Many Christians view abortion as the only moral issue that matters, that they do not care what other political stands a party take, if a party is against abortion, that is the party Christians should support.
The danger of such a narrow view is apparent when we review the history of the only anti-abortion, pro-Catholic regime in France after the French Revolution, the fascist regime of Vichy France that collaborated with the conquering Nazis. The leaders of this pro-Catholic Vichy regime were also deeply anti-Semitic, and cooperated with the Germans to persecute the Jews from the earliest days of the regime. Communism was the mortal enemy of the Christian faith, most Catholics saw fascists as allies in their struggles against communism.
Was the reputation of the Catholic Church harmed by the collaboration of the Vichy regime? There is no single clear-cut answer to this question. The study of the Vichy regime is most valuable when used as a study on how Christians should live their lives under a secular and ungodly regime. Most of the bishops were compromised in their dealings with the Nazis and the Vichy regime, only one Vichy bishop spoke out against collaboration, many bishops were forced to resign at the war’s end. However, many Catholic clergy and laymen opposed the anti-Semitism of the war years.
Communists and Catholics jointly fought against the Nazis in the French Resistance, and much pro-Catholic legislation introduced by the Vichy regime was retained after the war. We can be cautiously optimistic in our views, many Catholics and priests lived out their faith in difficult times, although many Catholics and priests collaborated with the Nazis.
Purchase from Amazon:
Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940-1944, Revised Edition, by Robert O. Paxton: https://amzn.to/3m5cRCT
Politics, Society and Christianity in Vichy France, by W. D. Halls: https://amzn.to/3xSWX0u
See our blogs:
Vichy France Regime, Blog 1, Pro-Life, Pro-Catholic, and Fascist
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/vichy-france-regime-blog-1-pro-life-pro-catholic-and-fascist/
Vichy France, Blog 2, Collaborating with the Germans in the Early Years, 1940-1942
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/vichy-france-blog-2-collaborating-with-the-germans-in-the-early-years-1940-1942/
Vichy France, Blog 3, The Tide Turns, Resistance and Collaboration
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/vichy-france-blog-3-the-tide-turns-resistance-and-collaboration/
Vichy France, Blog 4, Christianity in Vichy France
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/vichy-france-blog-4-christianity-in-vichy-france/
1. The document outlines the foreign policy and military actions of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1939 that ultimately led to World War 2, including Germany's invasions and annexations of neighboring countries and signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with the Soviet Union.
2. It then discusses Germany's strategy of "total war" and exploitation of occupied territories and populations during the war.
3. The document concludes by examining the devastation wrought by the war and Germany's defeat in 1945.
First World War Centenary: WW I in Photos (1)guimera
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in 1914 set off a chain of events that led to the outbreak of World War I. Over 30 nations were eventually involved in the war, mobilizing over 65 million soldiers. Modern weapons like machine guns and artillery vastly increased casualties. The war was fought across Europe, the Middle East, Africa and at sea, and lasted from 1914 to 1918. Key events and leaders from countries involved in World War I are described.
Women took on many non-traditional roles during World War 1, from factory work to civil service to medical roles. Photos show women working as ambulance drivers, munitions workers, police, and in the newly formed women's branches of the military. Their contributions helped advance the women's suffrage movement in Britain.
Many people believe that the evil culture of Nazi Germany could never happen in America, but the truth is, not only can it happen, but the Nazi’s who constructed the system of race laws and the eugenics final solution followed the examples of what was worst in America. The book we will ponder documents how the Nazi architects used the Jim Crow laws in America as precedents and inspirations when drafting the Nuremberg Race laws in Nazi Germany.
We will also discuss:
• The German American Bund Organization, a small ethnic German Nazi group in America.
• How the Reich Flag Law was passed after the Bremen Incident, where Judge Louis Brodsky released rioters who tore down the swastika, calling the swastika a black flag of piracy that rejected everything that America represents.
• How the Citizenship distinguished between nationals and true citizens of German blood who had full political rights.
• How the Blood Law sought to guarantee the purity of German blood and the Volk, or people.
• How the miscegenation laws in the Deep South, making interracial marriages illegals, were consulted when the Nazis drafted the Blood Law.
• How the Supreme Court case Loving v Virginia overturned the US miscegenation laws in 1967.
• How the United States had race-based immigration laws until the passage of the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965.
• How the Prussian Memorandum documents how Nazi radicals were inspired by the Jim Crow segregation and discrimination laws in their drafting of the Nazi race laws.
• How Hitler admired the American conquest of the West, which helped justify his eastern conquests for living space for Germans, or Lebensraum.
• How Nazis viewed lynching as a natural resistance of the American Volk to the blacks who were trying to get the upper hand.
• How Eugenics and Scientific Racism also contributed to anti-Semitism.
• How we can compare the Nazi Kristallnacht to the American practice of lynching.
• How FDR was not able to support the anti-lynching bill in Congress, lest the Southern Senators and Congressmen derail the war effort against Germany, and how Eleanor Roosevelt kept pushing for this and other civil rights legislation.
YouTube video: https://youtu.be/_td3jPGD5TI
See my blog: http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/how-the-racist-jim-crow-laws-served-as-precedent-for-the-nazi-nuremberg-race-laws/
Purchase from Amazon:
Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law, by James Q Whitman
https://amzn.to/3fUE72N
No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II, by Doris Kearns Goodwin
https://amzn.to/3opqQnY
The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism
https://amzn.to/3sgj53J
For the Soul of the People: Protestant Protest Against Hitler, by Victoria Barnett
https://amzn.to/3828kJ0
Captain Kincaid and his troops began to cheer when they heard the British lines advancing far to the right, signaling Lord Wellington's order to pursue the retreating French forces. Emerging from the thick smoke, Kincaid witnessed an exquisite scene of the French army in disarray and retreat, as British and Prussian lines pursued them into the distance. This movement cleared the smoke and revealed the victory over Napoleon, relieving the anxiety of the long and destructive battle.
First World War Centenary: WW I in Photos(2)guimera
The document provides an overview of World War 1 on the Western Front through a series of photographs with captions. It describes the bloody stalemate that occurred over 4 years as opposing forces faced machine guns, barbed wire, mortars, and hand-to-hand combat in muddy trenches. The photos show scenes from the battlefield including soldiers in trenches, the use of new technologies like tanks and flamethrowers, and the human cost of the war through images of injured soldiers.
The United States remained neutral for the first three years of World War I, though public opinion was divided. President Woodrow Wilson wanted to avoid foreign entanglements. While the US traded with both sides, trade with the Allies greatly increased between 1914 and 1917. Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in early 1917 led to American ships being sunk, increasing anti-German sentiment. The intercepted Zimmerman Telegram, offering Mexico an alliance against the US if it entered the war, further angered Americans and contributed to the US declaring war on Germany in April 1917. The US mobilized over 4 million troops and sent around 2 million to Europe, though they relied initially on British and French supplies. American involvement boosted Allied morale and
This presentation is used to help 9th graders learn the basics of WWI. It covers the causes and methods as well as things like animals in war and propaganda.
1. The document outlines the foreign policy and military actions of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1939 that ultimately led to World War 2, including Germany's invasions and annexations of neighboring countries and signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with the Soviet Union.
2. It then discusses Germany's strategy of "total war" and exploitation of occupied territories and populations during the war.
3. The document concludes by examining the devastation wrought by the war and Germany's defeat in 1945.
First World War Centenary: WW I in Photos (1)guimera
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in 1914 set off a chain of events that led to the outbreak of World War I. Over 30 nations were eventually involved in the war, mobilizing over 65 million soldiers. Modern weapons like machine guns and artillery vastly increased casualties. The war was fought across Europe, the Middle East, Africa and at sea, and lasted from 1914 to 1918. Key events and leaders from countries involved in World War I are described.
Women took on many non-traditional roles during World War 1, from factory work to civil service to medical roles. Photos show women working as ambulance drivers, munitions workers, police, and in the newly formed women's branches of the military. Their contributions helped advance the women's suffrage movement in Britain.
Many people believe that the evil culture of Nazi Germany could never happen in America, but the truth is, not only can it happen, but the Nazi’s who constructed the system of race laws and the eugenics final solution followed the examples of what was worst in America. The book we will ponder documents how the Nazi architects used the Jim Crow laws in America as precedents and inspirations when drafting the Nuremberg Race laws in Nazi Germany.
We will also discuss:
• The German American Bund Organization, a small ethnic German Nazi group in America.
• How the Reich Flag Law was passed after the Bremen Incident, where Judge Louis Brodsky released rioters who tore down the swastika, calling the swastika a black flag of piracy that rejected everything that America represents.
• How the Citizenship distinguished between nationals and true citizens of German blood who had full political rights.
• How the Blood Law sought to guarantee the purity of German blood and the Volk, or people.
• How the miscegenation laws in the Deep South, making interracial marriages illegals, were consulted when the Nazis drafted the Blood Law.
• How the Supreme Court case Loving v Virginia overturned the US miscegenation laws in 1967.
• How the United States had race-based immigration laws until the passage of the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965.
• How the Prussian Memorandum documents how Nazi radicals were inspired by the Jim Crow segregation and discrimination laws in their drafting of the Nazi race laws.
• How Hitler admired the American conquest of the West, which helped justify his eastern conquests for living space for Germans, or Lebensraum.
• How Nazis viewed lynching as a natural resistance of the American Volk to the blacks who were trying to get the upper hand.
• How Eugenics and Scientific Racism also contributed to anti-Semitism.
• How we can compare the Nazi Kristallnacht to the American practice of lynching.
• How FDR was not able to support the anti-lynching bill in Congress, lest the Southern Senators and Congressmen derail the war effort against Germany, and how Eleanor Roosevelt kept pushing for this and other civil rights legislation.
YouTube video: https://youtu.be/_td3jPGD5TI
See my blog: http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/how-the-racist-jim-crow-laws-served-as-precedent-for-the-nazi-nuremberg-race-laws/
Purchase from Amazon:
Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law, by James Q Whitman
https://amzn.to/3fUE72N
No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II, by Doris Kearns Goodwin
https://amzn.to/3opqQnY
The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism
https://amzn.to/3sgj53J
For the Soul of the People: Protestant Protest Against Hitler, by Victoria Barnett
https://amzn.to/3828kJ0
Captain Kincaid and his troops began to cheer when they heard the British lines advancing far to the right, signaling Lord Wellington's order to pursue the retreating French forces. Emerging from the thick smoke, Kincaid witnessed an exquisite scene of the French army in disarray and retreat, as British and Prussian lines pursued them into the distance. This movement cleared the smoke and revealed the victory over Napoleon, relieving the anxiety of the long and destructive battle.
First World War Centenary: WW I in Photos(2)guimera
The document provides an overview of World War 1 on the Western Front through a series of photographs with captions. It describes the bloody stalemate that occurred over 4 years as opposing forces faced machine guns, barbed wire, mortars, and hand-to-hand combat in muddy trenches. The photos show scenes from the battlefield including soldiers in trenches, the use of new technologies like tanks and flamethrowers, and the human cost of the war through images of injured soldiers.
The United States remained neutral for the first three years of World War I, though public opinion was divided. President Woodrow Wilson wanted to avoid foreign entanglements. While the US traded with both sides, trade with the Allies greatly increased between 1914 and 1917. Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in early 1917 led to American ships being sunk, increasing anti-German sentiment. The intercepted Zimmerman Telegram, offering Mexico an alliance against the US if it entered the war, further angered Americans and contributed to the US declaring war on Germany in April 1917. The US mobilized over 4 million troops and sent around 2 million to Europe, though they relied initially on British and French supplies. American involvement boosted Allied morale and
This presentation is used to help 9th graders learn the basics of WWI. It covers the causes and methods as well as things like animals in war and propaganda.
The document provides background information on the causes and key events of World War 1. It identifies the main causes as nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the complex system of alliances between European powers. It describes the sequence of events from 1914 that led countries like Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, France, and Britain to enter the war. It also discusses American involvement, trench warfare on the Western and Eastern Fronts, and the Treaty of Versailles that ended the war.
The document provides historical context about several notable German soldiers from World War 2, including their accomplishments and statistics that contradict the portrayal of the war in Hollywood films. It discusses Michael Wittmann, Hans-Ulrich Rudel, and Eric Hartmann, highlighting Rudel's record of destroying 519 Soviet tanks and Hartmann's 352 aerial victories, making him the top fighter ace of all time. It also reviews key World War 2 battles and campaigns on the Eastern and Western fronts.
The document appears to be about World War 1 and contains information on several topics related to the war:
1. It discusses trench warfare and conditions for soldiers on the front lines, including layout of trenches, problems faced, and daily life.
2. It provides background on the causes of WW1 such as nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances between European powers.
3. It covers America's entry into the war in 1917 and their role led by General Pershing, as well as how the war ended with an armistice in 1918.
This document provides information on various aspects of World War 1 through a series of images and captions. It describes the effects of gas warfare on British soldiers in 1918. It also discusses the introduction of tanks to warfare by the British, as well as other weapons such as machine guns. Additionally, it shows images related to key events that sparked the war, such as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914.
The document provides surprising facts about World War 1, including:
1) Over 9 million soldiers were killed in the war, making it the deadliest conflict in history up to that point. New weapons like tanks and airplanes were used alongside outdated tactics.
2) The war had far-reaching consequences that are still felt today. It marked the end of European dominance over the world and led to huge debts that caused economic problems.
3) On Christmas Eve 1914, a spontaneous ceasefire occurred along parts of the Western Front as enemy soldiers mingled and celebrated together between trenches.
The document provides an overview of World War 1, including its causes such as militarism, alliances, and imperialism. It describes the major events and theaters of the war, from the initial Schlieffen Plan to the trench warfare on the Western Front. It also highlights the massive human costs of the war, with over 9 million soldiers killed and many civilian casualties due to new military technologies and a worldwide flu pandemic in 1918.
The document summarizes the key events leading up to World War I, including rising nationalism, militarism, and tensions in the Balkans region that angered Austria-Hungary and initiated hostilities. When Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated by Serbian nationalists, Austria-Hungary issued Serbia an ultimatum, leading to declarations of war among the allied countries of Europe and drawing them into World War I over the next month.
Real History - The Bad War (english 115s)MCExorzist
This document provides a table of contents for chapters covering World War II and related topics in a book called "NOW Forbidden History". The introduction discusses two quotes - one from Aesop's fables about different perspectives shaping history, and one from Edward Gibbon noting that history often records mankind's crimes, follies and misfortunes. Chapter 1 covers events from 1848 to 1913 that helped plant the seeds for future world wars, including revolutions across Europe, the publication of the Communist Manifesto, the establishment of the Reuters news agency, the Franco-Prussian War and unification of Germany.
The First World War - A War to End all WarsJerry Daperro
Preface to The First World War, an illustrated history by AJP Taylor.
“The First World War cut deep into the consciousness of Modern man. It reshaped the political order in Europe. It memorials stand in every town and village. ……. My aim has been to see the war in historical perspective. I have tried to explain what the war was about; particularly, to resolve the paradox that men were passionately engaged in the war and hated it at the same time. Each conuntry fought ostensibly to defend itself yet sought also to conquer and to make great gains.” 1966.
Too many people still believe the greatness of their nations, of course most people love their own country too. Before the start of the Iraq War in 2003, a patriotic friend called me from the US and ask me “Are you not afraid of the coming Iraq war?”, with her rather blinding enthusiasm for the invasion. I did not answer her. Unknown to her, I was marching against the Iraq war. It was the biggest protest march I have ever seen. On that day, 1 million people marched in London to voice their opposition to the war. At least there were 1 million people who did not believed that Iraq had the Weapon of Mass Destruction neither were they able to stop the war, in an otherwise democratic country.
World War I was caused by militarism, imperialism, and the rise of nationalism in Europe which led to the formation of opposing alliances. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand set off a chain of events that led major European powers to take sides in the war. The initial battle plans failed and resulted in long stalemates and trench warfare along the Western Front. Over 10 million soldiers and civilians lost their lives during the war before an armistice was declared in 1918. The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh penalties on Germany, sowing seeds for future conflict.
The document provides an overview of World War 1, including its causes such as militarism, alliances, and nationalism. It describes the major players and fronts of the war, from the trenches of the Western Front to the use of new technologies like tanks and airplanes. The war took a massive human toll, with over 9 million soldiers and civilians dead by its end through battle, disease, and genocide.
World War I began when Germany invaded Belgium on August 5, 1914, marking the start of the first major engagement. By 1914, Europe was divided into two alliance systems - the Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary, and the Triple Entente of Britain, France, and Russia. Tensions had been rising for years due to military and imperial rivalries, nationalist tensions in the Balkans, and a system of alliances that made a major war more likely to spread. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Serbian nationalists in June 1914 triggered a series of events that led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, setting off a chain reaction of military mobil
On May 7, 1915, the German submarine U-20 torpedoed and sank the British passenger liner Lusitania off the coast of Ireland. Of the 1,959 passengers and crew aboard, 1,195 people died, including 123 Americans. The sinking caused outrage in the United States and contributed to growing anti-German sentiment, though the US did not enter World War I until two years later. While some saw the attack as a legitimate military action, others viewed it as a violation of the rules of war due to the large loss of civilian lives.
History the First World War - War to end all warsJerry Daperro
“The First World War cut deep into the consciousness of Modern man. It reshaped the political order in Europe. It memorials stand in every town and village. ……. My aim has been to see the war in historical perspective. I have tried to explain what the war was about; particularly, to resolve the paradox that men were passionately engaged in the war and hated it at the same time. Each conuntry fought ostensibly to defend itself yet sought also to conquer and to make great gains.” 1966.
Too many people still believe the greatness of their nations over others, of course most people love their own country too. Before the start of the Iraq War in 2003, a patriotic friend called me from the US and ask me “Are you not afraid of the coming Iraq war?”, with her rather blinding enthusiasm for the invasion. I did not answer her. Unknown to her, I was marching against the Iraq war. It was the biggest protest march I have ever seen. On that day, 1 million people marched in London to voice their opposition to the war. At least there were 1 million people who did not believed that Iraq had the Weapon of Mass Destruction neither were they able to stop the war, in an otherwise democratic country. 3 Jan 2015.
The Geopolitics of Energy & Terrorism Part 11iakovosal
Hitler had few options to secure oil resources for Germany following World War 1. His main choices were to ally with Mussolini to control the oil of the Persian Gulf, form an alliance with Britain to control the Caspian Sea oil, or ally with Stalin initially to weaken Western powers before invading the Soviet Union for its oil. Ultimately, Hitler aligned with Stalin but this partnership broke down when Germany invaded the USSR to gain control of the Baku oil fields. Control over oil resources, especially in the Middle East and Caucasus, was a major factor driving alliances and conflicts during this period.
WW1 History 2.0 - A commemoration of Armistice DayJerry Daperro
“The First World War cut deep into the consciousness of Modern man. It reshaped the political order in Europe. It memorials stand in every town and village. ……. My aim has been to see the war in historical perspective. I have tried to explain what the war was about; particularly, to resolve the paradox that men were passionately engaged in the war and hated it at the same time. Each country fought ostensibly to defend itself yet sought also to conquer and to make great gains.” 1966.
Too many people still believe the greatness of their nations over others, of course most people love their own country too. Before the start of the Iraq War in 2003, a patriotic friend called me from the US and ask me “Are you not afraid of the coming Iraq war?”, with her rather blinding enthusiasm for the invasion. I did not answer her. Unknown to her, I was marching against the Iraq war. It was the biggest protest march I have ever seen. On that day, 1 million people marched in London to voice their opposition to the war. At least there were 1 million people who did not believed that Iraq had the Weapon of Mass Destruction neither were they able to stop the war, in an otherwise democratic country.
The Myths of Victory and Failure. German commander Erich Ludendorff suffered a mental collapse before he called for an armistice to end the war, and when he recovered and discovered the terms he had signed onto, he insisted Germany refuse them, claiming the army could fight on. But the new civilian government overruled him, as once peace had been established there was no way to keep the army fighting. The civilian leaders who overruled Ludendorff became scapegoats for both the army and Ludendorff himself.
First World War Centenary: WW I in Photos (3)guimera
The document summarizes how World War 1 involved nations and colonies around the world due to colonialism and advances in transportation. Major powers like Britain recruited soldiers from colonies and relied on colonial assets and allies globally. The war devastated the Eastern front between Germany/Austria and Russia, resulting in millions of deaths and ongoing regional impacts. It also discusses how control of the seas was vital as nations battled to transport troops and supplies by ship despite submarine attacks, mines, and bombardment. New naval technologies emerged as casualties mounted in naval conflicts across oceans.
The document discusses the importance and lessons of history, providing quotes from various historical figures. It then summarizes the development of Britain's strategic bombing campaign during World War II, including the philosophy that bombing alone could win wars, early failures of bombing campaigns, and the devastating firebombing of German cities like Hamburg and Dresden that killed hundreds of thousands of civilians. While resources were poured into the bombing campaign, it failed to achieve its goals of quick victory and instead caused tremendous loss of civilian life.
World War One lasted from 1914 to 1918 and involved fighting across Europe and other parts of the world. Over 20 million people were killed and 21 million wounded. The war started after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and drew in countries from opposing alliances. It led to massive fighting along the Western Front in trenches and ended with the defeat of Germany and the Central Powers.
In the beginning of Hitler's term as Chancellor of Germany, before the Enabling Act was voted on that gave him dictatorial powers, he posed as both anti-Semitic and as a friend of the German Catholic and Protestant Churches. Many Christians, both Catholic and Protestant, were misled into supporting the totalitarian regimes of Mussolini’s fascists and Hitler’s Nazis in the pre-World War II years.
We naturally want to interpret pre-World War II history from our modern democratic perspective haunted by the black and white bulging eyes of starving waifs and skeletons half alive looking up at us from the concentration death camps, but nobody in the 1930’s realized just how evil Hitler was. The fascist dictators Mussolini in Italy and Franco in Spain were the champions of the Catholic Church, protecting the church from the godless communists, so Christians were slow to see the evil in Hitler’s more radical anti-Semitic Nazi regime. We will examine both the struggles of the Catholic Church in Nazi Germany and also the struggle of the Protestant Confessing Churches in trying to keep the Christian faith alive under a brutal pagan Nazi totalitarian state.
YouTube video: https://youtu.be/QP9UR8fqfvs
See my blog: http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/christians-under-hitlers-german-nazi-regime/
Purchase from Amazon:
For the Soul of the People: Protestant Protest Against Hitler, by Victoria Barnett
https://amzn.to/3828kJ0
The Catholic Church And Nazi Germany, by Guenter Lewy
https://amzn.to/386XB06
Complicity in the Holocaust: Churches and Universities in Nazi Germany, by Robert P. Ericksen
https://amzn.to/3y9Bkt9
Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law
https://amzn.to/3fUE72N
The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism
https://amzn.to/3sgj53J
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Europe in times of war and the desire for peaceRomm332
The document summarizes key events in Europe from 1900-1945 related to war and peace. It discusses the unprecedented death and destruction caused by World Wars I and II, with civilians becoming the primary victims. Propaganda played a large role during WWI to justify the war and build nationalism. Pacifism emerged in response to the carnage, advocating for non-violence and collective security through organizations like the League of Nations. However, appeasement failed to prevent German and Italian aggression in the lead up to WWII.
The document provides background information on the causes and key events of World War 1. It identifies the main causes as nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the complex system of alliances between European powers. It describes the sequence of events from 1914 that led countries like Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, France, and Britain to enter the war. It also discusses American involvement, trench warfare on the Western and Eastern Fronts, and the Treaty of Versailles that ended the war.
The document provides historical context about several notable German soldiers from World War 2, including their accomplishments and statistics that contradict the portrayal of the war in Hollywood films. It discusses Michael Wittmann, Hans-Ulrich Rudel, and Eric Hartmann, highlighting Rudel's record of destroying 519 Soviet tanks and Hartmann's 352 aerial victories, making him the top fighter ace of all time. It also reviews key World War 2 battles and campaigns on the Eastern and Western fronts.
The document appears to be about World War 1 and contains information on several topics related to the war:
1. It discusses trench warfare and conditions for soldiers on the front lines, including layout of trenches, problems faced, and daily life.
2. It provides background on the causes of WW1 such as nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances between European powers.
3. It covers America's entry into the war in 1917 and their role led by General Pershing, as well as how the war ended with an armistice in 1918.
This document provides information on various aspects of World War 1 through a series of images and captions. It describes the effects of gas warfare on British soldiers in 1918. It also discusses the introduction of tanks to warfare by the British, as well as other weapons such as machine guns. Additionally, it shows images related to key events that sparked the war, such as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914.
The document provides surprising facts about World War 1, including:
1) Over 9 million soldiers were killed in the war, making it the deadliest conflict in history up to that point. New weapons like tanks and airplanes were used alongside outdated tactics.
2) The war had far-reaching consequences that are still felt today. It marked the end of European dominance over the world and led to huge debts that caused economic problems.
3) On Christmas Eve 1914, a spontaneous ceasefire occurred along parts of the Western Front as enemy soldiers mingled and celebrated together between trenches.
The document provides an overview of World War 1, including its causes such as militarism, alliances, and imperialism. It describes the major events and theaters of the war, from the initial Schlieffen Plan to the trench warfare on the Western Front. It also highlights the massive human costs of the war, with over 9 million soldiers killed and many civilian casualties due to new military technologies and a worldwide flu pandemic in 1918.
The document summarizes the key events leading up to World War I, including rising nationalism, militarism, and tensions in the Balkans region that angered Austria-Hungary and initiated hostilities. When Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated by Serbian nationalists, Austria-Hungary issued Serbia an ultimatum, leading to declarations of war among the allied countries of Europe and drawing them into World War I over the next month.
Real History - The Bad War (english 115s)MCExorzist
This document provides a table of contents for chapters covering World War II and related topics in a book called "NOW Forbidden History". The introduction discusses two quotes - one from Aesop's fables about different perspectives shaping history, and one from Edward Gibbon noting that history often records mankind's crimes, follies and misfortunes. Chapter 1 covers events from 1848 to 1913 that helped plant the seeds for future world wars, including revolutions across Europe, the publication of the Communist Manifesto, the establishment of the Reuters news agency, the Franco-Prussian War and unification of Germany.
The First World War - A War to End all WarsJerry Daperro
Preface to The First World War, an illustrated history by AJP Taylor.
“The First World War cut deep into the consciousness of Modern man. It reshaped the political order in Europe. It memorials stand in every town and village. ……. My aim has been to see the war in historical perspective. I have tried to explain what the war was about; particularly, to resolve the paradox that men were passionately engaged in the war and hated it at the same time. Each conuntry fought ostensibly to defend itself yet sought also to conquer and to make great gains.” 1966.
Too many people still believe the greatness of their nations, of course most people love their own country too. Before the start of the Iraq War in 2003, a patriotic friend called me from the US and ask me “Are you not afraid of the coming Iraq war?”, with her rather blinding enthusiasm for the invasion. I did not answer her. Unknown to her, I was marching against the Iraq war. It was the biggest protest march I have ever seen. On that day, 1 million people marched in London to voice their opposition to the war. At least there were 1 million people who did not believed that Iraq had the Weapon of Mass Destruction neither were they able to stop the war, in an otherwise democratic country.
World War I was caused by militarism, imperialism, and the rise of nationalism in Europe which led to the formation of opposing alliances. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand set off a chain of events that led major European powers to take sides in the war. The initial battle plans failed and resulted in long stalemates and trench warfare along the Western Front. Over 10 million soldiers and civilians lost their lives during the war before an armistice was declared in 1918. The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh penalties on Germany, sowing seeds for future conflict.
The document provides an overview of World War 1, including its causes such as militarism, alliances, and nationalism. It describes the major players and fronts of the war, from the trenches of the Western Front to the use of new technologies like tanks and airplanes. The war took a massive human toll, with over 9 million soldiers and civilians dead by its end through battle, disease, and genocide.
World War I began when Germany invaded Belgium on August 5, 1914, marking the start of the first major engagement. By 1914, Europe was divided into two alliance systems - the Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary, and the Triple Entente of Britain, France, and Russia. Tensions had been rising for years due to military and imperial rivalries, nationalist tensions in the Balkans, and a system of alliances that made a major war more likely to spread. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Serbian nationalists in June 1914 triggered a series of events that led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, setting off a chain reaction of military mobil
On May 7, 1915, the German submarine U-20 torpedoed and sank the British passenger liner Lusitania off the coast of Ireland. Of the 1,959 passengers and crew aboard, 1,195 people died, including 123 Americans. The sinking caused outrage in the United States and contributed to growing anti-German sentiment, though the US did not enter World War I until two years later. While some saw the attack as a legitimate military action, others viewed it as a violation of the rules of war due to the large loss of civilian lives.
History the First World War - War to end all warsJerry Daperro
“The First World War cut deep into the consciousness of Modern man. It reshaped the political order in Europe. It memorials stand in every town and village. ……. My aim has been to see the war in historical perspective. I have tried to explain what the war was about; particularly, to resolve the paradox that men were passionately engaged in the war and hated it at the same time. Each conuntry fought ostensibly to defend itself yet sought also to conquer and to make great gains.” 1966.
Too many people still believe the greatness of their nations over others, of course most people love their own country too. Before the start of the Iraq War in 2003, a patriotic friend called me from the US and ask me “Are you not afraid of the coming Iraq war?”, with her rather blinding enthusiasm for the invasion. I did not answer her. Unknown to her, I was marching against the Iraq war. It was the biggest protest march I have ever seen. On that day, 1 million people marched in London to voice their opposition to the war. At least there were 1 million people who did not believed that Iraq had the Weapon of Mass Destruction neither were they able to stop the war, in an otherwise democratic country. 3 Jan 2015.
The Geopolitics of Energy & Terrorism Part 11iakovosal
Hitler had few options to secure oil resources for Germany following World War 1. His main choices were to ally with Mussolini to control the oil of the Persian Gulf, form an alliance with Britain to control the Caspian Sea oil, or ally with Stalin initially to weaken Western powers before invading the Soviet Union for its oil. Ultimately, Hitler aligned with Stalin but this partnership broke down when Germany invaded the USSR to gain control of the Baku oil fields. Control over oil resources, especially in the Middle East and Caucasus, was a major factor driving alliances and conflicts during this period.
WW1 History 2.0 - A commemoration of Armistice DayJerry Daperro
“The First World War cut deep into the consciousness of Modern man. It reshaped the political order in Europe. It memorials stand in every town and village. ……. My aim has been to see the war in historical perspective. I have tried to explain what the war was about; particularly, to resolve the paradox that men were passionately engaged in the war and hated it at the same time. Each country fought ostensibly to defend itself yet sought also to conquer and to make great gains.” 1966.
Too many people still believe the greatness of their nations over others, of course most people love their own country too. Before the start of the Iraq War in 2003, a patriotic friend called me from the US and ask me “Are you not afraid of the coming Iraq war?”, with her rather blinding enthusiasm for the invasion. I did not answer her. Unknown to her, I was marching against the Iraq war. It was the biggest protest march I have ever seen. On that day, 1 million people marched in London to voice their opposition to the war. At least there were 1 million people who did not believed that Iraq had the Weapon of Mass Destruction neither were they able to stop the war, in an otherwise democratic country.
The Myths of Victory and Failure. German commander Erich Ludendorff suffered a mental collapse before he called for an armistice to end the war, and when he recovered and discovered the terms he had signed onto, he insisted Germany refuse them, claiming the army could fight on. But the new civilian government overruled him, as once peace had been established there was no way to keep the army fighting. The civilian leaders who overruled Ludendorff became scapegoats for both the army and Ludendorff himself.
First World War Centenary: WW I in Photos (3)guimera
The document summarizes how World War 1 involved nations and colonies around the world due to colonialism and advances in transportation. Major powers like Britain recruited soldiers from colonies and relied on colonial assets and allies globally. The war devastated the Eastern front between Germany/Austria and Russia, resulting in millions of deaths and ongoing regional impacts. It also discusses how control of the seas was vital as nations battled to transport troops and supplies by ship despite submarine attacks, mines, and bombardment. New naval technologies emerged as casualties mounted in naval conflicts across oceans.
The document discusses the importance and lessons of history, providing quotes from various historical figures. It then summarizes the development of Britain's strategic bombing campaign during World War II, including the philosophy that bombing alone could win wars, early failures of bombing campaigns, and the devastating firebombing of German cities like Hamburg and Dresden that killed hundreds of thousands of civilians. While resources were poured into the bombing campaign, it failed to achieve its goals of quick victory and instead caused tremendous loss of civilian life.
World War One lasted from 1914 to 1918 and involved fighting across Europe and other parts of the world. Over 20 million people were killed and 21 million wounded. The war started after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and drew in countries from opposing alliances. It led to massive fighting along the Western Front in trenches and ended with the defeat of Germany and the Central Powers.
In the beginning of Hitler's term as Chancellor of Germany, before the Enabling Act was voted on that gave him dictatorial powers, he posed as both anti-Semitic and as a friend of the German Catholic and Protestant Churches. Many Christians, both Catholic and Protestant, were misled into supporting the totalitarian regimes of Mussolini’s fascists and Hitler’s Nazis in the pre-World War II years.
We naturally want to interpret pre-World War II history from our modern democratic perspective haunted by the black and white bulging eyes of starving waifs and skeletons half alive looking up at us from the concentration death camps, but nobody in the 1930’s realized just how evil Hitler was. The fascist dictators Mussolini in Italy and Franco in Spain were the champions of the Catholic Church, protecting the church from the godless communists, so Christians were slow to see the evil in Hitler’s more radical anti-Semitic Nazi regime. We will examine both the struggles of the Catholic Church in Nazi Germany and also the struggle of the Protestant Confessing Churches in trying to keep the Christian faith alive under a brutal pagan Nazi totalitarian state.
YouTube video: https://youtu.be/QP9UR8fqfvs
See my blog: http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/christians-under-hitlers-german-nazi-regime/
Purchase from Amazon:
For the Soul of the People: Protestant Protest Against Hitler, by Victoria Barnett
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The Catholic Church And Nazi Germany, by Guenter Lewy
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Complicity in the Holocaust: Churches and Universities in Nazi Germany, by Robert P. Ericksen
https://amzn.to/3y9Bkt9
Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law
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The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism
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Europe in times of war and the desire for peaceRomm332
The document summarizes key events in Europe from 1900-1945 related to war and peace. It discusses the unprecedented death and destruction caused by World Wars I and II, with civilians becoming the primary victims. Propaganda played a large role during WWI to justify the war and build nationalism. Pacifism emerged in response to the carnage, advocating for non-violence and collective security through organizations like the League of Nations. However, appeasement failed to prevent German and Italian aggression in the lead up to WWII.
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The document provides a summary of long term causes of World War 1 including Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo, the Congress of Vienna, Italian unification, the Reign of Terror in France, and events in the 19th century such as the abolition of slavery, the Industrial Revolution, and the unification of Germany and Italy. It also outlines the war plans of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, France, and Britain going into the war as well as key events and battles between 1914-1918.
1. Three countries turned to fascism after WWI: Italy under Mussolini, Germany under Hitler, and militarist Japan. Fascism emphasized the supremacy of the state over individuals and expanding territory by war.
2. The US initially pursued isolationism after WWI but Roosevelt believed in international cooperation. Germany annexed Austria and territories of other nations unopposed under the policy of "appeasement."
3. Germany invaded Poland in 1939, starting WWII. After quick victories over other European nations, Germany defeated France in 1940, leaving Britain to stand alone against Hitler.
Germany's economic decline following WWI, due to war reparations and hyperinflation, led to social and political instability. Adolf Hitler rose to power exploiting German citizens' anger over the Treaty of Versailles and promising to restore Germany's economy and international prestige. He established a fascist dictatorship and pursued aggressive militarism and expansionism, violating the treaty. Appeasement by Western nations failed to deter Hitler, and war erupted in Europe in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland.
This document provides an overview of World War II through summarizing the contents of an atlas about the war. It discusses key events like the German occupation of Paris in 1940 and the US Marines battle at Iwo Jima in 1945. It also provides historical context about the lead up to the war and its devastating global impact. The introduction frames World War II as the culmination of tensions between Britain and Germany over European dominance dating back to World War I.
The document provides a summary of key events during World War II:
1) Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, quickly defeating Poland through the use of Blitzkrieg tactics. Germany then invaded Denmark and Norway in April 1940 and used Blitzkrieg tactics to invade France in May 1940 through Belgium, bypassing the Maginot Line.
2) Britain survived Germany's planned invasion in 1940 thanks to the Royal Air Force prevailing over the Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britain during July-September 1940.
3) Britain depended on imports for resources but survived the German U-boat threat in the Battle of the Atlantic through 1942 by adopting convoy systems protected by radar-equipped ships
The document summarizes the key events of the Interwar Period (1919-1938) and World War II (1939-1945). During the Interwar Period, European nations struggled economically after WWI. Germany faced especially harsh reparations under the Treaty of Versailles. The Great Depression worsened economic issues. Totalitarian regimes rose in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union. WWII began in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. Germany conquered much of Europe by 1940 but failed to defeat Britain. The Allied invasion of Normandy in 1944 put Germany on the defensive. Germany surrendered in 1945 after the Soviets took Berlin. The Holocaust resulted in the genocide of approximately 6 million Jews and others under the Nazi regime across Europe.
World war i_russian_revtreatyofversnazismwwdepressionupdated2009klgriffin
World War I was caused by rising nationalism, ethnic conflicts, and imperial rivalries in Europe that led countries to take sides in the war. Germany was defeated and the Treaty of Versailles punished Germany by forcing it to pay reparations, take responsibility for the war, and lose territory. This humiliation of Germany led to resentment and created an environment where Hitler could rise to power by promising to restore Germany to greatness. The economic and social disruptions of the war spread worldwide and contributed to the conditions that caused the Great Depression.
World war i_russian_revtreatyofversnazismwwdepressionupdated2009klgriffin
World War I was caused by rising nationalism, ethnic conflicts, and imperial rivalries in Europe that led countries to take sides in an alliance system. Germany and Austria-Hungary faced off against Russia, France, Britain and later the United States. The war was fought largely in trenches and marked the first use of modern weaponry like machine guns and chemical weapons. The United States entered the war in 1917 after German submarines sank American ships. The war ended in 1918 with the defeat of Germany and the Treaty of Versailles, which imposed harsh penalties on Germany and caused resentment. This resentment contributed to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazis in Germany in the following decades.
The document discusses several key events in the lead up to World War 2. It outlines factors that weakened the League of Nations like its lack of control over major conflicts and inability to achieve disarmament. It then discusses the economic turmoil in Germany after WWI and the rise of totalitarian regimes like Fascism and Communism. It also examines Britain and France's appeasement policy towards Hitler and their failure to stand up to German aggression, which emboldened further German expansion. Key events covered include Germany reoccupying the Rhineland, annexing Austria, and seizing parts of Czechoslovakia.
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Vichy France in WWII: Pro-Fascist, Pro-Catholic, Pro-Life, Anti-Semitic
1.
2. Today we will learn and reflect on how Christians and Frenchmen
survived the fascist collaborationist regime in Vichy France.
Many Christians view abortion as the only moral issue that matters,
that they do not care what other political stands a party take, if a party
is against abortion, that is the party Christians should support. The
danger of such a narrow view is apparent when we review the history
of the only anti-abortion, pro-Catholic regime in France after the French
Revolution, the fascist regime of Vichy France that collaborated with the
conquering Nazis. The leaders of this pro-Catholic Vichy regime were
also deeply anti-Semitic, and cooperated with the Germans to
persecute the Jews from the earliest days of the regime. The Vichy
regime was also deeply xenophobic in its immigration policies.
3. Communism was the mortal enemy of the Christian faith, most
Catholics saw fascists as allies in their struggles against
communism.
And we have a video on a thoughtful consideration of abortion
from a Christian perspective.
At the end of our talk, we will discuss the sources used for this
video, and my blogs that also cover this topic. Please, we
welcome interesting questions in the comments. Let us learn
and reflect together!
8. Was the reputation of the Catholic Church harmed by the collaboration of the Vichy
regime? There is no single clear-cut answer to this question. The study of the Vichy
regime is most valuable when used as a study on how Christians should live their
lives under an ungodly regime.
Most of the bishops were compromised in their dealings with the Nazis and the
Vichy regime, only one Vichy bishop spoke out against collaboration, many bishops
were forced to resign at the war’s end. However, many Catholic clergy and laymen
opposed the anti-Semitism of the war years. Communists and Catholics jointly
fought against the Nazis in the French Resistance, and some pro-Catholic legislation
introduced by the Vichy regime was retained after the war. We can be cautiously
optimistic in our views, many Catholics and priests lived out their faith in difficult
times, although many Catholics and priests collaborated with the Nazis.
9. Vichy Cabinet, 1940 left to right, Pierre Caziot, François Darlan, Paul Baudouin, Raphaël Alibert, Pierre Laval, Adrien Marquet, Yves
Bouthillier, Philippe Pétain, Émile Mireaux, Maxime Weygand, Jean Ybarnégaray, Henry Lémery, François Piétri, Louis Colson.
10. We need to start with the backstories to the fascism of Vichy
France and the persecution of the Jews in World War II. Hitler
did not invent anti-Semitism, the Jews were hated in all of
Europe, including France, and many Catholics despised the
Jews. We can see this most clearly in the Dreyfus affair that
deeply divided French politics for decades.
11. Dreyfus Affair Timeline
1894: Alfred Dreyfus convicted of
treason, sentenced to Devil’s Island in
French Guiana.
1896: New evidence points to
someone else, but is suppressed,
army does not want to be
embarrassed.
Zola pens J’Accuse, creating an
uproar in the media.
1899: Dreyfus retried, loses.
Pardoned and released.
1906: Dreyfus reinstated in the
military, serves in WWI, retires.
France splits into pro-republican
Dreyfusards, and pro-Catholic, pro-
Army anti-Dreyfusards.
12. You can sense how this case brought out emotions in both
France and all of Europe in these political cartoons.
You can see the anti-Semitic caricatures of Dreyfus, including
one where he is depicted as Jewish monkey, and an English
cartoon with the caption:
13. Puck (to French Justice), So far, so good, Madame! You
have vindicated Dreyfus; but you must punish those
criminals who persecuted him, before your work is done.
14. Emile Zola was also vilified by defending the Jew Dreyfus in
J’Accuse, even though he established his innocence beyond
any shadow of doubt. We see him depicted as the king of the
pigs, and being pursued by an angry mob.
15.
16. The political backstory of World War II is that it grew out of the
unresolved conflicts of World War I.
When World War I broke out the German armies marched through
Belgium and in a month’s time raced to within 43 miles of Paris, a few
precious weeks behind schedule. But the German army was stopped at
the Battle of the Marne, the Germans and the Allies tried to outflank
each other, eventually digging trenches that reached to the sea and the
mountains, and both sides dug in for years and years of brutal trench
warfare. Millions and millions perished in trench warfare, soldiers
periodically storming through no-man’s land into machine gun fire.
Often single battles had tens of thousands of casualties.
18. Finally, the Germans were
forced to retreat, but before the
war crossed into Germany the
Germans asked for an
armistice. Millions and millions
died on French soil, none on
German soil. The Germans on
the home front thought they
were winning the war. The
common man in the streets of
Berlin asked, Who stabbed us in
the back? Who stole sure
victory from us?
An illustration from a 1919 Austrian postcard showing a
caricatured Jew stabbing a personified German Army in
the back with a dagger. The capitulation of the Central
Powers was blamed upon Socialists, Bolsheviks, the
Weimar Republic, and especially the Jews.
Stab in the back myth
19. The allies insisted that Germany admit her war guilt, and when
Germany was forced to pay exorbitant reparations, she inflated her
currency. Hyperinflation wiped out the savings of ordinary Germans
and shattered the German economy, one German mark in 1918 had
inflated to a trillion marks by 1923. People used banknotes as
wallpaper. In 1923 coffee would double in price in the time it took to
drink it. Then the Depression hit. Far right-wing parties sprung up,
the fascists and the communists battled in the streets. Out of this
chaos rose Hitler.
21. When World War II broke out the German armies marched and drove their new
state-of-the art tanks through the supposedly impassible Ardennes Forest. This
time Paris fell in less than a month. This time the newly improved tanks and
German Stuka dive bombers ensured that this Blitzkrieg war would not be
fought in the trenches.
The incredible speed of the German Blitzkrieg invasion and the memories and
the traumas of the last world war were still so overwhelming to the French that
the French leaders lost all will to fight. Winston Churchill flew repeatedly to
France to try to rally their leaders and their troops, begging them to fight to the
bitter end, but the French were truly defeated, possibly before the battle began,
the French longed for peace at any price. Yet the French were resentful that the
British would not commit their RAF fighters to France, those precious fighters
that they needed to horde to fight the Luftwaffe dive bombers in the upcoming
Battle for Britain.
23. Nobody in Europe expected that the Nazi Blitzkrieg army would sweep
across France and reach the Pyrenees in six weeks. Winston Churchill
stood alone in his opposition to Hitler in Europe, and he also stood
somewhat alone in his own government, many other leading British
politicians wanted to negotiate a peace with Hitler. The Nazi hold on
the European continent was seen as impregnable, General Charles de
Gaulle wanted to fight on as a guerilla force, but the hero of France and
World War I, General Petain, and most of the other French leaders,
thought that they were forced to sign an armistice with the
Germans. The French longed for peace, their fighting spirit was
crushed by the Blitzkrieg and the memories of the trench warfare in the
last war, the French longed for order. At the end of the war
collaboration was seen as treasonous, and many collaborators were
executed, but at the beginning of the war collaboration was seen as a
necessity.
24.
25. When the Germans invaded France the government and military
leaders debated among themselves. Should the government flee to the
French colonies in North Africa with the French fleet and continue the
war? Should they stay and share the misfortunes of the French
people? This debate continued as the German army advanced, the
government had to relocate several times, and those in favor of an
armistice, including Marshal Petain and General Weygand, won the
debate.
The war in France seemed over in 1940, with Germany in control of the
continent, the French were asking, how would it be possible for England
to fight back? Hitler was quite willing to accept a lenient armistice,
lenient on his terms, Hitler did not want the French government to flee
to continue the war from Algeria.
26.
27. Marshall Petain announced over the
radio, “With a heavy heart, I tell you
that it is necessary to stop the
fighting.” Charles de Gaulle
remembered bitterly, “Not a single
public figure raised his voice to
condemn the armistice.” In hindsight
we all know the Nazis lost the war, but
in 1940 most French expected a final
peace conference in a matter of
months. Marshal Petain won the
gratitude of most French who
thought he had saved them from the
abyss of another war in the trenches
of France.
28. VICHY FRANCE
Free Zone, Southern France
The Nazis occupied the
northeast two-thirds of
France, including Paris, but
left the French Vichy regime
to govern the rest France in
relative autonomy.
29. Soon the borders hardened between the occupied France and Vichy
France. Although the Vichy leaders technically had jurisdiction over all
of France, they were not even allowed to travel to Paris. Although
some were eventually released, two million French POW’s were held
in prison camps in Germany throughout the war, and the French had
to pay most of their taxes to Germany as reparations to pay for the
occupation forces. The German speaking provinces of Alsace-Lorraine
were annexed by Germany.
The French were eager to negotiate a permanent peace, but Hitler
was not so eager. Again and again, Hitler would tell the Vichy leaders
that they needed to wait for the end of the war to end for a
settlement.
30.
31. There was very little, if any, active Resistance to the Nazi occupiers soon after the conquest of
France. But another video we discovered discussed a form of passive resistance against the Nazis
that developed very early in the war.
When the Nazis initially conquered France, they assumed that England would immediately buckle
and that the war would be over in a matter of months. The Nazis did not exercise best
management practices over France, instead they only sought to loot everything in France,
including private citizens, stores, businesses, and the factories, which were immediately
shuttered, and all the workers fired.
But England held on, neutralizing the Luftwaffe fighter planes and winning the Battle of Britain.
Then the Germans realized that the war would last a lot longer than they expected, and they
needed to reopen the factories and rehire the workers they fired. But the Nazis treated the
workers like slaves, with low pay and terrible working and living conditions, and in time the
French workers became slaves. The French workers in the factories slowed down the pace of
production, and sabotaged what goods their factories did produce, so many of their
manufactured railcars, trucks, and other vehicles broke down a few months after they were
shipped to the front.
37. What was the first priority of Vichy France? Politics, of course. The Third Republic
was known for its gridlock, its inability to govern, and many leading French decided
that their defeat was due to the moral failings of this hated republic.
Hitler shrewdly allowed the rump Vichy regime nominal autonomy in the third of
France that was unoccupied by German troops. Marshal Petain and the Vichy
regime had moral legitimacy in the early years of the war.
Since the church teaches that the political authorities should be respected, the
regime had the support of the elderly bishops throughout the war. The British
were urging the French to fight on, from North Africa if necessary, but the Church
Hierarchy felt that an attitude of repentance and acceptance was more
appropriate. The humiliation of the German conquest was seen as an opportunity
for moral and religious transformation.
38. Vichy French propaganda posters share themes with KKK:
The cross & chivalrous knights
Vichy Fascists fights Communism, or Bolshevism:
39. Paxton observes that “the defeated republic, so
substantial in its inertia only a few days before,
evaporated like the dew.” The time was ripe for
change. “In their excitement, Frenchmen
committed the most elementary imprudence. In
their impatience to avenge old wrongs and
transform the conditions that led to defeat, they
made major structural changes during an enemy
occupation.” Vichy France would replace the
French Revolutionary slogan of “Liberty, Equality,
and Fraternity” with “work, family, and
fatherland.” The French under the Vichy regime
would definitely be far less free and have to work
far harder, either as prisoners or for far less pay.
40. France at the start of the war was becoming more and more secular,
although 80 per cent were nominally Catholic, only one in three attended
Mass at Easter. Mostly women and children attended Mass regularly. In
1940 the clergy was aging; forty percent were over sixty, although many
younger priests answered the call to the priesthood during the war. The
French state became more hostile to religion, religious property was
seized, religious orders had their schools closed and had to be approved
by the state, and the state no longer paid the clergy.
The Protestant pastors tended to be younger and more active in the
Resistance, in part due to the fact that they were more numerous in the
mountainous Vichy regions of France. The Vichy regime reversed some of
this anti-clerical legislation, and some of this legislation survived when
France was liberated.
Christianity in Vichy France
43. Like the general population, some of the clergy were collaborators, some
aided the Resistance. At the beginning of the war the godless Communists
were seen as the enemy, and as the fascists in the recently concluded
Spanish Civil War sided with the Catholics in opposing the Communists,
many Catholics initially supported the fascists. Also, many Catholics were
anti-Semitic. Many Catholics did not turn away from fascism even in the
face of the continuing brutality of the German occupation, many of the
French who joined the Milice, the French version of the Gestapo with an
even worse reputation, considered themselves hard core Catholics. Many
Catholics volunteered to fight in the French Volunteer Legion, or LVF, who
fought the Communists on the Eastern Front. They saw themselves a
participating in a Christian Crusade against Bolshevism, delivering France
from the clutches of the Jews. Both of these organizations had Catholic
chaplains.
46. Many of the leading liberals in Parliament had fled France, those
ministers remaining in the National Assembly voted to suspend
the Constitution of 1875 and grant full powers to Marshal Petain,
instructing him to draft a new constitution. Elections were out of
the question since the Germans occupied most of France. The
government agencies were now led by professional bureaucrats.
Old age pensions, so long fought over, were now enacted by
decree. The government fought against moral decadence,
waging a campaign against alcoholism, reestablishing religious
instruction in the schools, and church properties that had been
seized in 1905 were now restored. Divorce was now forbidden
in the first three years of marriage.
48. Pierre Laval, who had been in and out of power in France for decades,
became Minister of State and handled the day to day administration of
the Vichy government. He was a true fascist politically, and was eager to
meet Goering and work with the German ambassador Abetz. He was
eager for France to join the war on Germany’s side, in the early days of
the war the French even attacked the English fortress at Gibraltar. If only
Hitler could see France as an equal, a peace treaty could be negotiated,
the French POW’s could be quickly released, the occupation costs could
be reduced, and the government could return to Paris and govern the
whole country. Such dreams! Laval was eager to show the Vichy’s plans
for antiparliamentary and anti-Jewish legislation. Alas, Hitler was not
interested. The armistice had France where he wanted her. She needed
to wait until the end of the war for any improvements.
50. The Vichy government was friendly to Catholics, but was not friendly to
Jews. In 1940, long before the Germans began to apply pressure, the
Vichy government implement anti-Semitic policies and legislation,
although Jewish veterans and long-established French families were
exempted from some of the harsher policies. Jews were excluded from
prestigious governmental and military jobs, and from teaching and jobs in
the media. Foreign Jews were interned in concentration camps. Petain
himself may have even consulted with the Vatican on the permissible
limits of anti-Semitism. In the next year in the Occupied Zone Jewish
properties and artwork were seized.
53. The abhorrent treatment of the Jews was what turned much of the clergy and the
faithful against the regime. Several bishops protested against the treatment of the
Jews while they continued to support Petain. Many Catholics and Protestants clergy
and faithful actively resisted the Nazi persecution of the Jews.
Many seminaries, convents and churches hid Jews, often with secret cooperation
from bishops and other church administrators, many of the faithful helped Jews
escape to Spain and Switzerland. Nuns in Lyons became specialists in forging
identity papers to help Jews escape. Laval once had ordered the deporting of
Jewish children, they were snatched from a train station and hidden in seminaries
and convents. The Germans were furious at clerical intervention in their plans to
exterminate the Jews.
We are showing pictures of the Milice, the French police, who helped round up the
Jews to send them to the concentration camps, and who sometimes were more
brutal than the Gestapo.
57. The historian Paxton
speculates on Hitler’s
arrogance, “one can only
speculate on what would
have happened if Hitler
had been less vengeful,
less wedded to forceful
solutions (i.e., had not
been such a bully),
quicker to sense other’s
needs and aspirations.”
But if Hitler had not been
Hitler, he would not have
invaded France in the first
place.
Philippe Pétain meeting Hitler in October 1940
58. Pierre Laval was sacked by Petain in December 1940, greatly
damaging French-German relations, as Laval was the Germans’
favored collaborator. History is uncertain exactly why, Petain left
no clues as to his state of mind. Laval was replaced by Darlan,
who deepened the Vichy collaboration with the Nazis. Two years
later Laval would be rehabilitated, the Germans preferred Laval to
Darlan. But Laval would be restored to the head of the Vichy
government when it was becoming more and more a mere
puppet government. At the end of the war Laval was tried and
executed as a collaborator. The elderly Petain was sentenced to
be executed as a collaborator, but de Gaulle pardoned him, he
would die in prison.
59. Negotiations at Algiers, November
1942. General Eisenhower,
Admiral Darlan, Maj. Gen. Mark
W. Clark, and Robert Murphy
of State Department
60. The Tide Turns, Resistance and Collaboration
When the events of the war made eventual German defeat more and more likely,
the Vichy regime became less and less powerful and more and more desperate. In
the beginning collaboration was merely seen as making the best of a bad situation,
over time collaboration was seen more and more to be treasonous.
61. June 1941: Germany invades
Russia in Operation
Barbarossa.
Initially Germany enjoyed the
same quick and swift victory in
Russia that she enjoyed in
France, but Russia is so
incredibly vast that no matter
how successful the Nazis were
on the battlefield, they would
always be outnumbered by the
Russians who remained.
The Tide Turns, Resistance and Collaboration
62. Now that Russia was again an enemy of Germany, the
Communists in France faced greater pressure, causing more
Communists to join the Resistance which actively opposed the
Germans and the Vichy French, and also prompted greater
cooperation between Catholics and Communists in France that
would last into the post-war years. Terrorism and assassinations
of German officials increased, and the Vichy officials were drawn
into the struggle against the Resistance, which was now a civil
war.
Now the Vichy officials heard a new excuse when they urged the
Germans to see them as partners rather than as conquered, the
Germans were now far too busy on the Eastern front to attend to
matters in Europe, the French would have to wait until the end of
the war to negotiate a permanent peace.
63.
64. Jan Saudek, FLICKR.
The French Resistance
blew up railroad
tracks and repeatedly
attacked German
Army equipment and
garrison trains on
their way to the
Atlantic coast. As
Allied troops
advanced, the French
Resistance rose
against the Nazi
occupation forces and
their garrisons en
masse.
65. The German persecution of the Jews in France increased in 1942,
Jews were required to wear yellow stars, and Himmler ordered
that 100,000 Jews from all of France be deported to the
Auschwitz death camps, foreign born Jews first. The Vichy
officials offered token resistance. This persecution extended to
clergy who assisted the Jews, many French priests would be
murdered in the Dachau concentration camp, many of the faithful
would become martyrs in their defense of the Jews. One nun
commented as she sent to the death camp in Ravensbruk, “I am
leaving for Heaven.”
67. December 1941: Japan
attacks America at
Pearl Harbor
Hitler then declares
war on America, which
Churchill predicted
would make eventual
victory certain, as now
America could enter
the war in Europe
directly.
Japan Attacks Pear Harbor, Hitler Declares War
68. November 1942: The
Allies invade French
North Africa in
Operation Torch.
There were multiple
landings in French
Morocco and Algeria,
there was no
preliminary
bombardments, but
the Vichy French
troops offer resistance.
Operation Torch, Invasion of North Africa
69. After Darlan had been deposed by Laval, Darlan was appointed
commander of the armed forces. Luckily, he was visiting his son
in the hospital in Algiers when the Resistance seized control of
Algiers and also Darlan. When the Allies recognized Darlan as
the commander of the French forces, he ordered the Vichy troops
in North Africa to join the Allied forces, and they obeyed.
Darlan’s surrender of Vichy French troops made Hitler furious, he
thought he could no longer trust the French.
Hitler ordered German troops to seize control of the rump Vichy
provinces, after that all France would be occupied.
70. Negotiations at Algiers, November 1942. General
Eisenhower, Admiral Darlan, Maj. Gen. Mark W. Clark,
and Robert Murphy of State Department
71. Paxton concludes, “The fact that Petain did not
renounce the armistice in November 1942,
upon the total occupation of France, and there
is no contemporary evidence that this was
ever considered, proved to the Germans (and
to Hitler) that Petain would never resign.” This
Darlan deal was highly controversial since
Darlan had been a high-level collaborator with
the Nazis. Churchill reminded the House of
Commons, “I am sorry to have to mention a
point like this, but it makes a lot of difference
to a soldier whether a man fires his gun at
him, or at an enemy.” The Germans attempted
to seize the French fleet in North Africa, the
Vichy ordered that the French fleet be scuttled
to keep it out of the hands of the Germans.
Prime Minister Winston Churchill and
General Charles De Gaulle review French
soldiers during their meeting in Marrakesh,
Morocco, January 1944.
72. Germany finally put its economy on a war footing, French food rations
were reduced to help feed Germany. Deportations of French Jews
increased. The Nazis needed French workers for their factories since so
many Poles and Russian laborers had been worked to death. Laval struck
a pathetic deal with the Nazis, for every three skilled workers who
volunteered to work in German factories, one French POW would be
released. But when not enough French volunteered, this was turned into
a draft of French workers to labor in German factories. Now many young
French were offered a choice, join the Resistance or be drafted.
73. November 1942: in the Battle of
Stalingrad the German General
Paulus surrendered what was left
of the Sixth Army, twenty-two
divisions, when the Russians
trapped them in Stalingrad.
Millions died in Stalingrad. After
Stalingrad the Germans were in
full retreat on the Eastern front.
Now the French would worry
that eventually the German
occupation would be replaced by
a Russian occupation of France,
which was a factor in the Vichy
regime’s choice to continue their
collaboration with the Nazis.
Battle of Stalingrad
74. The civil war deepened. The Vichy regime was drawn into
greater collaboration with the Germans as the Vichy officials
naively sought to restore French sovereignty by increasing French
participation in the police and military. French police helped
round up and deport the Jews to their deaths. Professor
Merriman points out that the Resistance was strongest in the
south of France where there were mountains and forests where
the resisters could hide.
75. June 1944: The Allies
invade through
Normandy beaches in
France on D-Day.
Petain issued a
proclamation urging all
Frenchmen to remain
neutral in the
upcoming struggle,
French blood was too
precious to waste.
D-Day, Allied Invasion of France
76. When the Allies
occupy Paris, the
Germans compel
Petain, Laval, and the
Vichy government to
move to the
Sigmaringen enclave
in Germany. Finally,
Petain and Laval
refused to participate
in the charade of an
obvious puppet
government.
Puppet Vichy Government
at Sigmaringen Enclave
77. In the end the Church gained little from the efforts of the Vichy regime,
upon its liberation France reverted back to a secular state, and the constant
battle between clericalism and anti-clericalism was resumed. The authority
of the bishops, who were so closed tied to Marshal Petain and the Vichy
regime, was undermined, most bishops were forced into retirement. Much
of the Vichy legislation was declared null and void, although the Vichy
bureaucracy was allowed to continue governing. Some measures were
retained, the religious orders continued to be teachers, the subsidies paid
to Catholic schools were not revoked. The experience of the Resistance
may have helped the new worker-priest movement to grow, younger
priests wanted to be closer to the working class. The adversity of the war
had encouraged a revival among many faithful.
Christianity in Vichy France
80. How did the experience of the faithful affect the sessions of the second
Vatican Council? The war years brought more denominational mixing, the
Dachau prison camp was an ecumenical brotherhood, where French
priests and protestant pastors and Jews all suffered together for their
faith. The experience of Yves Congar in a French POW camp influenced his
later ecumenical theology. Likewise, Catholics and Protestants cooperated
in the Resistance movements. Definitely after the war and the Holocaust
purged anti-Semitism from the hearts of the truly faithful, and the Vatican II
decrees on ecumenicism peaceful coexistence with Jews were directly
influenced by these wartime experiences.
81.
82. The greatest effect of the war experiences was the realization that
Democracy was the most desirable political system for not only tolerating
but encouraging the faithful in their desire to live a godly life, bringing up
their children in the faith. The Vichy government may have been seen as
the defender of ancient virtue in the early years of the occupation, but it
was all too eager to collaborate with the evil Nazi occupiers in the vain
and futile hope that order would be maintained. All who survived the
war realized that totalitarian governments would in the end be inimical
to the Christian faith, freedom was seen as a Christian virtue. The
greatest lesson was that the Catholic Church needed to be on the side of
virtue on issues that affect social justice.
83.
84. SOURCES: Our main source on Vichy France, this book by Robert
Paxton was so influential that it influenced the post-war history
of how the history of Vichy France was remembered.
The trauma of the Nazi occupation, living through yet another
World War fought on French soil, and the civil war in France
fought between the Resistance and the Vichy collaborators was
so deep that the French constructed the Charles de Gaulle
myth that most French were part of the Resistance from the
very beginning. This amnesia was assisted by the French
policy to keep the state archives confidential for fifty years.
85. The truth is that the French police happily collaborated with the Germans when the
rounded up the Jews to send them to the death camps. Pictures of these French
gendarmes were air-brushed out of the pictures in this period.
There was not any public discussion or study of the realities of the extent of the
collaboration during the Vichy regime until the seventies. The view that
collaboration with the Nazis was widespread was considered heretical and
unthinkable until the ice was broken by the 1970 French film, The Sorrow and the
Pity which was not shown on French television until 1981.
Robert Paxton’s book on Vichy France used mostly German archives to provide a
more balanced view of this painful history. This book is a joy to read, and was a
runaway best-seller in France, and it was a topic of intense national discussion in
the media and in French Society, and changed how the French remembered the
painful history of Vichy France.
88. We originally ordered Paxton’s book because it was repeated mentioned in the
footnotes of our other book, Politics, Society and Christianity in Vichy France. When
reviewing this book, we realized that the reactions by French Christians to the
calamity of the German invasion are a reflection of the reactions of the French people
as a whole. In the early years the war seemed to be over soon after it started,
nobody could imagine that the German army could be dislodged from Europe proper,
everybody supported Marshal Petain and the Vichy regime, everyone wanted to
blame the success of the German invasion on the moral weakness of the old French
Republic, nobody was eager to fight a guerilla war on French soil where the Nazis
could bring vengeance on their wives and children.
89. Professor John Merriman of Yale University is another important source,
he discusses how the French viewed the history of the Vichy regime. He
lived in a village in France for many years several decades ago when
memories of Vichy France were still fresh and when many were alive
who lived through the German occupation. He has stories of people
who every day see directing traffic the gendarme who sent their friends
and neighbors to the death camps. His lectures are interesting because
he expects his students to study the material on their own, and his
lectures mainly focus on what life was actually like for ordinary people
during these historic times.
91. This is John Merriman’s discussion of Vichy France in his European History class
(23. Collaboration and Resistance in World War II):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3G0O3nMB1k&list=PL3A8E6CE294860A2
4&index=23
This is John Merriman’s discussion of Vichy France in his French History class
(18. The Dark Years: Vichy France):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j4-
BGTJDBY8&index=18&list=PLMptTpi3a4bdqk56cdO-6q_siFAhESUWp
In the next lecture he discusses the French Resistance (19. Resistance):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5NNaMiXQ-
4&index=19&list=PLMptTpi3a4bdqk56cdO-6q_siFAhESUWp
92. Fascism has different forms reflecting the culture in which its seeds take root, this
is our planned series of videos. The first totalitarian fascist regime was that of
Mussolini in Italy, who was a friend of the Catholic Church and the Pope in the
beginning, until he started persecuting the Jews on the eve of World War II.
Hitler feigned friendship with the church in the very beginning of his rule, but the
Nazis quickly started harassing and persecuting both Catholics and Protestants,
sending many to the death camps.
The Fascists and General Franco in the Spanish Civil War were the friend of the
Catholic Church. Although both the Nationalist Fascists and the Republican
Communists were both brutal, and both committed atrocities and massacres, the
Communists massacred priests and monks and nuns by the thousands.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-YtC9qGWPI&list=PLJVlY2bjK8ljmWA9WwFz3IeRonyUNxRKO
93. And we have the Vichy French government, who collaborated with the
invading Nazi powers. The Vichy government was pro-Catholic, pro-
life, and anti-Semitic, and Vichy officials openly sent Jews to their
deaths in the Nazi death camps.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-YtC9qGWPI&list=PLJVlY2bjK8ljmWA9WwFz3IeRonyUNxRKO
94.
95. Viktor Frankl’s message in his book, In Man’s Search For Meaning, is
that no matter what challenges life throws at you, even the challenges
of the Nazi concentration work camps, you can find the strength to
persevere if your life has meaning.
The stoicism of Nelson Mandela of South Africa, who went from prison
to the Presidency, who was imprisoned for challenging apartheid,
shows how we can persevere and defeat racial hatred in our lives and
society.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-YtC9qGWPI&list=PLJVlY2bjK8ljmWA9WwFz3IeRonyUNxRKO
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxDnJ6sBoJc&list=PLJVlY2bjK8lgJZvnhM6Mte9kyUnmaW_ip
96. Many people are unaware that the Nazis used the Jim Crow
race laws as precedents when drafting their anti-Semitic Race
Laws that started the persecution of the Jews by the state
bureaucracy.
And finally, the spiritual danger of white evangelical Christian
Nationalism is that it can too easily morph into white
supremacy.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-YtC9qGWPI&list=PLJVlY2bjK8ljmWA9WwFz3IeRonyUNxRKO
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxDnJ6sBoJc&list=PLJVlY2bjK8lgJZvnhM6Mte9kyUnmaW_ip
97.
98. We challenge our white Christian listeners to sample our videos on Civil Rights so you can be
more compassionate towards the plight of our black brothers in Christ.
Frederick Douglass belongs to the first generation of black leaders. He escapes from slavery and
became a leading abolitionist orator before the Civil, and a leading Civil Rights leader during the
Reconstruction years after the Civil War.
Booker T Washington was a teenage when Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation
freeing the slaves in the Deep South, and he was both an orator and a second-generation black
leader who focused educating the freed slaves so they could improve themselves.
WEB Dubois was born during Reconstruction, and was an orator, writer, and was a third-
generation activist black leader who helped found the NAACP.
We have another story of the lesser-known Father Tolton, who like Booker T Washington was
emancipated during the Civil War. He was invited to study in Rome for the priesthood; and was
the first former slave who was ordained as a priest.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxDnJ6sBoJc&list=PLJVlY2bjK8lgJZvnhM6Mte9kyUnmaW_ip
99.
100. The YouTube description links to the video script and our blog.
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