In the Victorian era, doctors lacked modern medical knowledge and hospitals, resulting in many deaths from disease. Treatment methods were crude, relying on practices like bloodletting with leeches, induced vomiting, herbal remedies, and prayers. Major plagues like the Black Death took many lives due to the lack of understanding of germ theory and antibiotics. By the late Victorian era, some medical advances were made with the invention of the hypodermic needle and identification of cholera bacteria, but doctors still had limited effectiveness compared to modern times.