1.1 How Is Cash Flow to Be MonitoredBeyond just looking at .docxpaynetawnya
1.1
How Is Cash Flow to Be Monitored?
Beyond just looking at cash on the balance sheet, how is one to assess a company's cash, cash flow, and cash flow prospects? For many years, the accounting profession only required presentation of the balance sheet, income statement, and a statement of retained earnings (or stockholders' equity). In the 1960s, following several prominent and seemingly sudden business failures due to poor cash flow, the profession determined to require a fourth financial statement reporting on funds flow. The specific content and format evolved. In the 1990s, the profession began to require the current format for a statement of cash flows. This statement has become a well-established component of required reporting for corporate entities. The objective of the statement is to provide information that is helpful in assessing the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of an organization's cash inflows and outflows. Accordingly, the statement of cash flows divides cash flow information into key categories related to operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. The statement also provides information about other investing and financing activities that do not directly entail the generation or consumption of cash. Thus, the statement also provides a key source of insight about a company's overall investing and financing actions.
Operating Activities
In a sweeping generalization, think of the operating activities of a business as the routine transactions and events that enter into the determination of ongoing income. Thus, the operating activities section of the statement of cash flows is a bit like a cash basis income statement. But, as you will soon see from the following details, this generalization should be used as a frame of reference only. Specifically, cash inflows from operating activities consist of receipts from customers for providing goods and services, the cash amount of interest earnings, and cash dividends received. Cash outflows relate to payments for inventory purchases, salaries, wages, taxes, interest, and other such business expenses. However, another way to view "operating" cash flows is to include anything that is not an "investing" or "financing" cash flow. This means that any cash flows that do not clearly fall into the categories of investing activities or financing activities are regarded as related to operations. Because this view casts the operating activities section as a "default" grouping, it is also necessary to understand the specifics of each of the next two categories.
Investing Activities
Investing activities relate to acquiring and disposing of longer term investments in stocks and debt issued by others, as well as buying and selling items of property, plant, and equipment. Investing cash inflows result when a company receives the proceeds from selling the stock and debt of others (unless such investment was initially acquired for "trading" rather than longer term investme ...
1.1 How Is Cash Flow to Be MonitoredBeyond just looking at .docxpaynetawnya
1.1
How Is Cash Flow to Be Monitored?
Beyond just looking at cash on the balance sheet, how is one to assess a company's cash, cash flow, and cash flow prospects? For many years, the accounting profession only required presentation of the balance sheet, income statement, and a statement of retained earnings (or stockholders' equity). In the 1960s, following several prominent and seemingly sudden business failures due to poor cash flow, the profession determined to require a fourth financial statement reporting on funds flow. The specific content and format evolved. In the 1990s, the profession began to require the current format for a statement of cash flows. This statement has become a well-established component of required reporting for corporate entities. The objective of the statement is to provide information that is helpful in assessing the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of an organization's cash inflows and outflows. Accordingly, the statement of cash flows divides cash flow information into key categories related to operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. The statement also provides information about other investing and financing activities that do not directly entail the generation or consumption of cash. Thus, the statement also provides a key source of insight about a company's overall investing and financing actions.
Operating Activities
In a sweeping generalization, think of the operating activities of a business as the routine transactions and events that enter into the determination of ongoing income. Thus, the operating activities section of the statement of cash flows is a bit like a cash basis income statement. But, as you will soon see from the following details, this generalization should be used as a frame of reference only. Specifically, cash inflows from operating activities consist of receipts from customers for providing goods and services, the cash amount of interest earnings, and cash dividends received. Cash outflows relate to payments for inventory purchases, salaries, wages, taxes, interest, and other such business expenses. However, another way to view "operating" cash flows is to include anything that is not an "investing" or "financing" cash flow. This means that any cash flows that do not clearly fall into the categories of investing activities or financing activities are regarded as related to operations. Because this view casts the operating activities section as a "default" grouping, it is also necessary to understand the specifics of each of the next two categories.
Investing Activities
Investing activities relate to acquiring and disposing of longer term investments in stocks and debt issued by others, as well as buying and selling items of property, plant, and equipment. Investing cash inflows result when a company receives the proceeds from selling the stock and debt of others (unless such investment was initially acquired for "trading" rather than longer term investme ...
Cash FlowsIntroductionThe Statement of Cash Flows is the third.docxcravennichole326
Cash Flows
Introduction
The Statement of Cash Flows is the third basic financial statement that is presented with the Balance Sheet and the Income Statement on a periodic basis. By reviewing the changes in cash due to operations, investing activities, and financing activities, the analyst can better ascertain how cash was generated and spent.
The Statement of Cash Flows
The statement of cash flows was developed in the 1970s and 1980s as a reaction to the need for management to reconcile net income to available cash. Many managers questioned how a company could report a profit, but have no money, or report a loss and still have cash available; the statement of cash flows was developed to explain how the income statement related to the available cash. The statement of cash flows can help managers and business owners to understand the sources and uses of cash, and predict future cash requirements so that needs may be met.
The cash flow statement focuses attention on a firm's ability to generate cash internally, its management of current assets and current liabilities, and the details of its investments and its external financing (Libby, Libby, & Short, 2004). It is designed to help both managers and analysts answer important cash-related questions such as these:
Will the company have enough cash to pay its short-term debts to suppliers and other creditors without additional borrowing?
Is the company adequately managing its accounts receivable and inventory?
Has the company made necessary investments in new productive capacity?
Did the company generate enough cash flow internally to finance necessary investment, or did it rely on external financing?
Is the company changing the makeup of its external financing?
These questions and others can be answered through the preparation and examination of the statement of cash flows.
Operating, Investing, and Financing Activities
The statement of cash flows has three main sections: (a) cash flows from operating activities, which are related to earning income from normal, recurring operations; (b) cash flows from investing activities, which are related to the acquisition and sale of productive assets; and (c) cash flows from financing activities, which are related to external financing of the enterprise. The net cash inflow or outflow for the year is the same amount as the increase or decrease in cash and cash equivalents for the year on the balance sheet. Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments with original maturities of less than three months. The operating activities section of the statement of cash flows can be prepared using either the direct or indirect method; the investing and financing activities sections are always prepared directly.
Direct Method of Determining Cash Flows from Operating Activities
The direct method for reporting cash flows from operating activities separates all of the operating transactions that result in either a deb ...
Accounting Standard - 7, of cash flow of Financial Accounting. This will enable you to get full understanding of Accounting Standard - 7.
For assistance, please refer to the document:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wEYT7EYOW1E1cok7299-9bKwTiHf2f5u/view?usp=sharing
Accounting standards are authoritative standards for financial reporting and are the primary source of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Accounting standards specify how transactions and other events are to be recognized, measured, presented and disclosed in financial statements.
The Indian Accounting Standards were revised in September 2016.
This presentation tells about the AS 7 on Cash Flow Statement.
ACC 371 Lecture 7Statement of Cash FlowsIntroductionGenerall.docxaryan532920
ACC 371 Lecture 7
Statement of Cash Flows
Introduction
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) typically evolves in practice, rather than being written and then followed. An example of this evolution is the financial statement called, the statement of cash flows. Managers and business owners often asked why their companies were profitable but did not have available cash, or had plenty of cash but were operating at a loss. In response to this need, accountants developed the statement of cash flows to explain how cash was provided to the company or used by the company. The statement of cash flows is now a required financial statement according to GAAP. Since the statement of cash flows was developed long after the other three statements—the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of stockholders' equity—it does not follow the same flow as the other statements and requires information from all of the other statements, as well as additional information, in order to be compiled. Today, the statement of cash flows is one of the most significant financial statements for the potential investor or creditor.
Usefulness of the Statement of Cash Flows
The statement of cash flows is useful because it shows an organization's ability to produce future cash flows, provides an indication that the organization can meet its obligations, reports the differences between net income and net cash flows, and identifies the cash and noncash investing and financing activities during the period.
Profitable operations do not always ensure positive cash flow. While net income is important, cash flow is also critical to a company's success. Cash flow permits a company to expand operations, replace worn assets, take advantage of new investment opportunities, and pay dividends to its owners. Both managers and analysts need to understand the various sources and uses of cash that are associated with business activities.
The cash flow statement focuses attention on a firm's ability to generate cash internally, its management of current assets and current liabilities, and the details of its investments and its external financing (Libby, Libby, & Short, 2004). It is designed to help both managers and analysts answer important cash-related questions such as these:
Will the company have enough cash to pay its short-term debts to suppliers and other creditors without additional borrowing?
Is the company adequately managing its accounts receivable and inventory?
Has the company made necessary investments in new productive capacity?
Did the company generate enough cash flow internally to finance necessary investment or did it rely on external financing?
Is the company changing the makeup of its external financing?
These questions and others can be answered through the preparation and examination of the statement of cash flows.
Operating, Investing, and Financing Activities
The statement has three main sections: (a) cash flows from operating activities, which are relate.
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Cash FlowsIntroductionThe Statement of Cash Flows is the third.docxcravennichole326
Cash Flows
Introduction
The Statement of Cash Flows is the third basic financial statement that is presented with the Balance Sheet and the Income Statement on a periodic basis. By reviewing the changes in cash due to operations, investing activities, and financing activities, the analyst can better ascertain how cash was generated and spent.
The Statement of Cash Flows
The statement of cash flows was developed in the 1970s and 1980s as a reaction to the need for management to reconcile net income to available cash. Many managers questioned how a company could report a profit, but have no money, or report a loss and still have cash available; the statement of cash flows was developed to explain how the income statement related to the available cash. The statement of cash flows can help managers and business owners to understand the sources and uses of cash, and predict future cash requirements so that needs may be met.
The cash flow statement focuses attention on a firm's ability to generate cash internally, its management of current assets and current liabilities, and the details of its investments and its external financing (Libby, Libby, & Short, 2004). It is designed to help both managers and analysts answer important cash-related questions such as these:
Will the company have enough cash to pay its short-term debts to suppliers and other creditors without additional borrowing?
Is the company adequately managing its accounts receivable and inventory?
Has the company made necessary investments in new productive capacity?
Did the company generate enough cash flow internally to finance necessary investment, or did it rely on external financing?
Is the company changing the makeup of its external financing?
These questions and others can be answered through the preparation and examination of the statement of cash flows.
Operating, Investing, and Financing Activities
The statement of cash flows has three main sections: (a) cash flows from operating activities, which are related to earning income from normal, recurring operations; (b) cash flows from investing activities, which are related to the acquisition and sale of productive assets; and (c) cash flows from financing activities, which are related to external financing of the enterprise. The net cash inflow or outflow for the year is the same amount as the increase or decrease in cash and cash equivalents for the year on the balance sheet. Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments with original maturities of less than three months. The operating activities section of the statement of cash flows can be prepared using either the direct or indirect method; the investing and financing activities sections are always prepared directly.
Direct Method of Determining Cash Flows from Operating Activities
The direct method for reporting cash flows from operating activities separates all of the operating transactions that result in either a deb ...
Accounting Standard - 7, of cash flow of Financial Accounting. This will enable you to get full understanding of Accounting Standard - 7.
For assistance, please refer to the document:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wEYT7EYOW1E1cok7299-9bKwTiHf2f5u/view?usp=sharing
Accounting standards are authoritative standards for financial reporting and are the primary source of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Accounting standards specify how transactions and other events are to be recognized, measured, presented and disclosed in financial statements.
The Indian Accounting Standards were revised in September 2016.
This presentation tells about the AS 7 on Cash Flow Statement.
ACC 371 Lecture 7Statement of Cash FlowsIntroductionGenerall.docxaryan532920
ACC 371 Lecture 7
Statement of Cash Flows
Introduction
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) typically evolves in practice, rather than being written and then followed. An example of this evolution is the financial statement called, the statement of cash flows. Managers and business owners often asked why their companies were profitable but did not have available cash, or had plenty of cash but were operating at a loss. In response to this need, accountants developed the statement of cash flows to explain how cash was provided to the company or used by the company. The statement of cash flows is now a required financial statement according to GAAP. Since the statement of cash flows was developed long after the other three statements—the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of stockholders' equity—it does not follow the same flow as the other statements and requires information from all of the other statements, as well as additional information, in order to be compiled. Today, the statement of cash flows is one of the most significant financial statements for the potential investor or creditor.
Usefulness of the Statement of Cash Flows
The statement of cash flows is useful because it shows an organization's ability to produce future cash flows, provides an indication that the organization can meet its obligations, reports the differences between net income and net cash flows, and identifies the cash and noncash investing and financing activities during the period.
Profitable operations do not always ensure positive cash flow. While net income is important, cash flow is also critical to a company's success. Cash flow permits a company to expand operations, replace worn assets, take advantage of new investment opportunities, and pay dividends to its owners. Both managers and analysts need to understand the various sources and uses of cash that are associated with business activities.
The cash flow statement focuses attention on a firm's ability to generate cash internally, its management of current assets and current liabilities, and the details of its investments and its external financing (Libby, Libby, & Short, 2004). It is designed to help both managers and analysts answer important cash-related questions such as these:
Will the company have enough cash to pay its short-term debts to suppliers and other creditors without additional borrowing?
Is the company adequately managing its accounts receivable and inventory?
Has the company made necessary investments in new productive capacity?
Did the company generate enough cash flow internally to finance necessary investment or did it rely on external financing?
Is the company changing the makeup of its external financing?
These questions and others can be answered through the preparation and examination of the statement of cash flows.
Operating, Investing, and Financing Activities
The statement has three main sections: (a) cash flows from operating activities, which are relate.
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www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
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Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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2. Introduction & Meaning of
Cash flow statement
Cash flow statement helps the Management to understand the past behavior of
the cash cycle, and to control the uses of cash in future.
Cash flow statement is a statement which describes the inflows (sources) and
outflows (uses) of cash and cash equivalents in an enterprise during a specified
period of time.
According to AS‐3 (revised), an enterprise should prepare a cash flow
Statement and should present it for each period for which financial statements
are prepared.
Some of the terminologies used in Cash flow statement
Cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits with banks.
Cash equivalents are short term, highly liquid investments that are readily
convertible into known amounts of cash.
Cash flows are inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents.
3. Classification of Cash Flows
Cash Flows from Operating Activities: Operating activities are the principal
revenue‐producing activities of the enterprise.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities: Investing activities are the acquisition
and disposal of long‐term assets and other investments not included in cash
equivalents.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: Financing activities are activities that
result in changes in the size and composition of the owners’ capital and
borrowings of the enterprise.
4. Uses and Significance of
Cash Flow Statement
Cash flow statement is useful in the evaluation of cash position of a firm.
A projected cash flow statement can be prepared in order to know the future
cash position of a concern so as to enable a firm to plan and co‐ordinate its
financial operations properly.
It better explains the causes for poor cash position in spite of substantial profits
in a firm.
Cash flow analysis is more useful and appropriate than funds flow analysis for
short‐term financial analysis
Cash flow statement provides information of all activities classified under
operating, investing and financing activities.
Cash flow statement helps in planning the repayment of loans, replacement of
fixed assets and other similar long‐term planning of cash.
5. Limitations of Cash Statement
As cash flow statement is based on cash basis of accounting, it ignores the basic
accounting concept of accrual basis.
Some people feel that as working capital is a wider concept of funds, a funds
flow statement provides a more complete picture than cash flow statement.
Cash flow statement is not suitable for judging the profitability of a firm as non‐
cash charges are ignored while calculating cash flows from operating activities.
6. Treatment of Other Items
1. Interest and Dividends:
In case of a financing enterprise, cash flow from interest paid and interest and
dividend received should be treated as cash flows from operating activities.
Dividends paid should be classified as cash flows from financing activities.
In the case of other enterprises, cash flow arising from interest and dividend
paid should be classified as cash flows from financing activities while interest
and dividend received should be classified as cash flows from investing
activities.
Net profit is adjusted for non‐ oprating expenses and incomes for calculating
operating profits as shown below:
Net profit ….
Add : Non‐operating expenses ….
Less : Non‐operating incomes ….
Net operating profit ….
7. 2. Income Tax:
Cash flows arising from income tax should be classified as flow from operating
activities unless they can be specifically indentified with financing and investing
activities. For example, capital gain tax on sale of land can be identified with
investing activity and therefore in the cash flow statement, it should be shown as
outflow from investing activities.
3. Extra ordinary items:
The cash flows associated with extra ordinary items should be classified as arising
from operating, investing or financing activities as appropriate and separately
disclosed. For example, legal claim, cost of winning a law suit or lottery, receipt of
claim from an insurance company etc., are extra ordinary items.
8. Non‐Cash Transactions
Many investing and financing activities do not have a direct impact on current
cash flows although they do affect the capital and asset structure of an
enterprise.
Examples of non‐cash transactions are:
The acquisition of assets by assuming directly related activities;
The acquisition of an enterprise by means of issue of shares; and
The conversion of debt to equity
Investing and financing transactions that do not require the use of cash or cash
equivalents should be excluded from a cash flow statement. Such transactions
should be disclosed elsewhere in the financial statements in way that provides
all the relevant information about these investing and financing activities.