Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
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Reflections on the nature and form of exposure therapy, involving a patient and therapist accessing experiences, either in vivo (real life), through use of imagination, or perhaps using virtual reality technology? I have tried to highlight the strengths, limitations and relevant themes.
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the following three types:
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Fantasy has an important function in the way we all carry
out our everyday activities, for instance we model our
speech and behaviour in imagination before an important
encounter or event, and afterwards we rehearse our
performance in fantasy to evaluate it and assess whether
we could have done better.
Shy, reserved people, not suffering from mental illness, may
use dereistic thinking to compensate for the disappointments
of life.
Bleuler (1911) saw this isolation from the real world into
autistic thinking as characteristic of schizophrenia: which was
partly the result of formal thought disorder.
Various types of experience come into the category of acting
out fantasy, such as pathological lying (pseudologia
fantastica), hysterical conversion and dissociation (somatic and
psychological dissociative symptoms) and the delusion-like
ideas occurring in affective psychoses.
These types can be understood as arising from the patient’s
affective and social setting.
Fantasy thinking may also reveal itself in the denial of external
events.
The slip of the tongue, or the ‘forgetting’ of the emotionally
laden word is not accidental; it is a form of self-deception.
The obvious, significant, but unpleasant, object of perception
may be ‘overlooked’, and this often reveals fantasy denial.
Fantasy thinking denies unpleasant reality, even though the
fantasy itself may also be unpleasant.
This rearranging or transformation of reality is shown by
neurotic patients habitually and all people occasionally.
IMAGINATIVE THINKING
There are at least 3 components of imagination-
Mental imagery refers to the ability to create image-based on
mental representations of the world.
Counterfactual thinking refers to the capacity to disengage
from reality in order to think of events and experiences that
have not occurred and may never occur.
Symbolic representation is the use of concepts or images to
represent real world objects or entities (Roth, 2004).
A facet of this type of thinking that comes from a
psychoanalytic theoretical stance is the concept of maternal
reverie (Bion, 1962).
The mother, while in the situation, both physical and mental,
of ‘holding the baby’ (Winnicott, 1957), has a capacity for
reverie or daydreaming on the baby’s behalf; this usually
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Seminar PPT.pptx
DISORDERS OF THINKING
The process of thinking was divided by Fish (1967) into
the following three types:
undirected fantasy thinking (which, in the past, has also
been termed autistic or dereistic thinking)
imaginative thinking, which does not go beyond the
rational and possible
conceptual thinking, which attempts to solve a problem.
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Fantasy has an important function in the way we all carry
out our everyday activities, for instance we model our
speech and behaviour in imagination before an important
encounter or event, and afterwards we rehearse our
performance in fantasy to evaluate it and assess whether
we could have done better.
Shy, reserved people, not suffering from mental illness, may
use dereistic thinking to compensate for the disappointments
of life.
Bleuler (1911) saw this isolation from the real world into
autistic thinking as characteristic of schizophrenia: which was
partly the result of formal thought disorder.
Various types of experience come into the category of acting
out fantasy, such as pathological lying (pseudologia
fantastica), hysterical conversion and dissociation (somatic and
psychological dissociative symptoms) and the delusion-like
ideas occurring in affective psychoses.
These types can be understood as arising from the patient’s
affective and social setting.
Fantasy thinking may also reveal itself in the denial of external
events.
The slip of the tongue, or the ‘forgetting’ of the emotionally
laden word is not accidental; it is a form of self-deception.
The obvious, significant, but unpleasant, object of perception
may be ‘overlooked’, and this often reveals fantasy denial.
Fantasy thinking denies unpleasant reality, even though the
fantasy itself may also be unpleasant.
This rearranging or transformation of reality is shown by
neurotic patients habitually and all people occasionally.
IMAGINATIVE THINKING
There are at least 3 components of imagination-
Mental imagery refers to the ability to create image-based on
mental representations of the world.
Counterfactual thinking refers to the capacity to disengage
from reality in order to think of events and experiences that
have not occurred and may never occur.
Symbolic representation is the use of concepts or images to
represent real world objects or entities (Roth, 2004).
A facet of this type of thinking that comes from a
psychoanalytic theoretical stance is the concept of maternal
reverie (Bion, 1962).
The mother, while in the situation, both physical and mental,
of ‘holding the baby’ (Winnicott, 1957), has a capacity for
reverie or daydreaming on the baby’s behalf; this usually
concerns the future happiness and achievements of the baby.
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Problem solving and reasoning are two key aspects of rational
thinking.
Problem solving is defined as the set of cognitive processes
that we apply to reach a goal when we must overcome
obstacles to reach that goal.
Reasoning is the cognitive process that we use
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This document defines phobias as irrational fears of specific situations or objects that compel avoidance despite recognizing the feared item is not dangerous. It distinguishes phobias from normal fears by stating fears respond to genuine threats while phobias are extreme or irrational. Statistics show females have higher rates of phobias than males. Common phobias include social phobia involving social interactions, agoraphobia involving outside spaces, and specific phobias of particular items like spiders or heights. The document lists several examples of specific phobias like astraphobia of thunder, acrophobia of heights, and arachnophobia of spiders.
phobia
This document discusses phobias, which are defined as irrational persistent fears that are disproportionate to the actual danger. It classifies specific phobias related to objects or situations and social phobias related to social interactions. Causes of phobias include classical conditioning, vicarious learning, and receiving fear-inducing information. Dental phobia is also discussed, along with scales to assess dental anxiety. Techniques to manage dental fear include desensitization, cognitive behavioral therapy, relaxation, and pharmacological interventions. Understanding the origin of a patient's fears can help improve their dental treatment and care.
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Social media can help cultivate connection, community, and creativity in art therapy. It allows art therapists to build networks and showcase their work, join professional groups, and stay connected globally. Online art collaborations and communities empower art-making, create inspiration, and decrease isolation for art therapists. Social media plays a role in promoting, administering, and archiving these online projects. While providing structure and support, participation in online art communities can foster expression, generosity, empowerment, and motivation for art therapists.Phobias
Phobias are irrational fears that cause avoidance and panic. They are relatively common anxiety disorders. Specific phobias involve fear of particular objects or situations, while social phobia involves fear of being watched or judged by others. Agoraphobia is an intense fear of feeling trapped in public places. Left untreated, phobias can worsen and negatively impact one's life. Effective treatment combines psychotherapy like cognitive behavioral therapy and exposure therapy with medications like SSRIs.
Phobia Presentation
Phobias are classified into four main types: animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, and situational. While fears can stem from genuine threats, phobias involve excessive, unreasonable, and paralyzing fears of objects or situations that are generally harmless. Symptoms of phobias include dread, panic, terror, difficulty breathing, and increased heart rate. The three main types of phobias are specific phobia, social phobia, and agoraphobia. Treatment involves consulting a physician, seeing a mental health professional, and undergoing long-term therapy.
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3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
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- 1. Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy? JAMES HARDIE
- 10. access Photo used under Creative Commons from darkensiva
- 11. cost Photo used under Creative Commons from
- 12. control Photo used under Creative Commons from hamed saber
- 13. risk Photo used under Creative Commons from nukeit
- 14. presence Photo used under Creative Commons from jenny downing
- 16. Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy? JAMES HARDIE
Editor's Notes
- Purpose of presentation To consider different ways of doing exposure therapy / systematic desensitisation -Introduction to a third way (VR) -Overview of issues highlighted in literature available
- Elements required for exposure -Therapist -Client -Experience
- Different types of experience that might be used
- In vivo
- Imaginal
- In vivo vs Imaginal
- Virtual Reality Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (projected walls) Head Mounted Display
- In vivo vs Imaginal vs VR
- Access -Availability -Permission -Confidentiality
- Cost -visits/transport -efficiency -equipment/setup
- Control -unforseen situations -client vs therapist control -bespoke/tailored experience
- Risk -particularly for certain scenarios -confidentiality -embarrassment -motion sickness?
- Presence -realism/ecological validity -valid emotional connection (anxiety reaction) to experience -effectiveness -via imagination -via VR