis detection system is proposed here using Gabor
filtering approach. This system detects the presence of
Tonsillitis from the tonsils images. A suitable VLSI
architecture for the implementation of the Gabor filter was
modeled in Verilog using Xilinx tool and simulated using the
tonsils test images. The proposed system was successful in
detecting the presence of Tonsillitis from the diseased tonsils
image. The complete system was then synthesized and
implemented on FPGA Artix 7. The design was capable of
operating at a maximum frequency of 394.563 MHz.
A BRIEF OVERVIEW ON DIFFERENT ANIMAL DETECTION METHODSsipij
Researches based on animal detection plays a very vital role in many real life applications. Applications
which are very important are preventing animal vehicle collision on roads, preventing dangerous animal
intrusion in residential area, knowing locomotive behavioural of targeted animal and many more. There
are limited areas of research related to animal detection. In this paper we will discuss some of these areas
for detection of animals.
Great knowledge and experience on microbiology are required for accurate bacteria identification.
Automation of bacteria identification is required because there might be a shortage of skilled
microbiologists and clinicians at a time of great need. There have been several attempts to perform
automatic background identification. This paper reviews state-of-the-art automatic bacteria identification
techniques. This paper also provides discussion on limitations of state-of-the-art automatic bacteria
identification systems and recommends future direction of automatic bacteria identification.
A Review on Methods of Identifying and Counting Aedes Aegypti Larvae using Im...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are a small slender fly insect that spreads the arbovirus from flavivirus
vector through its sucking blood. An early detection of this species is very important because once these
species turn into adult mosquitoes a population control becomes more complicated. Things become worse
when difficult access places like water storage tank becomes one of the breeding favorite places for Aedes
aegypti mosquitoes. Therefore, there is a need to help the field operator during the routine inspection for
an automated identification and detection of Aedes aegypti larvae, especially at difficult access places.
This paper reviews different methodologies that have been used by various researchers in identifying and
counting Aedes aegypti. The objective of the review was to analyze the techniques and methods in
identifying and counting the Aedes Aegypti larvae of various fields of study from 2008 and above by taking
account their performance and accuracy. From the review, thresholding method was the most widely used
with high accuracy in image segmentation followed by hidden Markov model, histogram correction and
morphology operation region growing.
An SVM based Statistical Image Quality Assessment for Fake Biometric DetectionIJTET Journal
Abstract
A biometric system is a computer based system and is used to identify the person on their behavioral and logical characteristics such as (for example fingerprint, face, iris, keystroke, signature, voice, etc.).A typical biometric system consists of feature extraction and matching patterns. But nowadays biometric systems are attacked by using fake biometric samples. This paper described the fingerprint biometric techniques and also introduce the attack on that system and by using Image Quality Assessment for Liveness Detection to know how to protect the system from fake biometrics and also how the multi biometric system is more secure than uni-biometric system. Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification technique is used for training and testing the fingerprint images. The testing onput fingerprint image is resulted as real and fake fingerprint image by quality score matching with the training based real and fake fingerprint samples.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Evaluation of image segmentation and filtering with ann in the papaya leafijcsit
Precision agriculture is area with lack of cheap technology. The refinement of the production system brings
large advantages to the producer and the use of images makes the monitoring a more cheap methodology.
Macronutrients monitoring can to determine the health and vulnerability of the plant in specific stages. In
this paper is analyzed the method based on computational intelligence to work with image segmentation in
the identification of symptoms of plant nutrient deficiency. Artificial neural networks are evaluated for
image segmentation and filtering, several variations of parameters and insertion impulsive noise were
evaluated too. Satisfactory results are achieved with artificial neural for segmentation same with high
noise levels.
Automatic detection of rust disease of Lentil by machine learning system usin...IJECEIAES
Accurate and early detection of plant diseases will facilitate mitigate the worldwide losses experienced by the agriculture area. MATLAB image processing provides quick and non-destructive means of rust disease detection. In this paper, microscopic image data of rust disease of Lentil was combined with image processing with depth information and developed a machine learning system to detect rust disease at early stage infected with fungus Uromyces fabae (Pers) de Bary. A novel feature set was extracted from the image data using local binary pattern (LBP) and HBBP (Brightness Bi-Histogram Equalization) for image enhancement. It was observed that by combining these, the accuracy of detection of the diseased plants at microscopic level was significantly improved. In addition, we showed that our novel feature set was capable of identifying rust disease at haustorium stage without spreading of disease.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Automated Crop Inspection and Pest Control Using Image ProcessingIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Agriculture is the backbone of our country. India is an agricultural country where the most of the population depends on agriculture. Research in agriculture is aimed towards increasing productivity and profit. There are several automated systems available in literature, which are developed for irrigation control and environmental monitoring in the field. However, it is essential to monitor the plant growth stage by stage and take decisions accordingly. In addition to monitoring the environmental parameters such as pH, moisture content and temperature, it is inevitable to identify the onset of plant diseases too. It is the key to prevent the losses in yield and quantity of agricultural product. Plant disease identification by continuous visual monitoring is very difficult task to farmers and at the same time it is less accurate and can be done in limited areas. Hence this projects aims at developing an image processing algorithm to identify the diseases in rice plant. Rice blast disease occurring in rice plant is due to magnaporthe grisea and this disease also occurs in wheat, rye, barley, pearl and millet. Due to rice blast disease, 60 million people are affected in 85 countries worldwide. Image processing technique is adopted as it is more accurate. Early disease detection can increase the crop production by inducing proper pesticide usage.
A Crop Pests Image Classification Algorithm Based on Deep Convolutional Neura...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Conventional pests image classification methods may not be accurate due to the complex
farmland background, sunlight and pest gestures. To raise the accuracy, the deep convolutional neural
network (DCNN), a concept from Deep Learning, was used in this study to classify crop pests image. On
the ground of our experiments, in which LeNet-5 and AlexNet were used to classify pests image, we have
analyzed the effects of both convolution kernel and the number of layers on the network, and redesigned
the structure of convolutional neural network for crop pests. Further more, 82 common pest types have
been classified, with the accuracy reaching 91%. The comparison to conventional classification methods
proves that our method is not only feasible but preeminent.
Great knowledge and experience on microbiology are required for accurate bacteria identification.
Automation of bacteria identification is required because there might be a shortage of skilled
microbiologists and clinicians at a time of great need. There have been several attempts to perform
automatic background identification. This paper reviews state-of-the-art automatic bacteria identification
techniques. This paper also provides discussion on limitations of state-of-the-art automatic bacteria
identification systems and recommends future direction of automatic bacteria identification.
A Review on Methods of Identifying and Counting Aedes Aegypti Larvae using Im...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are a small slender fly insect that spreads the arbovirus from flavivirus
vector through its sucking blood. An early detection of this species is very important because once these
species turn into adult mosquitoes a population control becomes more complicated. Things become worse
when difficult access places like water storage tank becomes one of the breeding favorite places for Aedes
aegypti mosquitoes. Therefore, there is a need to help the field operator during the routine inspection for
an automated identification and detection of Aedes aegypti larvae, especially at difficult access places.
This paper reviews different methodologies that have been used by various researchers in identifying and
counting Aedes aegypti. The objective of the review was to analyze the techniques and methods in
identifying and counting the Aedes Aegypti larvae of various fields of study from 2008 and above by taking
account their performance and accuracy. From the review, thresholding method was the most widely used
with high accuracy in image segmentation followed by hidden Markov model, histogram correction and
morphology operation region growing.
An SVM based Statistical Image Quality Assessment for Fake Biometric DetectionIJTET Journal
Abstract
A biometric system is a computer based system and is used to identify the person on their behavioral and logical characteristics such as (for example fingerprint, face, iris, keystroke, signature, voice, etc.).A typical biometric system consists of feature extraction and matching patterns. But nowadays biometric systems are attacked by using fake biometric samples. This paper described the fingerprint biometric techniques and also introduce the attack on that system and by using Image Quality Assessment for Liveness Detection to know how to protect the system from fake biometrics and also how the multi biometric system is more secure than uni-biometric system. Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification technique is used for training and testing the fingerprint images. The testing onput fingerprint image is resulted as real and fake fingerprint image by quality score matching with the training based real and fake fingerprint samples.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Evaluation of image segmentation and filtering with ann in the papaya leafijcsit
Precision agriculture is area with lack of cheap technology. The refinement of the production system brings
large advantages to the producer and the use of images makes the monitoring a more cheap methodology.
Macronutrients monitoring can to determine the health and vulnerability of the plant in specific stages. In
this paper is analyzed the method based on computational intelligence to work with image segmentation in
the identification of symptoms of plant nutrient deficiency. Artificial neural networks are evaluated for
image segmentation and filtering, several variations of parameters and insertion impulsive noise were
evaluated too. Satisfactory results are achieved with artificial neural for segmentation same with high
noise levels.
Automatic detection of rust disease of Lentil by machine learning system usin...IJECEIAES
Accurate and early detection of plant diseases will facilitate mitigate the worldwide losses experienced by the agriculture area. MATLAB image processing provides quick and non-destructive means of rust disease detection. In this paper, microscopic image data of rust disease of Lentil was combined with image processing with depth information and developed a machine learning system to detect rust disease at early stage infected with fungus Uromyces fabae (Pers) de Bary. A novel feature set was extracted from the image data using local binary pattern (LBP) and HBBP (Brightness Bi-Histogram Equalization) for image enhancement. It was observed that by combining these, the accuracy of detection of the diseased plants at microscopic level was significantly improved. In addition, we showed that our novel feature set was capable of identifying rust disease at haustorium stage without spreading of disease.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Automated Crop Inspection and Pest Control Using Image ProcessingIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Agriculture is the backbone of our country. India is an agricultural country where the most of the population depends on agriculture. Research in agriculture is aimed towards increasing productivity and profit. There are several automated systems available in literature, which are developed for irrigation control and environmental monitoring in the field. However, it is essential to monitor the plant growth stage by stage and take decisions accordingly. In addition to monitoring the environmental parameters such as pH, moisture content and temperature, it is inevitable to identify the onset of plant diseases too. It is the key to prevent the losses in yield and quantity of agricultural product. Plant disease identification by continuous visual monitoring is very difficult task to farmers and at the same time it is less accurate and can be done in limited areas. Hence this projects aims at developing an image processing algorithm to identify the diseases in rice plant. Rice blast disease occurring in rice plant is due to magnaporthe grisea and this disease also occurs in wheat, rye, barley, pearl and millet. Due to rice blast disease, 60 million people are affected in 85 countries worldwide. Image processing technique is adopted as it is more accurate. Early disease detection can increase the crop production by inducing proper pesticide usage.
A Crop Pests Image Classification Algorithm Based on Deep Convolutional Neura...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Conventional pests image classification methods may not be accurate due to the complex
farmland background, sunlight and pest gestures. To raise the accuracy, the deep convolutional neural
network (DCNN), a concept from Deep Learning, was used in this study to classify crop pests image. On
the ground of our experiments, in which LeNet-5 and AlexNet were used to classify pests image, we have
analyzed the effects of both convolution kernel and the number of layers on the network, and redesigned
the structure of convolutional neural network for crop pests. Further more, 82 common pest types have
been classified, with the accuracy reaching 91%. The comparison to conventional classification methods
proves that our method is not only feasible but preeminent.
ijerst offers a fast publication schedule whilst maintaining rigorous peer review; the use of recommended electronic formats for article delivery expedites the process. Editorial Board or others working in the field as appropriate, to ensure they are likely to be of the level of interest and importance appropriate for the journal. International Journal of Engineering Research and Science & Technology (IJERST) is an international online journal in English published Quarterly. All submitted research articles are subjected to immediate rapid screening by the editors.
ijerst offers a fast publication schedule whilst maintaining rigorous peer review; the use of recommended electronic formats for article delivery expedites the process. International Journal of Engineering Research and Science & Technology (IJERST) is an international online journal in English published Quarterly. All submitted research articles are subjected to immediate rapid screening by the editors, in consultation with the Editorial Board or others working in the field as appropriate, to ensure they are likely to be of the level of interest and importance appropriate for the journal.
A STUDY ON WEED DISCRIMINATION THROUGH WAVELET TRANSFORM, TEXTURE FEATURE EXT...ijcsit
Texture based weed classification has played an important role in agricultural applications. In the recent years weed classification based on wavelet transform is an effective method. But the feature extraction is main issue for proper classification of weed species. In this paper, the issue of statistical and texture
classification based on wavelet transform has been analysed. The efficient texture feature extraction
methods are developed for weed discrimination. Three group feature vector can be constructed by the mean
and standard deviation of the wavelet statistical features (WSF), Texture feature as Contrast, Cluster
Shade, Cluster Prominence and Local Homogeneity (WCSPH) and Energy, Correlation, Cluster Shade,
Cluster Prominence and Entropy features (WECSPE) which are derived from the sub-bands of the wavelet
decomposition and are used for classification. Experimental results show that Rbio33 Wavelet with
WECSPE texture feature obtaining high degree of success rate in classification.
AN APPROACH TO DESIGN A RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA IN S BAND BY TLM...prj_publication
In this paper we have designed a rectangular microstrip antenna in ‘S’ band
transmission line model. The S band frequency ranges from 2 GHz to 4GHz for wireless
application. The desired frequency is chosen to be 2.4 GHz at which the patch antenna is
designed to improve the bandwidth. After calculating the various parameters such as width,
effective dielectric constant, effective length and actual length. The antenna impedance is
matched to 50 ohm using inset feed. The results are obtained (Input Impedance, reflection
coefficient, SWR and bandwidth) by using MATLAB software.
Precision agriculture relies heavily on information technology, which also aids agronomists in their work.
Weeds usually grow alongside crops, reducing the production of that crop. Weeds are controlled by herbicides. The pesticide may harm the crop as well if the type of weed isn’t identified. In order to control weeds on farms, it is required to identify and classify them. Convolutional Network or CNN, a deep learning-based computer vision technology, is used to evaluate images. A methodology is proposed to detect weed using convolutional neural networks.
There were two primary phases in this proposed methodology. The first phase is image collection and labeling, in which the features for images to be labeled for the base images are extracted. In second phase to build the convolutional neural network model is constructed by 20 layers to detect the weed. CNN architecture has three layers
namely convolutional layer, pooling layer and dense layer. The input image is given to convolutional layer to extract the features from the image. The features are given to pooling layer to compress the image to reduce the computational complexity. The dense layer is used for final classification. The performance of the proposed methodology is assessed using agricultural dataset images taken from Kaggle database.
Plant leaf detection through machine learning based image classification appr...IAESIJAI
Since maize is a staple diet for people, especially vegetarians and vegans, maize leaf disease has a significant influence here on the food industry including maize crop productivity. Therefore, it should be understood that maize quality must be optimal; yet, to do so, maize must be safeguarded from several illnesses. As a result, there is a great demand for such an automated system that can identify the condition early on and take the appropriate action. Early disease identification is crucial, but it also poses a major obstacle. As a result, in this research project, we adopt the fundamental k-nearest neighbor (KNN) model and concentrate on building and developing the enhanced k-nearest neighbor (EKNN) model. EKNN aids in identifying several classes of disease. To gather discriminative, boundary, pattern, and structurally linked information, additional high-quality fine and coarse features are generated. This information is then used in the classification process. The classification algorithm offers high-quality gradient-based features. Additionally, the proposed model is assessed using the Plant-Village dataset, and a comparison with many standard classification models using various metrics is also done.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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Vision Based Entomology : A Survey
1. International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Survey (IJCSES) Vol.5, No.1, February 2014
DOI : 10.5121/ijcses.2014.5103 19
VISION BASED ENTOMOLOGY: A SURVEY
Siti Noorul Asiah Hassan1
, Nur Nadiah Syakira Abdul Rahman1
, Zaw Zaw
Htike1
and Shoon Lei Win2
1
Department of Mechatronics Engineering, IIUM, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2
Department of Biotechnology Engineering, IIUM, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
ABSTRACT
Entomology has been deeply rooted in various cultures since prehistoric times for the purpose of
agriculture. Nowadays, many scientists are interested in the field of biodiversity in order to maintain the
diversity of species within our ecosystem. Out of 1.3 million known species on this earth, insects account
for more than two thirds of these known species. Since 400 million years ago, there have been various kinds
of interactions between humans and insects. There have been several attempts to create a method to
perform insect identification accurately. Great knowledge and experience on entomology are required for
accurate insect identification. Automation of insect identification is required because there is a shortage of
skilled entomologists. This paper provides a review of the past literature in vision-based insect recognition
and classifications. Over the past decades, automatic insect recognition and classification has been given
extra attention especially in term of crop pest and disease control. This paper details advances in insect
recognition, discussing representative works from different types of method and classifiers algorithm.
Among the method used in the previous research includes color histogram, edge detection and feature
extraction (SIFT vector). We provides discussion on the state-of-the-art and provides perspective on future
research direction in insect recognition and classification problem.
KEYWORDS
Vision-based Entomology, Color Features, Shape Features, Machine Learning
1. INTRODUCTION
Recently, image-based insect recognition has emerged as a new field of study concerning image
processing and intelligent pattern recognition replacing inefficient traditional technique [1].
Requests for insect recognition and classification to be carried out more efficiently have become
pressing. In response, this image-based technology is used to improve the shortcomings of the
traditional method such as manual identification of insects by the experts as well enhancing
accuracy and saving time. In fact, many research have been done to develop this technology to
become one of the most crucial method in classification and recognition of insects.
There have been many successful attempts of using machine learning in automation of labour
intensive tasks [14-30]. Image-based insect recognition has wide range of applications especially
in agriculture, ecology and environmental science [5]. It generally can be utilized in prevention of
plant disease and insect pests, plant quarantine and as an essential part of eco-informatics
research. Insect detection has to be taken into a serious measure as insect presents an especially
severe threat because they can multiple alarmingly in a short period of time [12]. This new
intelligent system is very beneficial especially to laymen who do not possessed professional
knowledge in distinguishing many species of insects.
2. International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Survey (IJCSES) Vol.5, No.1, February 2014
20
Initially, thresholding seems to be the best approach for insect detection and classification which
appear dark relative to the light brown color of the grain. However, early tests shows that it can
be many false alarm resulting from chaff and other permitted admixture such as rapeseeds and
even the shadows between [12]. Considering this issue, researchers come out with many other
method for detecting objects in real time specifically insects in grains.
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF INSECTS
Most of the insects are composed of several sub parts which are antennae, tails, wings and etc [5].
These parts are extracted in image processing method to be used in recognition of insects as well
as other important features such as color and shape. Majority of the researchers use wing as the
most crucial part for feature extraction in classification of an insect. In order to develop high
performance and feasible solution in insect classification and recognition, the research starts at
the beginning of 1990s where insect math morphology is combined with computer technology
[1]. Although classification of insect is determined by morphological and autecological
characteristics, but it is unattainable to analyze the autecological features through computer
analysis [3].
3. PRINCIPLES OF IMAGE-BASED RECOGNITION
The general principles of image-based recognition and classification are image acquisition and
image processing. Image acquisition is done by selecting a number of different species of insects
as the specimen of the research. A picture of each species selected is taken using any camera to
obtain an image. All the images are acquired and saved.
The next stage is image preprocessing stage where the image obtained will undergo several
process. The image in color scale will be converted to grayscale. Next, the grayscale image will
be converted ti binary image where only white and black color is produced. The region of interest
(ROI) will be separated from the background image. The next step is image processing. The
image will undergo feature extraction, and the features extracted will undergo classification
process. At this stage, different method will produce different output. There are several methods
used for insect recognition such as fuzzy classifier, nearest neighbor classifier and also artificial
neural network (ANN) [4]. For example, some of the researchers used template matching and
some used color histogram technique. As the world is developing, researchers come out with
novel method in recognizing different type of insects to improve the accuracy in real time.
Further details on the approaches and method used in classification of insects will be discussed in
the next section.
4. STATE OF THE ART
4.1. Colour Histogram and GLCM
Zhu Le Qing and Zhang Zhen[1] introduced their research in using color histogram and Gray
Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) for insect recognition. Image preprocessing algorithm is
used to segment out the region of interest (ROI) from the insect image. Then, color features
which are represented by color histogram are extracted from ROI that can be used for coarse
color matching. The matching is done by comparing the correlation of the feature vectors with
certain threshold [1]. The image samples that passed this stage will undergo the next stage that is
fine level matching[1]. The fine level features are represented by coefficients such as energy,
entropy and correlation of GLCM of preprocessed image blocks.
3. International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Survey (IJCSES) Vol.5, No.1, February 2014
21
In the research, one hundred species of insects are selected as samples. All the image samples are
captured from the right wing of the insects. A part of them are forewing with backwing, the rest
are forewing. The image is resized to speed up the processing speed and then filtered using mean
shift algorithm [2]. Then, it is converted to gray scale image and binarized with certain threshold.
To reduce the effect of rotation and tranlation during image acquisition, a universal coordinate
must be located by connecting the centroid of the foreground region and rotate the image around
the centroid until the connected line is horizontal [1]. Least-square method is applied to fit the
upedge and downedge of the insect wing with straight lines. ROI is determined afterwards and the
image is aligned using Gaussian before feature extraction[1].
Figure 1: Forewing together with backwing of the acquired image [Adapted from Zhu&Zhang, 2010]
The color image is transformed from RGB (Red-Green-Blue) space into HSV (Hue-Saturation-
Value) space before construct the histogram. To minimize the effect of illumination variation,
only hue and saturation is take into consideration[1]. The histogram for hue and saturation
component is calculated and it shows that the histogram for same species is distributed similarly.
As for GLCM, it estimates image properties related to second order statistics [20] for example
energy, entropy, correlation and homogeneity[1]. This technique can identify insects from low
resolution wing images and the efficiency and accuracy is proven[1].
(a) (b)
Figure 2: (a) Gray scale image (b) Binary image [Adapted from Zhu&Zhang, 2010]
4.2. Pattern Recognition
According to Kim, Lim, Cho and Nam (2006), this research is focusing in identify butterflies and
ladybugs. The image of the insects are acquired and noise rejection is processed using color
information method. Edge detection technique is applied to RGB space after the pre-processing
by top-hat filtering with certain threshold. The detected edge line is analyzed by chain code
analysis. To improve the end result, the processed image undergo max/min filtering.
4. International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Survey (IJCSES) Vol.5, No.1, February 2014
22
Figure 3 : Region of Interest and Aligned color image [Adapted from Zhu&Zhang, 2010]
The computer will process the data and the program counts the butterfly and ladybug in a picture
that is included with many kinds of insect. By using this method, the researchers claimed that
they attained recognition about 90% as a whole [3].
Figure 4: The program of insect discrimination [Adapted from Lim, Cho, Nam&Kim,2006]
Another similar research was done by the Yang et al [7] where the process of insect identification
is focused on pattern recognition technology. Pattern recognition can be specifically defined as
“the act of taking in raw data and taking an action based on the category of the pattern” [7]. They
further explained that the process involve three stages which are, input data and information
collected from the sample using sensor, feature extraction mechanism that compute numeric or
symbolic data from the sample, and classification scheme that determine the group of the
sample[7]. Meanwhile, image segmentation is defined as the process on which the image is
segregate into several portions where each portions grouped together pieces that share similar
characteristic such as intensity or texture in order to generate non-overlapping image [7].
For success in insect recognition, they had collected several features of insect consists of
rectangularity, elongation, roundness, eccentricity, sphericity, lobation, compactness and seven
Hu moment invariants[7]. There are three classes of image features i.e colour, texture and edges.
However, edge extraction seems to be the best approach since it allowed minimal interference of
light and noise[7]. This type of process employed the procedure of machine learning to train the
algorithm to match with the image loaded and the result were saved in database. There are variety
of classifiers that offer different approaches to sort an image. And each classifiers were tested on
5. International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Survey (IJCSES) Vol.5, No.1, February 2014
23
the samples to determine the best classifier that can successfully fit the data into respective group.
In this study, the researchers claimed that Random trees algorithm is the best choice since it
surpassed other classifiers in the test of insects’ image data samples [7].
The flowchart in Figure 5 shows the summary of training and recognition process involve in
insect’s classification. The solid line represent the flow of data signifies the process of training
the classifiers whereas the dotted line signifies the path taken by a new loaded image to test the
corresponding classifier.
Figure 5: Main Flowchart of Training and Recognition [Adapted from Yang et al, 2010]
For image segmentation, they have been exercising a seven steps for classifying an insect. The
seven procedures are: First, the image is loaded from a file. Then, image is converted to
grayscale. Third, the edged is extracted using Canny edge algorithm. Close operator is used on
the edges image. The next step would be finding an image contour by using contour algorithm.
The biggest contour shows the contour of the insect that previously been loaded.
Contour feature extraction benefitted in the processing image with different image sizes an
angles. However, the disadvantage would be obvious if the species have similar contour since the
system cannot differentiate those contours. Hence, the solution to this problem is by exploiting
image color and texture.
5. EXTENSION THEORY
Extension theory is a method that constructed the matter element matrix of the insect based on
mean and variance of the image features [4]. The matter-element matrix to be recognized includes
the object itself, the feature and the feature value of the object in this case is an insect. The first
step to be done in extension method for classification of insects is feature extraction of insects [4].
The image will be captured in real time and converted to gray scale image, segmented by the
adaptive method so that the binary insect image is separated from the grain and the background.
6. International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Survey (IJCSES) Vol.5, No.1, February 2014
24
Seventeen morphological features are extracted from the binary image and then are normalized
[18]. Afterward, the matter element of features of the insects are constructed. According to “3δ ”
property of the normal distribution, if the object belonged to a class, then each feature of the
object should be within the threefold variance with 99.7% probability. Otherwise some features
should be outside of the threefold variance [4].
The system is trained to identify the nine species of the insects given 135 samples. Classical field
matter element and controlled field matter element matrix of each species is formed. The
correlation degree is calculated [4]. The higher correlation degree between the object to be
recognized and a class, it means that it is much closer to that class. The correlation degree was
simple to calculate, easy to use, fast and efficient. The accuracy of the classifier is increased
compared to fuzzy classifier and k nearest neighbor classifier [4].
6. HYBRID APPROACH
In this research, An Lu, Xinwen Hou, Cheng-Lin Liu and Xiaolin Chen try to use a hybrid
approach in classifying insects called discriminative local soft coding (DLsoft) [5]. In soft coding
strategies, a feature vector of the insect image is encoded by a kernel function of distance. As for
the discriminative part, Multiple Kernel Learning (MKL) is used for the classification to improve
the drawbacks of the soft coding alone.
This method is test on the fruit fly, Tephritidae that consists of different species. The dataset is
divided into two; training set and testing set. Sample used for both dataset is an image of
Tephritidae. First, all the images are transformed into gray scale. SIFT features of patches are
extracted by densely sampled from each image. This is done so that each image will be
represented by SIFT features. SIFT is done by dividing the images into several section of squares
and each section will compute its own histogram. The local soft codes and discriminative is
calculated. Subsequently, max pooling over all the vectors of patches in the same image is
calculated. The final presentation of an image sample is spatial pyramid pooled vector which can
be used by any machine learning method for classification [6].
Figure 6: Example of our Tephritidae dataset: each column is corresponding to one species and the rows are
respectively whole body, head, thorax, abdomen and wing photographs of the corresponding species taken
by a microscope camera [Adapted from An Lu, Xinwen Hou, Cheng-Lin Liu & Xiaolin Chen,2012)
7. International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Survey (IJCSES) Vol.5, No.1, February 2014
25
7. STACKED SPATIAL-PYRAMID KERNEL
In another study, Larios et al. [8] shows some agreement with the previous study of Yang et al in
terms of using Random Trees method as classifiers, however their study has added a new angle to
improve the result. Larios et al [8] identified and described Stacked Spatial-Pyramid Kernel
method to boost up the performance of standard stacking method hence provides greater accuracy
for the sample classification.
Stacking is one of digital image processing technique that combines multiple classifiers with each
classifiers to manage their own feature space. Since only the raw combination scores are being
submitted as input to the final classifiers, the conventional stacking method has disadvantage of
losing spatial information belonged to the features. In order to tackle the problem, Larios et al [8]
introduced new stacking structure that has the capability to retain the spatial information as well
as increase the classification result accuracy by quantizing input data. The authors believed that
the method surpass other classifiers in grouping insects sample with variety of dissimilar feature
types. In addition to that, the proposed method is capable to handle sample image with different
3D positions, orientations, and developmental and degradation stages with wide intra-class
variation.
The study clarify three main steps of insect recognition process. First, the HOG and SIFT analysis
are constructed from the edge and dense grid of patches provided by the image samples while
beam angle histogram taking care of sample’s shape. This three descriptors are significant in
determine region of interest for local features. The appearance and shape features scores obtained
from random trees method is exploited to draw the spatial histogram that shows relative position
information. The whole process is illustrated as diagram in Figure 6.
This whole process are employed in the recognition and classification of species orders for water
quality assessment. The species orders include three small organism namely, Ephemeroptera
(mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies), and Trichoptera(caddisflies), often known as EPT [19]. These
EPT have contrast capability from each other to induce water pollution thus, their accumulation
providing a yardstick in water assessment quality.
Larios et al [8] stated that this method has the ability to combine dissimilar local features gathered
by different detectors and descriptors yielding in a vast set of samples of large appearance
variation as a result of assorted insect position and orientation, natural diversity, growing stage
and degradation after the insect is captured. Next step is extracting useful region for local
features. Commonly, shape, edge key points and patches managed to attain the required features.
These features illustrated by HOG and SIFT descriptors while beam angle histogram explain the
shape. The spatial histogram then displayed the relative position information built from
combination of local classification scores previously calculated from random trees classifier.
Spatial histogram is said to have the ability of maintaining information about the quantity of
features identified in different image regions.
8. International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Survey (IJCSES) Vol.5, No.1, February 2014
26
Figure 7: Overview of the stacking classification architecture. [Adapted from Larios et al, 2010]
In order to acquire the parameters for the stacked spatial pyramid kernel SVM learning algorithm,
logarithmic grid search are performed with five folds cross validation. In this training set consist
of multi-class experiments, one versus all frameworks were utilized. Larios et al [8] specified that
“the spatial-pyramid kernel K is used in the loss and discriminant functions of the SVM learning.
This kernel is well suited for the histogram image representation, because classification scores
just like assignment counts, can be accumulated in the spatial pyramid.”
8. ONTOLOGY-BASED INSECT RECOGNITION
On the other hand, Huang Shiguo et al. [9] proposed insect identification based on ontology
framework. The authors claimed that ontology based image retrieval has gained much popularity
in semantic image retrieval in recent years. This method is similar with other past researches in
the beginning where the image features are extracted from the samples database. The features
then being stored in feature database. Ontology based recognition system consist of a layer that
hold four types of system identification namely, visual feature ontology, image feature ontology,
classification module, and Insect Morphology and Taxonomy Ontology(IMTO)[9]. This layer
will give support and assist the insect image recognition and annotation. Visual feature extract the
image while classification module pair the image with the insect image previously stored in
feature knowledge database.
9. International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Survey (IJCSES) Vol.5, No.1, February 2014
27
Figure 8: Ontology based insect recognition [Adapted from Huang et al, 2009]
Image visual ontology is a significant element in ontology based insect classification. In this
stage, visual feature and their properties of insect is extracted from an image. The properties
comprise of local features, feature subspace, texture features, and color features. These properties
are expressed by the SIFT or SURF descriptors[9]. For IMTO layer, insects’ information is build
based on their family species until family tree is developed which consist of one head and several
branches of family species. This is to recognize the insect’s physical build to identify the
similarities or dissimilarities between each family species. Image media feature ontology
contribute in term of image retrieval background such as when and how the photo were taken,
environment information and image storage format (JPEG, BMP etc). All of these layers
communicates with each other to construct a relationship in recognizing and identified insect [9].
The diagram in Figure 7 shows the framework of ontology based insect recognition.
9. KNN-SPECTRALREGRESSION LDA
Li at al. [10] provides another alternative in insect recognition and classification field. According
to Li at al KNN-Spectral regression LDA is one of the best method that can be applied in
automatic insect recognition. This method is based on the face recognition principle.
The summary of the procedures is represent in Figure 8. Raw sample image of an insect is loaded
and be process to reduce the dimension by applying dimension reduction algorithm. Next step
would be obtaining feature subspace from pre-process training sample[10]. On the same time,
recognized image is projected into feature subspace. Therefore, the linear combination of feature
subspace vector of unrecognized image is obtained by comparing from the sample image. By
measuring the similarity between coefficient vector of unrecognized image and that of training
samples, KNN method is employed to recognize insects[10].
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Figure 9: Dimension Reduction for insect recognition [Adapted from Li et al, 2009]
The function of LDA algorithm is to spread the distribution of different classes samples wider
into space while the sample that belong to the same feature is grouped more closely to each other.
In the other word, inter scatter are hold far apart from each other whereas intra scatter degree is
kept small. The problem can arise if there is only one intra scatter which lead to undetermined
best projection direction.
The coeficient from PCA and LDA are selected as input to KNN algorithm[10]. To categorize an
unrecognized object, KNN algorithm is used. K-neighbours is used to compute the nearest sample
to image class thus providing a more dense class sample to increase the accuracy of insect
classification. This research confirmed that KNN-Spectral Regression LDA outdo the PCA and
Run-length matrix with 90% recognition accuracy rather than 75% in PCA.
Figure 9: Insect Feature Subspace from PCA [Adapted from Li et al, 2009]
Figure 10: Insect feature subspace from spectral regression LDA [Adapted from Li et al, 2009]
10. HISTOGRAM OF LOCAL APPEARANCES FEATURES
Larios et al. [17] mentioned that the goal of the research is to develop general-purpose computer
vision methods, and associated mechanical hardware, for rapid-throughput image capture,
classification, and sorting of small arthropod specimens. The focus in this research is on stonefly
(Plecoptera) larvae for the biomonitoring of freshwater stream health. Stream quality
measurement could be significantly advanced if an economically practical method were available
for monitoring insect populations in stream substrates [11,17].
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Recognition of stonefly butterfly is challenging as they are highly interconnected, exhibit a high
degree of various species in size and colour and some species are hard to differentiate visually
despite prominent dorsal patterning [13]. To encounter this problem, the researchers come out
with different approach called the bag-of-features approach. It extracts a bag of region-based
features from the image without take into account their relative spatial arrangement [17].
The bag-of-features approach involves five stages which are region detection, region description,
region classification, combination of detected features into a feature vector and final classification
of the feature vector. For region detection, they are using three different operator that is Hessian-
affine detector, Kadir entropy detector and principle curvature-based region detector (PCBR)
[17]. The detected region is then described using SIFT representation [17]. In classification into
features, a histogram is assigned to each feature formed consisting of the number of SIFT vectors
[13].
In the fourth stage or phase, feature vector is created for each of the three region detectors using
GMM (Gaussian Mixture Model). These features then formed the concatenated feature histogram
(CFH) method that allows the use of general classifier from the machine learning literature.
Finally, the classification of the specimens is done by an assembler of logistic model tress [13].
This stage is to train a classifier to assign the correct labels to the bag of keywords where this
keywords is obtained from the clustering of SIFT vectors. There are many ways to train the
classifier and one simple method is to compute a histogram where the i -th element corresponds
to the number of occurrences in the image of the i -th keyword. Another classification strategy is
to employ distance-based learning algorithms such as the nearest-neighbor method. This involves
defining a distance measure between two bags of keywords such as the minimum distance
between all keywords from one bag and all keywords from the other bag [13,17].
Figure 11: Visual Comparison of the regions output by the three detectors on three Calineuria specimens.
a) Hessian-affine, b) Kadir entropy, c) PCBR [Adapted from Larios et al., 2007]
11. CHALLENGES IN INSECT CLASSIFICATION
There are several issues emerged in the pursue of insect recognition as stated by Kevin J. Gaston,
et al (2004, cited in Yang, et al, 2010) [7] which he clearly pointed out that the species of insect
are too complicated, too threatening, too different and the problem also lies in the finance factor.
Adding to that, Yang et al claimed that for some species especially from the same genus are very
difficult to be differentiate using only an image as parameter even the expert sometimes need to
observe the insect’s behavior or use other methods to identify them.
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The other challenge that could be arise is the unfair distribution of samples per species. This
situation could lead to different performance accuracy.
12. LIMITATIONS OF THE STATE OF THE ART SYSTEMS
There are several limitation and challenges that are encountered in the techniques used in the
previous research. Some insects of the same species and type has different color histogram that
make the hard to be classified. Especially when using color histogram to classify the insects.
Other than that, since the body of the insects is covered by colourful scale, some features are hard
to be extracted and to be computed the feature vectors. Hence, they need to be extracted by using
additional information such as behaviour feature.
At some stage, the insect classification might become a little complex and where the system has
to train so many type of insects as the insects consist of so wide range of species.
13. CONCLUSION
This paper review several methods used in machine vision learning in detecting and classifying
insects based on their features, colors, shape and etc. Each method has the advantages and
disadvantages in detecting insects. Among the method used, color histogram seems to be the best
approach in classifying and recognizing species of insects. This is because the color histogram is
using SIFT extraction feature to describe the image of the insect to be recognized. Each image
acquired is divided into several square similar in size and each of the square of images has its
own histogram. Even though the detected insects is not in the same position in the trained image,
the system still can identified which type of insect based on the color histogram.
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