1) Male zebra finches were found to respond differently to calls from their mate versus other females depending on their social context. Specifically, males responded much more to their mate's call when with a mated pair compared to when alone or with other unmated males.
2) Previous studies found male zebra finches did not show mate recognition from female calls. However, the new study found female calls contain identifiable acoustic features allowing for individual recognition.
3) The results suggest social context can influence mate recognition in birds, challenging the view that complex social assessments are unique to primates.
Poster64: QTL mapping of resitance to Thips palmi Karny in common bean (Phase...CIAT
This study identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to the bean flower thrips (Thrips palmi) in common beans. Recombinant inbred lines from a cross between resistant and susceptible bean varieties showed transgressive segregation for thrips resistance. Broad-sense heritability was higher for damage scores than reproductive adaptation scores. QTL mapping identified a major QTL for thrips resistance on linkage group B06 that explained up to 26.8% of variance. Joint interval mapping over multiple seasons revealed additional QTLs on linkage groups B02, B03, B06 and B08. Identification of thrips resistance genes can facilitate development of resistant bean varieties through marker-
This document provides a review on Mendel's legacy and genetics concepts. It includes vocabulary, multiple choice, short answer, and diagram labeling questions. The questions cover Mendel's experiments with pea plants, the concepts of dominant and recessive traits, F1 and F2 generations, the laws of segregation and independent assortment, and how genetic factors are distributed during meiosis.
1) The innate immune response differs between organs in order to maintain organ function and physiology.
2) The spleen mounts a quick inflammatory response against pathogens, but the gut and lungs cannot do this against symbiotic microbes or it would cause organ damage.
3) The lung has a unique regulatory mechanism where alveolar macrophages are continuously inhibited from responding by TGF-β produced by alveolar epithelial cells, but can overcome this to respond to pathogens.
This document contains a review worksheet on genetic crosses for a biology class. It includes vocabulary definitions, multiple choice questions, short answer questions, and a Punnett square problem involving a dihybrid cross. The worksheet covers concepts such as complete and incomplete dominance, phenotypic and genotypic ratios, test crosses, and determining offspring genotypes and phenotypes from genetic crosses.
This document discusses using an optic fiber sensor to measure levels of NADH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) in the rat brain during different sleep-wake states. The sensor allows for non-invasive, continuous measurements of NADH fluorescence in freely moving rats. Preliminary findings show NADH levels increase moderately in the periaqueductal gray-nucleus raphe dorsalis region during slow-wave sleep compared to waking, and increase more during paradoxical sleep. NADH levels in the cortex also increase moderately during slow-wave and paradoxical sleep compared to waking. Variations in NADH levels may reflect changes in brain oxidative energy metabolism across sleep-wake
This document describes the construction and characterization of recombinant viruses containing the HIV-1 env gene from seminal strains. The researchers amplified the V1-V3 region of env from seminal plasma samples and used it to construct chimeric viruses by co-transfecting the V1-V3 fragment into a V1-V3 deleted vector. Four chimeric viruses were able to replicate and were characterized as using CXCR4 as a coreceptor. Confocal microscopy was used to observe the interaction of the cell-free viral particles with reporter cell lines. The recombinant viruses representing seminal strains are useful tools for studying heterosexual HIV transmission and testing microbicides.
This document discusses limitations of the classical homogenization approach for modeling light absorption in tissues. It considers a two-dimensional model where light absorption occurs only within parallel, thin blood vessels and not in the surrounding tissue. The model contains three small parameters: E is the ratio of vessel spacing to tissue size, d is the ratio of vessel thickness to spacing, and v is a large parameter related to absorption strength within vessels. The paper shows that classical homogenization is valid when E→0, v→∞, d→0, and E2vd→0, but is invalid when E→0, v→∞, d→0, and E2vd2→∞, requiring non-classical asymptotic expans
This document describes an experiment that used near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to noninvasively measure the optical properties of a songbird's brain. Researchers placed optical fibers on the head of anesthetized zebra finches to transmit laser light and collect the light after it passed through the brain tissue. They were able to measure the absorption and scattering coefficients of the caudal nidopallium region of the brain in vivo. This technique could help monitor brain activity and oxygenation levels in songbirds.
Poster64: QTL mapping of resitance to Thips palmi Karny in common bean (Phase...CIAT
This study identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to the bean flower thrips (Thrips palmi) in common beans. Recombinant inbred lines from a cross between resistant and susceptible bean varieties showed transgressive segregation for thrips resistance. Broad-sense heritability was higher for damage scores than reproductive adaptation scores. QTL mapping identified a major QTL for thrips resistance on linkage group B06 that explained up to 26.8% of variance. Joint interval mapping over multiple seasons revealed additional QTLs on linkage groups B02, B03, B06 and B08. Identification of thrips resistance genes can facilitate development of resistant bean varieties through marker-
This document provides a review on Mendel's legacy and genetics concepts. It includes vocabulary, multiple choice, short answer, and diagram labeling questions. The questions cover Mendel's experiments with pea plants, the concepts of dominant and recessive traits, F1 and F2 generations, the laws of segregation and independent assortment, and how genetic factors are distributed during meiosis.
1) The innate immune response differs between organs in order to maintain organ function and physiology.
2) The spleen mounts a quick inflammatory response against pathogens, but the gut and lungs cannot do this against symbiotic microbes or it would cause organ damage.
3) The lung has a unique regulatory mechanism where alveolar macrophages are continuously inhibited from responding by TGF-β produced by alveolar epithelial cells, but can overcome this to respond to pathogens.
This document contains a review worksheet on genetic crosses for a biology class. It includes vocabulary definitions, multiple choice questions, short answer questions, and a Punnett square problem involving a dihybrid cross. The worksheet covers concepts such as complete and incomplete dominance, phenotypic and genotypic ratios, test crosses, and determining offspring genotypes and phenotypes from genetic crosses.
This document discusses using an optic fiber sensor to measure levels of NADH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) in the rat brain during different sleep-wake states. The sensor allows for non-invasive, continuous measurements of NADH fluorescence in freely moving rats. Preliminary findings show NADH levels increase moderately in the periaqueductal gray-nucleus raphe dorsalis region during slow-wave sleep compared to waking, and increase more during paradoxical sleep. NADH levels in the cortex also increase moderately during slow-wave and paradoxical sleep compared to waking. Variations in NADH levels may reflect changes in brain oxidative energy metabolism across sleep-wake
This document describes the construction and characterization of recombinant viruses containing the HIV-1 env gene from seminal strains. The researchers amplified the V1-V3 region of env from seminal plasma samples and used it to construct chimeric viruses by co-transfecting the V1-V3 fragment into a V1-V3 deleted vector. Four chimeric viruses were able to replicate and were characterized as using CXCR4 as a coreceptor. Confocal microscopy was used to observe the interaction of the cell-free viral particles with reporter cell lines. The recombinant viruses representing seminal strains are useful tools for studying heterosexual HIV transmission and testing microbicides.
This document discusses limitations of the classical homogenization approach for modeling light absorption in tissues. It considers a two-dimensional model where light absorption occurs only within parallel, thin blood vessels and not in the surrounding tissue. The model contains three small parameters: E is the ratio of vessel spacing to tissue size, d is the ratio of vessel thickness to spacing, and v is a large parameter related to absorption strength within vessels. The paper shows that classical homogenization is valid when E→0, v→∞, d→0, and E2vd→0, but is invalid when E→0, v→∞, d→0, and E2vd2→∞, requiring non-classical asymptotic expans
This document describes an experiment that used near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to noninvasively measure the optical properties of a songbird's brain. Researchers placed optical fibers on the head of anesthetized zebra finches to transmit laser light and collect the light after it passed through the brain tissue. They were able to measure the absorption and scattering coefficients of the caudal nidopallium region of the brain in vivo. This technique could help monitor brain activity and oxygenation levels in songbirds.
Female Bias for Enlarged Male Body and Dorsal Fins in Xiphophorus variatusjohndgagnon
This article summarizes an experiment that tested female preferences in Xiphophorus variatus fish. The experiment had 3 parts that tested preferences for: 1) body size while holding dorsal fin size constant, 2) dorsal fin size while holding body size constant, and 3) dorsal fin to body size ratio while holding total lateral projection area constant. In all parts, researchers used dummy fish that varied one trait while holding others constant. Females spent more time near dummies with larger bodies and dorsal fins. However, females showed no preference based on dorsal fin to body size ratio when total area was held constant. This provides additional support that female preference in this species is for increased total lateral projection area rather than a specific trait or
The study evaluated 1,349 knee radiographs from 1,192 patients to determine the incidence and distribution of dorsal defects of the patella. The key findings were:
1. Dorsal defects of the patella were present in about 1% of the population studied (13 cases out of 1,349 knees).
2. Females were more commonly affected than males (10 females, 4 males).
3. The lesions ranged in age from 17-56 years old and could persist into adulthood.
4. When both knees were available, the defect was bilateral in only one of three affected individuals.
1. Phylogenetic trees illustrate the evolutionary relationships and degree of relatedness between organisms. They are based on Darwin's idea that all life shares a common ancestor.
2. Characteristics used to construct phylogenetic trees include morphological similarities, fossil evidence, developmental patterns, and molecular sequences. Comparisons are made to determine shared derived characteristics versus analogous structures.
3. Phylogenetic trees are constantly revised as new evidence emerges from fossils, genetics and other data. Earlier trees may look quite different than current understanding.
1) A study on rowi, an endangered kiwi species in New Zealand, found that individuals released in larger groups had higher post-release survival rates than those in small groups, suggesting social mechanisms affect survival. The findings informed changes to rowi release protocols.
2) A talk discussed promising future directions for research at the intersection of mechanisms of animal behavior, development, ecology, and evolution. Closer integration of these fields is needed to realize future progress.
3) Playback experiments found that male western bluebirds respond more aggressively to songs of non-kin compared to kin, suggesting vocal signatures serve as kin recognition cues in this species.
Exploring Different Techniques in Animal Behavior by Josh RieskampBrown Fellows Program
My enrichment project for the summer of 2012 involved two research projects that employed distinct techniques in animal behavior research. On the island of Ometepe, Nicaragua I designed and implemented a study in which I used field research methods to examine the effect of male Howler Monkey affiliations on subordinate male participation in howling displays. After returning to the states, I collaborated with Dr. Cusato on a research project at Centre College. In this study we utilized a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm to test the reinforcing properties of a species-specific vocalization, the male separation call, on male and female Japanese quail. Through my exposure to both field and laboratory methods in animal behavior, I acquired an appreciation for the advantages and disadvantages of each discipline and the necessity of conducting both types of research to gain a more holistic understanding of many essential questions in animal behavior.
1. The document describes a case study of a musician, E.S., who experiences specific tastes in response to different musical tone intervals due to synesthesia.
2. E.S. was tested using a variation of the Stroop task, where she identified tone intervals while tastes were applied to her tongue. Her reaction time was faster when the taste and interval were congruent and slower when incongruent.
3. The study found E.S.'s performance on the taste Stroop task was likely influenced by her extraordinary type of synesthesia that links complex tones to specific tastes, showing her condition leads to systematic concurrent gustatory sensations.
1. The document describes a case study of a musician, E.S., who experiences distinct tastes in response to different musical tone intervals due to synesthesia.
2. E.S. was tested using a variation of the Stroop task, where she identified tone intervals while tastes were applied to her tongue. Her reaction time was significantly faster when the taste and interval were congruent.
3. Control musicians did not show differences in reaction time between conditions, suggesting E.S.'s performance is due to her unique type of synesthesia in which complex sounds elicit specific tastes.
1) Researchers used CT scans and finite element modeling to create a highly accurate 3D biomechanical model of the Allosaurus skull.
2) The model showed that forces during feeding were distributed throughout the skull. Bite forces were surprisingly low compared to estimates for Tyrannosaurus rex, indicating Allosaurus had a different feeding strategy of inflicting rapid bites to soft tissues.
3) Contrary to views of its skull being delicate, the analysis found the Allosaurus skull was strongly built to absorb forces from prey impacts and tooth dragging, though its exact adaptations require more study.
This study examined scent marking behaviors in a pack of 27 free-ranging domestic dogs in a suburban environment near Rome, Italy. The researchers observed urination, defecation, and ground scratching behaviors over 282 hours. They tested two hypotheses: 1) that scent marking is used for indirect territorial defense and 2) that it communicates dominance and threats. Their results provided evidence that both males and females use scent marking to assert dominance and defend resources like food. Raised-leg urination and ground scratching may communicate information visually and olfactorily. Female urinations, especially flexed-leg posture, could convey reproductive state. Defecation did not seem to play a major communicative role.
This study examines the effects of oxytocin and mesotocin on social behavior in zebra finches. It finds that mesotocin increases female zebra finches' preference for familiar conspecifics over unfamiliar ones. Specifically, administration of mesotocin causes female zebra finches to spend more time in close proximity to a cage containing familiar cagemates compared to a cage containing unfamiliar birds. Oxytocin is also found to have sex-specific effects on social behavior in zebra finches.
Scientific facts are myths, told through fairytales and spread by gossip.Anita de Waard
Scientific facts are constructed through language and narratives similar to myths. Facts represent claims that are agreed upon and then spread through citation, like gossip. While scientific inquiry uses data and experimentation, the resulting theories and concepts are discussed and developed over time through scholarly discourse that shares similarities with mythological storytelling. Improving scientific communication will require more transparent and granular citation of claims, better access to underlying data, and greater acknowledgment of uncertainty rather than assertions of absolute truth.
This study examined how habitat complexity affects brain structure in the lesser earless lizard. It found that lizards living in the more complex Chihuahuan Desert habitat had larger medial cortices, the brain region responsible for spatial memory and navigation, compared to those in the less complex White Sands habitat. Additionally, in the more complex desert habitat, male lizards had larger medial cortices than females, likely due to males' greater range of movement. The results support the hypotheses that habitat complexity is positively correlated with medial cortex size, and that sex differences exist in brain structure.
Küster, D., Kappas, A., Theunis, M., & Tsankova, E. (2011, September). Bilateral plantar electrodermal activity elicited by contributing to online discussion forums: Do males and females recover asymmetrically? Poster presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, Boston, Massachusetts.
POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL GENE SILENCING BY DOUBLESTRANDED RNAerickmadness
This document summarizes recent progress in understanding the mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi), a process by which double-stranded RNA induces sequence-specific silencing of homologous genes. RNAi was first discovered in C. elegans, where injection of dsRNA was found to potently and specifically silence target genes. The mechanism of RNAi remains unclear but involves the recognition and destruction of target mRNA by dsRNA or a derivative. RNAi shares similarities with gene silencing phenomena in plants known as post-transcriptional gene silencing and cosuppression, which can be induced by transgenes or viruses and involves the degradation of mRNA.
The document provides the program for an "Animal communication" workshop taking place on December 10-11, 2015 at Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense. The workshop will include presentations on various topics related to animal communication, including how birds modulate their songs during territorial challenges, neighbor recognition in songbirds, vocal communication in zebra finches and songbirds, and the effects of hormones and environment on behavior in black redstarts. The program lists the chairpersons, presenters, presentation titles and times for both days of the workshop.
Using P-Element Induced Male Recombination To Generate A...Heidi Maestas
The document discusses the cell cycle and cell division, explaining that cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells through the exact duplication and equal division of the cell's DNA during processes like the cell cycle stages of interphase and mitosis. Testing methods like amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling are used to diagnose conditions like Triple X syndrome by examining fetal DNA for genetic abnormalities early in pregnancy. The risks of these prenatal testing methods were explained to the patient.
This document discusses estimating the number of sex alleles and queen matings in a population of Apis mellifera (honey bees) based on the frequency of diploid males observed. The number of sex alleles is estimated to be 18.9 based on data from a population of 90 hives in Brazil, which is larger than previous estimates of 10-12 alleles. The best estimate of the number of matings per queen is 17.3, obtained using a maximum likelihood approach assuming a prior distribution on the number of matings. The distribution of diploid males depends on both the number of sex alleles and the number of drones that mate with each queen.
Evolutionary trees, or phylogenies, are essential tools in modern biology that depict the evolutionary relationships among species and common ancestry. However, tree thinking does not come naturally and is often misinterpreted. For example, people may incorrectly conclude that a frog is more closely related to a fish than to a human based on a phylogenetic tree. This error arises from reading trees by the branching tips rather than interpreting them as nested groups of shared common ancestors. While tree thinking is challenging, it is an important framework for understanding evidence of evolution and evolutionary relationships.
This document describes a new ultrafast Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) technique developed for real-time in vivo brain imaging of songbirds. The technique uses an amplified ultrafast laser and single-shot streak camera to measure the time of flight of photons through brain tissue. This allows for a 3D reconstruction of brain activity from space and time sampling of the reflectance signal. Preliminary results show the brain tissue response to hypercapnia stimulations can be detected.
1) The document discusses preliminary studies using two-photon microscopy to image brain areas of zebra finches through their thin skin and hollow skull structure for non-invasive monitoring of brain activity.
2) Experiments were conducted imaging hollow fibers filled with Rhodamine B passed through fixed zebra finch skin and skull samples to evaluate spatial resolution and distortion. Reflectance confocal measurements were also taken to determine scattering properties of fresh and fixed skin and skull.
3) The goal is to determine if two-photon microscopy can provide sufficient resolution for in vivo brain imaging and metabolism monitoring of zebra finches as a model for studying vocal recognition, without requiring craniotomy as in other small animal studies.
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Female Bias for Enlarged Male Body and Dorsal Fins in Xiphophorus variatusjohndgagnon
This article summarizes an experiment that tested female preferences in Xiphophorus variatus fish. The experiment had 3 parts that tested preferences for: 1) body size while holding dorsal fin size constant, 2) dorsal fin size while holding body size constant, and 3) dorsal fin to body size ratio while holding total lateral projection area constant. In all parts, researchers used dummy fish that varied one trait while holding others constant. Females spent more time near dummies with larger bodies and dorsal fins. However, females showed no preference based on dorsal fin to body size ratio when total area was held constant. This provides additional support that female preference in this species is for increased total lateral projection area rather than a specific trait or
The study evaluated 1,349 knee radiographs from 1,192 patients to determine the incidence and distribution of dorsal defects of the patella. The key findings were:
1. Dorsal defects of the patella were present in about 1% of the population studied (13 cases out of 1,349 knees).
2. Females were more commonly affected than males (10 females, 4 males).
3. The lesions ranged in age from 17-56 years old and could persist into adulthood.
4. When both knees were available, the defect was bilateral in only one of three affected individuals.
1. Phylogenetic trees illustrate the evolutionary relationships and degree of relatedness between organisms. They are based on Darwin's idea that all life shares a common ancestor.
2. Characteristics used to construct phylogenetic trees include morphological similarities, fossil evidence, developmental patterns, and molecular sequences. Comparisons are made to determine shared derived characteristics versus analogous structures.
3. Phylogenetic trees are constantly revised as new evidence emerges from fossils, genetics and other data. Earlier trees may look quite different than current understanding.
1) A study on rowi, an endangered kiwi species in New Zealand, found that individuals released in larger groups had higher post-release survival rates than those in small groups, suggesting social mechanisms affect survival. The findings informed changes to rowi release protocols.
2) A talk discussed promising future directions for research at the intersection of mechanisms of animal behavior, development, ecology, and evolution. Closer integration of these fields is needed to realize future progress.
3) Playback experiments found that male western bluebirds respond more aggressively to songs of non-kin compared to kin, suggesting vocal signatures serve as kin recognition cues in this species.
Exploring Different Techniques in Animal Behavior by Josh RieskampBrown Fellows Program
My enrichment project for the summer of 2012 involved two research projects that employed distinct techniques in animal behavior research. On the island of Ometepe, Nicaragua I designed and implemented a study in which I used field research methods to examine the effect of male Howler Monkey affiliations on subordinate male participation in howling displays. After returning to the states, I collaborated with Dr. Cusato on a research project at Centre College. In this study we utilized a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm to test the reinforcing properties of a species-specific vocalization, the male separation call, on male and female Japanese quail. Through my exposure to both field and laboratory methods in animal behavior, I acquired an appreciation for the advantages and disadvantages of each discipline and the necessity of conducting both types of research to gain a more holistic understanding of many essential questions in animal behavior.
1. The document describes a case study of a musician, E.S., who experiences specific tastes in response to different musical tone intervals due to synesthesia.
2. E.S. was tested using a variation of the Stroop task, where she identified tone intervals while tastes were applied to her tongue. Her reaction time was faster when the taste and interval were congruent and slower when incongruent.
3. The study found E.S.'s performance on the taste Stroop task was likely influenced by her extraordinary type of synesthesia that links complex tones to specific tastes, showing her condition leads to systematic concurrent gustatory sensations.
1. The document describes a case study of a musician, E.S., who experiences distinct tastes in response to different musical tone intervals due to synesthesia.
2. E.S. was tested using a variation of the Stroop task, where she identified tone intervals while tastes were applied to her tongue. Her reaction time was significantly faster when the taste and interval were congruent.
3. Control musicians did not show differences in reaction time between conditions, suggesting E.S.'s performance is due to her unique type of synesthesia in which complex sounds elicit specific tastes.
1) Researchers used CT scans and finite element modeling to create a highly accurate 3D biomechanical model of the Allosaurus skull.
2) The model showed that forces during feeding were distributed throughout the skull. Bite forces were surprisingly low compared to estimates for Tyrannosaurus rex, indicating Allosaurus had a different feeding strategy of inflicting rapid bites to soft tissues.
3) Contrary to views of its skull being delicate, the analysis found the Allosaurus skull was strongly built to absorb forces from prey impacts and tooth dragging, though its exact adaptations require more study.
This study examined scent marking behaviors in a pack of 27 free-ranging domestic dogs in a suburban environment near Rome, Italy. The researchers observed urination, defecation, and ground scratching behaviors over 282 hours. They tested two hypotheses: 1) that scent marking is used for indirect territorial defense and 2) that it communicates dominance and threats. Their results provided evidence that both males and females use scent marking to assert dominance and defend resources like food. Raised-leg urination and ground scratching may communicate information visually and olfactorily. Female urinations, especially flexed-leg posture, could convey reproductive state. Defecation did not seem to play a major communicative role.
This study examines the effects of oxytocin and mesotocin on social behavior in zebra finches. It finds that mesotocin increases female zebra finches' preference for familiar conspecifics over unfamiliar ones. Specifically, administration of mesotocin causes female zebra finches to spend more time in close proximity to a cage containing familiar cagemates compared to a cage containing unfamiliar birds. Oxytocin is also found to have sex-specific effects on social behavior in zebra finches.
Scientific facts are myths, told through fairytales and spread by gossip.Anita de Waard
Scientific facts are constructed through language and narratives similar to myths. Facts represent claims that are agreed upon and then spread through citation, like gossip. While scientific inquiry uses data and experimentation, the resulting theories and concepts are discussed and developed over time through scholarly discourse that shares similarities with mythological storytelling. Improving scientific communication will require more transparent and granular citation of claims, better access to underlying data, and greater acknowledgment of uncertainty rather than assertions of absolute truth.
This study examined how habitat complexity affects brain structure in the lesser earless lizard. It found that lizards living in the more complex Chihuahuan Desert habitat had larger medial cortices, the brain region responsible for spatial memory and navigation, compared to those in the less complex White Sands habitat. Additionally, in the more complex desert habitat, male lizards had larger medial cortices than females, likely due to males' greater range of movement. The results support the hypotheses that habitat complexity is positively correlated with medial cortex size, and that sex differences exist in brain structure.
Küster, D., Kappas, A., Theunis, M., & Tsankova, E. (2011, September). Bilateral plantar electrodermal activity elicited by contributing to online discussion forums: Do males and females recover asymmetrically? Poster presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, Boston, Massachusetts.
POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL GENE SILENCING BY DOUBLESTRANDED RNAerickmadness
This document summarizes recent progress in understanding the mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi), a process by which double-stranded RNA induces sequence-specific silencing of homologous genes. RNAi was first discovered in C. elegans, where injection of dsRNA was found to potently and specifically silence target genes. The mechanism of RNAi remains unclear but involves the recognition and destruction of target mRNA by dsRNA or a derivative. RNAi shares similarities with gene silencing phenomena in plants known as post-transcriptional gene silencing and cosuppression, which can be induced by transgenes or viruses and involves the degradation of mRNA.
The document provides the program for an "Animal communication" workshop taking place on December 10-11, 2015 at Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense. The workshop will include presentations on various topics related to animal communication, including how birds modulate their songs during territorial challenges, neighbor recognition in songbirds, vocal communication in zebra finches and songbirds, and the effects of hormones and environment on behavior in black redstarts. The program lists the chairpersons, presenters, presentation titles and times for both days of the workshop.
Using P-Element Induced Male Recombination To Generate A...Heidi Maestas
The document discusses the cell cycle and cell division, explaining that cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells through the exact duplication and equal division of the cell's DNA during processes like the cell cycle stages of interphase and mitosis. Testing methods like amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling are used to diagnose conditions like Triple X syndrome by examining fetal DNA for genetic abnormalities early in pregnancy. The risks of these prenatal testing methods were explained to the patient.
This document discusses estimating the number of sex alleles and queen matings in a population of Apis mellifera (honey bees) based on the frequency of diploid males observed. The number of sex alleles is estimated to be 18.9 based on data from a population of 90 hives in Brazil, which is larger than previous estimates of 10-12 alleles. The best estimate of the number of matings per queen is 17.3, obtained using a maximum likelihood approach assuming a prior distribution on the number of matings. The distribution of diploid males depends on both the number of sex alleles and the number of drones that mate with each queen.
Evolutionary trees, or phylogenies, are essential tools in modern biology that depict the evolutionary relationships among species and common ancestry. However, tree thinking does not come naturally and is often misinterpreted. For example, people may incorrectly conclude that a frog is more closely related to a fish than to a human based on a phylogenetic tree. This error arises from reading trees by the branching tips rather than interpreting them as nested groups of shared common ancestors. While tree thinking is challenging, it is an important framework for understanding evidence of evolution and evolutionary relationships.
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This document describes a new ultrafast Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) technique developed for real-time in vivo brain imaging of songbirds. The technique uses an amplified ultrafast laser and single-shot streak camera to measure the time of flight of photons through brain tissue. This allows for a 3D reconstruction of brain activity from space and time sampling of the reflectance signal. Preliminary results show the brain tissue response to hypercapnia stimulations can be detected.
1) The document discusses preliminary studies using two-photon microscopy to image brain areas of zebra finches through their thin skin and hollow skull structure for non-invasive monitoring of brain activity.
2) Experiments were conducted imaging hollow fibers filled with Rhodamine B passed through fixed zebra finch skin and skull samples to evaluate spatial resolution and distortion. Reflectance confocal measurements were also taken to determine scattering properties of fresh and fixed skin and skull.
3) The goal is to determine if two-photon microscopy can provide sufficient resolution for in vivo brain imaging and metabolism monitoring of zebra finches as a model for studying vocal recognition, without requiring craniotomy as in other small animal studies.
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This study examines the effects of the antibiotic chloramphenicol (CAP) on brain metabolism in freely moving rats using picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The researchers found that CAP, in addition to inhibiting mitochondrial protein synthesis, also influences redox processes in the respiratory chain by producing a marked increase in fluorescent signal in the nucleus raphe dorsalis, indicating a rise in NADH concentration. This suggests CAP efficiently inhibits complex I of the respiratory chain, which could explain why it suppresses paradoxical sleep. The approach provides a novel method for evaluating drug effects on deep brain structures in vivo.
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Bats, the mysterious creatures of the night, have long been a source of fascination and fear for humans. With their eerie squeaks and fluttering wings, they have captured our imagination and sparked our curiosity. Yet, beyond the myths and legends, bats are fascinating creatures that play a vital role in our ecosystem.
There are over 1,300 species of bats, ranging from the tiny Kitti's hog-nosed bat to the majestic flying foxes. These winged mammals are found in almost every corner of the globe, from the scorching deserts to the lush rainforests. Their diversity is a testament to their adaptability and resilience.
Bats are insectivores, feeding on a vast array of insects, from mosquitoes to beetles. A single bat can consume up to 1,200 insects in an hour, making them a crucial part of our pest control system. By preying on insects that damage crops, bats save the agricultural industry billions of dollars each year.
But bats are not just useful; they are also fascinating creatures. Their ability to fly in complete darkness, using echolocation to navigate and hunt, is a remarkable feat of evolution. They are also social animals, living in colonies and communicating with each other through a complex system of calls and body language.
Despite their importance, bats face numerous threats, from habitat destruction to climate change. Many species are endangered, and conservation efforts are necessary to protect these magnificent creatures.
In conclusion, bats are more than just creatures of the night; they are a vital part of our ecosystem, playing a crucial role in maintaining the balance of nature. By learning more about these fascinating animals, we can appreciate their importance and work to protect them for generations to come. So, let us embrace the beauty and mystery of bats, and celebrate their unique place in our world.
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