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Barriers to Entry: Significant
• Economies of Scale
• Fixed Investment: Processing infrastructure with speed and security
• Network effects (Customers/Merchants)
• The more retailers that accept Visa, the more valuable it is to customers
• The more customers that carry Visa, the more valuable it is to merchants
• Customer Captivity
• High Switching Costs
• Balance Transfer, Application/Credit Check, Credit Score History
• Brand loyalty (rewards points)
Strong Incumbent Position-Based Advantages
Strategic Interactions
• 3 big players share the competitive advantage
• Visa + MasterCard + Amex > 90% of market
• Incumbents are largely cooperating
• Reinforcing incumbent competitive advantages
• V+MA uses same processor at the merchant
• Strong marketing, but no real attacks on each other’s market share
• Use of Market Power against merchants
• Policies: No discounts or surcharges between cards/cash
• Price Fixing: Rising interchange fees
• One Result: Merchant litigation
• Visa and MasterCard agreed to split merchant litigation settlement 66%-
33%!
• Proposed settlement favorable to Visa/Mastercard
Industry Profitability: High
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Returns on Invested Capital
Visa Mastercard American Express Discover
Source: Capital IQ and Google Finance. Return on equity shown for AXP and DFS.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Operating Margins
Visa Mastercard American Express Discover
Stock Performance
• ROIC: ~60-70%
• Operating Margin: ~50-60%
• 5-year stock performance: >100%

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Visa and payment processing mc

  • 1. Barriers to Entry: Significant • Economies of Scale • Fixed Investment: Processing infrastructure with speed and security • Network effects (Customers/Merchants) • The more retailers that accept Visa, the more valuable it is to customers • The more customers that carry Visa, the more valuable it is to merchants • Customer Captivity • High Switching Costs • Balance Transfer, Application/Credit Check, Credit Score History • Brand loyalty (rewards points) Strong Incumbent Position-Based Advantages
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5. Strategic Interactions • 3 big players share the competitive advantage • Visa + MasterCard + Amex > 90% of market • Incumbents are largely cooperating • Reinforcing incumbent competitive advantages • V+MA uses same processor at the merchant • Strong marketing, but no real attacks on each other’s market share • Use of Market Power against merchants • Policies: No discounts or surcharges between cards/cash • Price Fixing: Rising interchange fees • One Result: Merchant litigation • Visa and MasterCard agreed to split merchant litigation settlement 66%- 33%! • Proposed settlement favorable to Visa/Mastercard
  • 6. Industry Profitability: High 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Returns on Invested Capital Visa Mastercard American Express Discover Source: Capital IQ and Google Finance. Return on equity shown for AXP and DFS. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Operating Margins Visa Mastercard American Express Discover Stock Performance • ROIC: ~60-70% • Operating Margin: ~50-60% • 5-year stock performance: >100%