Puccinia is a genus of fungi that causes rust diseases. It is an obligate parasite with a complex life cycle involving two different hosts. Puccinia graminis causes black rust of wheat. It has both a primary host of wheat and an alternate host of barberry. Its life cycle includes uredinial, telial, basidial, pycnidial/spermagonial, and aecidial stages that allow infection of both hosts through the production of spores.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF CYANOBACTERIA.pptxAakashJangid6
Cyanobacteria, formerly known as blue-green algae, are an important type of photosynthetic bacteria that were among the first life forms on Earth. They play several significant economic roles such as improving soil fertility, contributing to limestone formation, fixing atmospheric nitrogen, and being used as whole food supplements. However, they can also form harmful blooms that impact water supplies and buildings. Due to their photosynthetic abilities and success in diverse environments, cyanobacteria have been an important model organism for scientific research.
Cryopreservation is a method for long-term preservation of plant materials that involves storing plant cells, tissues, or seeds at ultra-low temperatures, typically in liquid nitrogen at -196 degrees Celsius. The cryopreservation process slows biological and chemical processes to a halt, allowing indefinite storage. Key steps involve selection of plant material, addition of cryoprotectants to prevent ice damage to cells, freezing and thawing the material, then assessing viability and potential regeneration of plants from the stored material. Cryopreservation allows for indefinite conservation of genetic resources, disease-free propagation of plants, and preservation of endangered species.
Fertilization in flowering plants involves a double fertilization process. The pollen grain contains two sperm cells that travel down the pollen tube. One sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell to form a zygote, while the second sperm cell fertilizes the two polar nuclei to form the endosperm. This double fertilization results in the formation of an embryo from the zygote and endosperm to nourish the developing seed. The ovary then develops into a fruit containing one or more seeds formed from the fertilized ovules.
Lichens are symbiotic organisms consisting of a fungus and an alga or cyanobacteria. The fungus provides structure and protection while the alga or cyanobacteria performs photosynthesis to provide food. There are nearly 20,000 known lichen species, each consisting of a different fungal partner. Lichens can grow in extreme environments where other organisms cannot survive due to their ability to go dormant during unfavorable conditions. They reproduce through both spores and vegetative structures and can live for centuries.
The document discusses Basidiomycota, a phylum of fungi that produce basidia and basidiospores. It focuses on Puccinia graminis tritici, the causal organism of black stem rust of wheat. P. graminis is heterocious, alternating between wheat and barberry hosts. On wheat, it produces urediniospores and teliospores, while on barberry it produces pycniospores and then aeciospores which can infect wheat to complete its life cycle. Control methods for the wheat-infecting black stem rust include eradicating its barberry host, fungicide application, and growing resistant wheat varieties.
1. The document discusses the sandal spike disease, which affects sandalwood plants. The disease is caused by a mycoplasma-like organism and is transmitted by the insect vector Moonia albimaculata.
2. Symptoms of the disease include rosette formation, reduced leaf size, yellowing or reddening of leaves, lack of fruit formation, and pendulous shoots. The causal organism lives in the phloem of infected plants.
3. While no effective treatment exists, some studies found that antibiotics like tetracycline and fungicides can cause temporary remission of symptoms. Maintaining distance from other plant species is also recommended for management.
Ganoderma lucidum, commonly known as reishi mushroom, has various health benefits. It has traditionally been used in Chinese medicine to treat diseases and promote longevity. Reishi mushroom contains nutrients like polysaccharides, antioxidants, and vitamins that support heart health, lower blood sugar, boost the immune system, promote anti-aging, heal the liver and kidneys, benefit mental health, improve skin health, reduce inflammation, and promote sleep. While it was once only found in the wild, the red variety is now commercially cultivated on farms and used for its medicinal properties rather than cooking due to its bitter taste.
Puccinia is a genus of fungi that causes rust diseases. It is an obligate parasite with a complex life cycle involving two different hosts. Puccinia graminis causes black rust of wheat. It has both a primary host of wheat and an alternate host of barberry. Its life cycle includes uredinial, telial, basidial, pycnidial/spermagonial, and aecidial stages that allow infection of both hosts through the production of spores.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF CYANOBACTERIA.pptxAakashJangid6
Cyanobacteria, formerly known as blue-green algae, are an important type of photosynthetic bacteria that were among the first life forms on Earth. They play several significant economic roles such as improving soil fertility, contributing to limestone formation, fixing atmospheric nitrogen, and being used as whole food supplements. However, they can also form harmful blooms that impact water supplies and buildings. Due to their photosynthetic abilities and success in diverse environments, cyanobacteria have been an important model organism for scientific research.
Cryopreservation is a method for long-term preservation of plant materials that involves storing plant cells, tissues, or seeds at ultra-low temperatures, typically in liquid nitrogen at -196 degrees Celsius. The cryopreservation process slows biological and chemical processes to a halt, allowing indefinite storage. Key steps involve selection of plant material, addition of cryoprotectants to prevent ice damage to cells, freezing and thawing the material, then assessing viability and potential regeneration of plants from the stored material. Cryopreservation allows for indefinite conservation of genetic resources, disease-free propagation of plants, and preservation of endangered species.
Fertilization in flowering plants involves a double fertilization process. The pollen grain contains two sperm cells that travel down the pollen tube. One sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell to form a zygote, while the second sperm cell fertilizes the two polar nuclei to form the endosperm. This double fertilization results in the formation of an embryo from the zygote and endosperm to nourish the developing seed. The ovary then develops into a fruit containing one or more seeds formed from the fertilized ovules.
Lichens are symbiotic organisms consisting of a fungus and an alga or cyanobacteria. The fungus provides structure and protection while the alga or cyanobacteria performs photosynthesis to provide food. There are nearly 20,000 known lichen species, each consisting of a different fungal partner. Lichens can grow in extreme environments where other organisms cannot survive due to their ability to go dormant during unfavorable conditions. They reproduce through both spores and vegetative structures and can live for centuries.
The document discusses Basidiomycota, a phylum of fungi that produce basidia and basidiospores. It focuses on Puccinia graminis tritici, the causal organism of black stem rust of wheat. P. graminis is heterocious, alternating between wheat and barberry hosts. On wheat, it produces urediniospores and teliospores, while on barberry it produces pycniospores and then aeciospores which can infect wheat to complete its life cycle. Control methods for the wheat-infecting black stem rust include eradicating its barberry host, fungicide application, and growing resistant wheat varieties.
1. The document discusses the sandal spike disease, which affects sandalwood plants. The disease is caused by a mycoplasma-like organism and is transmitted by the insect vector Moonia albimaculata.
2. Symptoms of the disease include rosette formation, reduced leaf size, yellowing or reddening of leaves, lack of fruit formation, and pendulous shoots. The causal organism lives in the phloem of infected plants.
3. While no effective treatment exists, some studies found that antibiotics like tetracycline and fungicides can cause temporary remission of symptoms. Maintaining distance from other plant species is also recommended for management.
Ganoderma lucidum, commonly known as reishi mushroom, has various health benefits. It has traditionally been used in Chinese medicine to treat diseases and promote longevity. Reishi mushroom contains nutrients like polysaccharides, antioxidants, and vitamins that support heart health, lower blood sugar, boost the immune system, promote anti-aging, heal the liver and kidneys, benefit mental health, improve skin health, reduce inflammation, and promote sleep. While it was once only found in the wild, the red variety is now commercially cultivated on farms and used for its medicinal properties rather than cooking due to its bitter taste.
This document discusses two types of slime molds. Physarum polycephalum is an acellular slime mold that exists as a single cell. The document also outlines the life cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum, which is a cellular slime mold that transitions between a single-celled and multicellular form.
Agrobacterium mediated Transformation-Mechanism of gene transfer,Virulence induction in presence of Plant secondary metabolites,Chromosomal genes and Vir genes,Agrobacterium tumefaciens – pathogen and useful tool for genetic engineering
Sandalwood spike disease is caused by phytoplasma bacteria and transmitted by leafhopper insects. It causes symptoms like chlorosis, stunted growth, witches broom formations, and death of infected sandalwood trees within 1-2 years. Management strategies include removing infected plants, controlling insect vectors, and employing techniques like heat therapy, chemicals, tissue culture, and genetic transformation to produce disease-resistant sandalwood varieties.
Polyporus is a genus of wood-rotting fungi that causes decay in trees. It has a vegetative mycelial stage that exists in two phases - a primary monokaryotic mycelium and a secondary dikaryotic mycelium. The secondary mycelium develops underground and secretes enzymes to digest wood. Fruiting bodies called basidiocarps form above ground on wood surfaces. Basidiocarps are shelf-like or bracket-shaped structures with pores on their undersides containing basidia that undergo karyogamy and meiosis to produce haploid basidiospores for reproduction.
This document discusses seed and embryo culture techniques. It begins by explaining that seed culture involves generating a complete plant from a seed explant in vitro. It is commonly used for orchid plants, which do not germinate well in vivo. The document then provides details on the methodology for seed culture, including surface sterilization and germination of seeds on filter paper or cotton swabs. It discusses factors that affect seed culture, such as hormones, nutrients, and abiotic conditions. Applications include increasing germination efficiency and eliminating viruses. The document also covers embryo culture techniques, including culturing immature, inviable, mature, and undifferentiated embryos. It discusses the embryo nurse endosperm technique and applications such as
This document provides an overview of the genus Burkholderia, including key species such as B. pseudomallei, B. mallei, and the Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC). It discusses the taxonomy, epidemiology, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical syndromes, diagnosis and treatment. Burkholderia species are a diverse group of gram-negative bacteria that include both emerging pathogens as well as organisms that play an important environmental role in the rhizosphere. The BCC in particular includes several species that can cause serious infections in vulnerable patient populations such as those with cystic fibrosis.
This document provides information about the fungus Aspergillus. It discusses the classification of Aspergillus, noting it belongs to the division Mycota. It describes the occurrence of Aspergillus as a saprophytic fungus that grows on decaying vegetable and food matter. The document outlines the asexual and sexual reproduction cycles of Aspergillus, describing the formation of conidia and ascospores. It also discusses the economic importance and diseases caused by some Aspergillus species.
The document summarizes key aspects of plant biodiversity and life cycles. It discusses:
1. The three main groups of land plants - bryophytes, pterophytes and spermatophytes - characterized by their reproductive structures and nutrient transport systems.
2. The life cycles of mosses and ferns which involve alternation of generations between haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes.
3. Features of seed plants including heterospory, pollen, and seeds which provided evolutionary advantages over spores.
4. The gymnosperm life cycle exemplified by pine trees, which involves naked seeds fertilized by airborne pollen growing on female gametophytes within
Vibrio cholerae is a gram-negative bacterium that causes the disease cholera. It produces a heat-labile enterotoxin that increases intracellular cAMP levels in intestinal cells, causing them to pump out water and electrolytes leading to severe diarrhea and dehydration. If left untreated, cholera can kill within hours due to fluid loss. Treatment involves oral or IV rehydration to replace lost fluids. While antibiotics can shorten the illness, rehydration is the primary therapy for cholera. Prevention relies on improved sanitation and hygiene practices.
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a gram-negative bacteria that was formerly a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and other invasive diseases in children under 5 years old. Before Hib vaccines were introduced in 1988, approximately one in 200 children would develop invasive Hib disease and it was responsible for 50% of bacterial meningitis cases. Since widespread use of Hib conjugate vaccines, the incidence of invasive Hib disease has declined over 99%. Public health actions focus on rapid reporting, isolation, prophylaxis of contacts, and ensuring vaccination to prevent additional cases.
Lichens=(Algae+Fungi) Symbiotic Association (Phycobiont+ Mycobiont), Idealistic marriage, Pioneers species of Xerosere succession Shows Dual Nature, Trinity=(One Algae+Two Fungi), Natural farmers, it melt stone convert stone to soil particles
Embryogenesis is the process by which a plant embryo develops from a fertilized ovule. It involves asymmetric cell division and differentiation of unspecialized cells into tissues and organs. There are two types of embryos: zygotic embryos formed from the zygote, and non-zygotic embryos like somatic and parthenogenic embryos formed from non-zygote cells. Somatic embryogenesis is the process where somatic cells develop into embryos and can regenerate whole plants. It occurs through direct or indirect routes. Key stages of somatic embryogenesis include globular, heart, torpedo and mature stages. Growth regulators like auxins and cytokinins play an important role in somatic embryogenesis.
Haploids are individuals that have only a single set of chromosomes. Because they have only a single set of chromosomes, every detrimental allele will be expressed, since none will be hidden by a dominant allele in the heterozygous condition. As such, it is doubtful that many haploids will survive very long. Haploid medaka , common carp , masu salmon , rainbow trout , Atlantic salmon , chum salmon and plaice have been produced for experimental purposes, but none lived long.
Golden rice is a variety of rice (Oryza sativa) produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of rice.It is intended to produce a fortified food to be grown and consumed in areas with a shortage of dietary vitamin A, a deficiency which each year is estimated to kill 670,000 children under the age of 5 and cause an additional 500,000 cases of irreversible childhood blindness. Rice is a staple food crop for over half of the world's population, providing 30–72% of the energy intake for people in Asian countries, and becoming an effective crop for targeting vitamin deficiencies.
Aspergillus reproduces asexually through the production of conidia. Conidiophores arise from foot cells in the hyphae and develop vesicles with phialides on their surfaces. Phialides produce sterigmata in basipetal succession, each cutting off a single conidium. Conidia are small, spherical structures that are smooth when young and ornamented when mature. They are disseminated by air and germinate to form a new mycelial network when landing on a suitable substrate.
Yersinia pestis is a gram-negative bacterium that causes bubonic and pneumonic plague in humans. It is typically transmitted via the bite of an infected flea and was responsible for the Black Death pandemic in the 14th century. Plague still occurs globally with 1,000-3,000 reported cases annually. Symptoms include fever, headache, and swollen lymph nodes. Diagnosis involves identifying the bacterium from samples. Treatment involves antibiotics like streptomycin and doxycycline. Vaccines are being developed to prevent pneumonic plague.
This document discusses two types of slime molds. Physarum polycephalum is an acellular slime mold that exists as a single cell. The document also outlines the life cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum, which is a cellular slime mold that transitions between a single-celled and multicellular form.
Agrobacterium mediated Transformation-Mechanism of gene transfer,Virulence induction in presence of Plant secondary metabolites,Chromosomal genes and Vir genes,Agrobacterium tumefaciens – pathogen and useful tool for genetic engineering
Sandalwood spike disease is caused by phytoplasma bacteria and transmitted by leafhopper insects. It causes symptoms like chlorosis, stunted growth, witches broom formations, and death of infected sandalwood trees within 1-2 years. Management strategies include removing infected plants, controlling insect vectors, and employing techniques like heat therapy, chemicals, tissue culture, and genetic transformation to produce disease-resistant sandalwood varieties.
Polyporus is a genus of wood-rotting fungi that causes decay in trees. It has a vegetative mycelial stage that exists in two phases - a primary monokaryotic mycelium and a secondary dikaryotic mycelium. The secondary mycelium develops underground and secretes enzymes to digest wood. Fruiting bodies called basidiocarps form above ground on wood surfaces. Basidiocarps are shelf-like or bracket-shaped structures with pores on their undersides containing basidia that undergo karyogamy and meiosis to produce haploid basidiospores for reproduction.
This document discusses seed and embryo culture techniques. It begins by explaining that seed culture involves generating a complete plant from a seed explant in vitro. It is commonly used for orchid plants, which do not germinate well in vivo. The document then provides details on the methodology for seed culture, including surface sterilization and germination of seeds on filter paper or cotton swabs. It discusses factors that affect seed culture, such as hormones, nutrients, and abiotic conditions. Applications include increasing germination efficiency and eliminating viruses. The document also covers embryo culture techniques, including culturing immature, inviable, mature, and undifferentiated embryos. It discusses the embryo nurse endosperm technique and applications such as
This document provides an overview of the genus Burkholderia, including key species such as B. pseudomallei, B. mallei, and the Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC). It discusses the taxonomy, epidemiology, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical syndromes, diagnosis and treatment. Burkholderia species are a diverse group of gram-negative bacteria that include both emerging pathogens as well as organisms that play an important environmental role in the rhizosphere. The BCC in particular includes several species that can cause serious infections in vulnerable patient populations such as those with cystic fibrosis.
This document provides information about the fungus Aspergillus. It discusses the classification of Aspergillus, noting it belongs to the division Mycota. It describes the occurrence of Aspergillus as a saprophytic fungus that grows on decaying vegetable and food matter. The document outlines the asexual and sexual reproduction cycles of Aspergillus, describing the formation of conidia and ascospores. It also discusses the economic importance and diseases caused by some Aspergillus species.
The document summarizes key aspects of plant biodiversity and life cycles. It discusses:
1. The three main groups of land plants - bryophytes, pterophytes and spermatophytes - characterized by their reproductive structures and nutrient transport systems.
2. The life cycles of mosses and ferns which involve alternation of generations between haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes.
3. Features of seed plants including heterospory, pollen, and seeds which provided evolutionary advantages over spores.
4. The gymnosperm life cycle exemplified by pine trees, which involves naked seeds fertilized by airborne pollen growing on female gametophytes within
Vibrio cholerae is a gram-negative bacterium that causes the disease cholera. It produces a heat-labile enterotoxin that increases intracellular cAMP levels in intestinal cells, causing them to pump out water and electrolytes leading to severe diarrhea and dehydration. If left untreated, cholera can kill within hours due to fluid loss. Treatment involves oral or IV rehydration to replace lost fluids. While antibiotics can shorten the illness, rehydration is the primary therapy for cholera. Prevention relies on improved sanitation and hygiene practices.
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a gram-negative bacteria that was formerly a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and other invasive diseases in children under 5 years old. Before Hib vaccines were introduced in 1988, approximately one in 200 children would develop invasive Hib disease and it was responsible for 50% of bacterial meningitis cases. Since widespread use of Hib conjugate vaccines, the incidence of invasive Hib disease has declined over 99%. Public health actions focus on rapid reporting, isolation, prophylaxis of contacts, and ensuring vaccination to prevent additional cases.
Lichens=(Algae+Fungi) Symbiotic Association (Phycobiont+ Mycobiont), Idealistic marriage, Pioneers species of Xerosere succession Shows Dual Nature, Trinity=(One Algae+Two Fungi), Natural farmers, it melt stone convert stone to soil particles
Embryogenesis is the process by which a plant embryo develops from a fertilized ovule. It involves asymmetric cell division and differentiation of unspecialized cells into tissues and organs. There are two types of embryos: zygotic embryos formed from the zygote, and non-zygotic embryos like somatic and parthenogenic embryos formed from non-zygote cells. Somatic embryogenesis is the process where somatic cells develop into embryos and can regenerate whole plants. It occurs through direct or indirect routes. Key stages of somatic embryogenesis include globular, heart, torpedo and mature stages. Growth regulators like auxins and cytokinins play an important role in somatic embryogenesis.
Haploids are individuals that have only a single set of chromosomes. Because they have only a single set of chromosomes, every detrimental allele will be expressed, since none will be hidden by a dominant allele in the heterozygous condition. As such, it is doubtful that many haploids will survive very long. Haploid medaka , common carp , masu salmon , rainbow trout , Atlantic salmon , chum salmon and plaice have been produced for experimental purposes, but none lived long.
Golden rice is a variety of rice (Oryza sativa) produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of rice.It is intended to produce a fortified food to be grown and consumed in areas with a shortage of dietary vitamin A, a deficiency which each year is estimated to kill 670,000 children under the age of 5 and cause an additional 500,000 cases of irreversible childhood blindness. Rice is a staple food crop for over half of the world's population, providing 30–72% of the energy intake for people in Asian countries, and becoming an effective crop for targeting vitamin deficiencies.
Aspergillus reproduces asexually through the production of conidia. Conidiophores arise from foot cells in the hyphae and develop vesicles with phialides on their surfaces. Phialides produce sterigmata in basipetal succession, each cutting off a single conidium. Conidia are small, spherical structures that are smooth when young and ornamented when mature. They are disseminated by air and germinate to form a new mycelial network when landing on a suitable substrate.
Yersinia pestis is a gram-negative bacterium that causes bubonic and pneumonic plague in humans. It is typically transmitted via the bite of an infected flea and was responsible for the Black Death pandemic in the 14th century. Plague still occurs globally with 1,000-3,000 reported cases annually. Symptoms include fever, headache, and swollen lymph nodes. Diagnosis involves identifying the bacterium from samples. Treatment involves antibiotics like streptomycin and doxycycline. Vaccines are being developed to prevent pneumonic plague.
3. • Kišne godine (proleća)
• Zakorovljeni zasadi
• Polifag – širok krug domaćina
• Redovno se javlja
• Na jagodi velike ekonomske štete
• U polju ali i nakon berbe
Botrytis cinerea
Prouzrokovač sive truleži (jagode)
19. • Prezimljavanje: u biljnim ostacima u vidu trajne
micelije ili sklerocija
sporulacija (stvaranje konidija)
vetar i kišne kapi raznose konidije
Primarna zaraza
Teleomorf –nema značaja
u životnom ciklusu,
apotecije na sklerociji
Sekundarne zaraze – konidije u toku vegetacije
20. Mere kontrole
Nehemijske mere:
• Obezbediti što bolju cirkulaciju
vazduha
• ne preterivati sa azotom
• sadnja jagode na bankovima
• odstraniti trule plodove prilikom
svake berbe
• pažljivo branje i rukovanje plodovima
• kontrola korova u zasadu
21. Mere kontrole
Hemijska zaštita:
1. na početku cvetanja (5-10% cvetova otvoreno)
2. 7-10 dana kasnije (u punom cvetanju)
• Br. tretmana zavisi i od „kiše“
• Ako je kišovito svakih 7 dana od početka
cvetanja do berbe
• Ekstremno kišovito – svakih 4-5 dana od
početka cvetanja do berbe
24. Pegavost lista jagode
Prouzrokovač: Mycosphaerella fragariae
• Pegavost lista je najčešća bolest jagode u svim
uslovima njenog gajenja
• Javlja se širom sveta na gajenim i divljim vrstama
ove biljke
• Kod nas je prisutna u svakom jagodnjaku
• Kod nas je posebno značajna zbog toga što se ne
poklanja dovoljna pažnja proizvodnji zdravih živića i što
se jagoda gaji u višegodišnjim zasadima, usled čega
dolazi do akumulacije inokuluma
• Zbog propadanja listova umanjen je kvalitet plodova
• Uvođenjem novih sorti, otpornijih prema M.
fragariae u proizvodnju, pegavost je malo izgubila u
značaju, mada i dalje spada u značajnije bolesti jagode
kod nas
25. Simptomi:
• Tipični simptomi pojavljuju se na listu , mada se bolest može javiti i na plodovima cvetnim
delovima, peteljci i stolonima
• Listovi srednje starosti su najosetljiviji prema zarazi, dok je na najmlađim i najstarijim zaraza
slabija
• U početku su pege male, tamno ljubičaste, okruglaste ili neodređenog oblika i prvo se
uočavaju na licu lista. One se zatim povećavaju i dostižu 3 do 6 mm u prečniku
Pegavost lista jagode
Prouzrokovač: Mycosphaerella fragariae
26.
27. Simptomi:
• Centar pege je u početku mrke boje, a zatim se brzo menja i postaje sivkast i na kraju svetao
• Oko nekrotiranog dela pege stvara se jasno uočljiv crvenkasto ljubičasti prsten
Pegavost lista jagode
Prouzrokovač: Mycosphaerella fragariae
28. Simptomi:
• Na listu se mogu javiti brojne pege, koje se spajaju i dovode do nekroze i sušenja
• Usled sasušenih listova rodnost i kvalitet plodova je smanjena
Pegavosti lista jagode
Prouzrokovač: Mycosphaerella fragariae
29. Simptomi:
• Kod osetljivih sorti ova bolest može ličiti na palež lista koju izaziva Phomopsis (Dendrophoma)
obscurans
Pegavosti lista jagode
Prouzrokovač: Mycosphaerella fragariae
Pegavosti lista jagode
Mycosphaerella fragariae
Palež lista jagode
Phomopsis obscurans
30. Simptomi:
• Pege na peteljkama, stolonima, čašici i plodovima liče na one na listovima.
• Na plodovima se javljaju plitka, tamna udubljenja u vidu pega, a ukoliko su rano zaraženi,
nastaje njihova deformacija, a time i lošiji kvalitet
Pegavosti lista jagode
Prouzrokovač: Mycosphaerella fragariae
33. Ciklus razvoja i epidemiologija:
1. U toplijim uslovima i plastenicima
patogen se održava konidijama koje
prezimljivaju u pegama na živim
listovima; Konidije se formiraju u izobilju
na listu u drugom delu proleća i
početkom leta. Raznose ih kišne kapi
U hladnijim uslovima:
2. Sklerocijama na izumrlim listovima
3. Peritecijama u izumrlim listovima
• Sklerocije se obilato obrazuju na
izumrlim listovima tokom zime. U
prolećena sklerocijama se formiraju
konidije za prim. inf. (Klijanje: 15-20 °C,
opt. i RH 98-100%; Stvaranje konidija:
10-30 °C, opt. 15-25 °C)
• Askospore se iz peritecija izbacuju pod
pritiskom i raznose vetrom. Uloga
askospora: genetička heterogenost.
Pegavosti lista jagode
Prouzrokovač: Mycosphaerella fragariae
34. Suzbijanje:
• Jagodu saditi na lakom, rastresitom zemljištu i provetrenim terenima. Izbegavati vlažna i zbijena
zemljišta za njeno gajenje
• Jagodu ne bi trebalo gajiti kao višegodišnju biljku, jer u tom slučaju dolazi do nagomilavanja
inokuluma patogena i jače zaraze
• Za sadnju je neophodno koristiti isključivo zdrave živiće.
• Utvrđena je vrlo različita osetljivost sorti jagoda prema pegavosti lista
• Ako se bolest pojavi u jagodnjaku, hemijska zaštita je neophodna.Obično 1-3 tretiranja
• Cineb, tiram, kaptan, benomil i drugi
• Jedinjenja na bazi bakra se uglavnom koriste za poslednja prskanja. Kod nas nema fungicida
posebno registrovanih za suzbijanje ove bolesti.
Pegavosti lista jagode
Prouzrokovač: Mycosphaerella fragariae
35. Gajenje jagode na bankovima
• Bolje provetravanje
• Plodovi vise (ne dodiruju svi plodovi zemlju)
38. Antraknozu jagode prouzokuju četiri gljive:
1. Colletotrichum acutatum
2. Colletotrichum fragariae
3. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
4. Colletotrichum dematium
• Sve četiri vrste prouzrokuju slične simptome
• Bolest je prvo opisana u SAD (Florida) 1931.g. U SAD gubitci i do 80%
• Kod nas je bolest prvo uočena 2004. godine u okolini Valjeva (sad. mat. iz Italije)
• Antaknoza je nova bolest jagode u našoj zemlji
• Vrv. da je patogen dospeo sadnim materijalom
• Simptomi su utvrđeni, i patogen izolovan samo sa plodova i čašičnih listića
Antraknoza jagode
Prouzrokovači: Colletotrichum spp.
39. Antraknozu jagode prouzokuju četiri gljive:
1. Colletotrichum acutatum
2. Colletotrichum fragariae
3. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
4. Colletotrichum dematium
• Najznačajnija bolest ploda jagode posle B. cinerea
• U FR na jagodi koja se ne štiti štete 80%
• U Izraelu veštačkom inokulacijom propadnje živića 95-100%
• Kod nas 2015. prva berba redukovana, ostale berbe izostale
• Ove gljive imaju širok krug domaćina (problem...?)
Antraknoza jagode
Prouzrokovači: Colletotrichum spp.
40. Simptomi:
Sve četiri vrste prouzrokuju slične simptome vrste se ne mogu međusobno
razlikovati samo na osnovu simptoma
Antraknoza jagode
Prouzrokovači: Colletotrichum spp.
41. Simptomi:
Stoloni i lisne drške
• Bolest se na stolonima i lisnim drškama prvo ispoljava u vidu sitnih, crnih pega koje se
vremenom povećavaju i uležu u tkivo
Antraknoza jagode
Prouzrokovači: Colletotrichum spp.
42. Simptomi:
Stoloni i lisne drške
• Kada bolest prstenasto zahvati stolon, deo iznad zahvaćenog mesta ukoliko se nije ukorenio
suši se
Antraknoza jagode
Prouzrokovači: Colletotrichum spp.
43. Pegavost lista
• Na listu se javljaju okrugle pege prečnika oko 1-3 mm
• Obično su crne, ali nekad mogu biti svetlosive
• Ne izazivaju njegovo sušenje
Antraknoza jagode
Prouzrokovači: Colletotrichum spp.
44. Simptomi:
Trulež plodova
• Ulegnute, svetle i vodenaste pege, prečnika oko 3 mm, pojavljuju se na plodovima koji
dozrevaju
• Posle nekoliko dana pege pocrne i taj simptom je poznat kao crna pegavost
• Pege se vremenom povećavaju dok u potpunosti ne zahvate plod, koji se kasnije suši i pretvara
u mumiju
Antraknoza jagode
Prouzrokovači: Colletotrichum spp.
45. Simptomi:
Trulež plodova
• Ulegnute pege....plod se pretvara u mumiju
• Sporulacija na plodu, spiranje patogena na koren
Antraknoza jagode
Prouzrokovači: Colletotrichum spp.
47. Patogen:
• Antraknozu jagode prouzrokuje više patogenih gljiva:
1. Colletotrichum acutatum, koji je najčešće prouzrokovač antraknoze ploda jagode, ima širi krug
domaćina nego C. fragariae. Značajan je kao prouzrokovač pega na stolonima, kruni i korenu
jagode
2. Colletotrichum fragariae najčešće prouzrokuje trulež krune jagode gajene u toplijim i vlažnijim
klimatskim uslovima. Ovaj patogen napada samo jagodu i nekoliko korovskih vrsta
3. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, slična biologija i epidemiologija kao i prethodne 2 gljive
4. Colletotrichum dematium, nedavno otkrivena
Kolonija C. acutatum
u petri kutiji
Antraknoza jagode
Prouzrokovači: Colletotrichum spp.
48. Ciklus razvoja i epidemiologija:
• Vrste Colletotrichum mogu prezimeti:
1. Micelijom u zaraženim biljkama, biljnim ostacima i korovima;
2. Hlamidosporama (Hlamidospore nastaju deljenjem micelije na ćelije koje se
u ovom slučaju karakterišu sferičnim oblikom, kao i debelim mrko obojenim
zidovima). Prilagođene su za preživljavanje nepovoljnih uslova spoljašnje
sredine. Posebno su otporne na isušivanje, odnosno na dugotrajnu sušu.
Njihovim klijanjem se razvija micelija.
3. Ponekad C. fragariae u SAD formira teleomorfni stadijum (Glomerella
cingulata) koji u proleće daje askospore kao primarne izvore zaraze
Antraknoza jagode
Prouzrokovači: Colletotrichum spp.
49. Ciklus razvoja i epidemiologija:
• U proleće konidije ili hlamidospore klijaju dajući miceliju koja vrši infekciju
• Pojava simptoma
• Tokom vlažnog i toplog vremena gljiva formira acervule iz kojih curi nova
generacija konidija
Antraknoza jagode
Prouzrokovači: Colletotrichum spp.
50. Ciklus razvoja i epidemiologija:
• Stvaranje bespolnih (acervula) i polnih (peritecija) plodonosnih struktura na
zaraženim tkivima jagode
Antraknoza jagode
Prouzrokovači: Colletotrichum spp.
51. Ciklus razvoja i epidemiologija:
• Širenje konidija putem kišnih kapi, ali i insektima i drugim kontaktima
• Klijanju konidija i infekciji plodova pogoduju vlažno i toplo vreme praćeno kišom. Za
klijanje spora je potrebna 100% vlažnost vazduha
• Konidije klijaju u vidu jedne ili više začetaka micelije koje se završavaju apresorijama
Antraknoza jagode
Prouzrokovači: Colletotrichum spp.
52. Suzbijanje:
• Uzročnik antraknoze prenosi se sadnim materijalom
• Preventivne mere - sprečavanje dospevanja patogena u zasad je od presudnog
značaja korišćenje sektifikovanog zdravog sadnog materijala
• Zalivanje veštačkom kišom pospešuje, dok kap po kap zalivanje, kao i zastiranje
(malčiranje) slamom, redukuju pojavu ovog oboljenja
• U svetu se koristi od početka cvetanja do pred berbu
1. fosetil Al + Kaptan
2. Hlortalonil
3. Ciram
4. Febukonazol triazol
5. Azoksistrobin, piraklostrobin, krezoksim-metil strobilurini
Antraknoza jagode
Prouzrokovači: Colletotrichum spp.
54. Palež listova jagode
Prouzrokovač: Phomopsis obscurans
Značaj:
• Palež lista jagode javlja se širom sveta gde god se jagoda gaji
• Kod nas je značajna samo na nekim sortama, mada na većini komercijalnih
sorti za sada ne predstavlja veću opasnost
• Glavne štete od ove bolesti nastaju u drugoj polovini leta u vidu paleži
starijih listova
• Usled toga nastaje slabljenje biljaka i smanjenje prinosa u narednoj godini
• U nekim zemljama D. obscurans prouzrokuje trulež plodova. U našoj zemlji,
međutim, nema podataka o njenoj pojavi na plodovima
• P. obscurans parazitira samo biljke iz roda Fragaria
55. Simptomi:
• Bolest se počinje ispoljavati u vidu nekoliko manjih, kružnih, crveno purpurnih pegica na listu
• U začetku pege imaju sivkasti centar, pa izgledom u velikoj meri potsećaju na one koje
prouzrokuje Mycosphaerella fragariae
Sušenje listova jagode
Prouzrokovač: Phomopsis obscurans
Pegavosti lista jagode
Mycosphaerella fragariae
Palež lista jagode
Phomopsis obscurans
56. Simptomi:
• Bolest se počinje ispoljavati u vidu nekoliko manjih, kružnih, crveno purpurnih pegica na listu
Sušenje listova jagode
Prouzrokovač: Phomopsis obscurans
57. Simptomi:
• Duž većih nerava pege su eliptične, a kasnije se mogu uočiti tri zone u okviru pege:
spoljna zona je purpurno cvene ili žućkaste boje;
srednja zona je svetlo mrka;
unutrašnja zona pega je tamno mrka
Sušenje listova jagode
Prouzrokovač: Phomopsis obscurans
58. Simptomi:
• U centru pega se formiraju piknidi čiji se vratovi probijaju kroz epidermis
Sušenje listova jagode
Prouzrokovač: Phomopsis obscurans
59. Simptomi:
• Starije pege, koje se formiraju duž glavnih nerava, razvijaju se u krupne pege u obliku
latiničnog slova "V”
Sušenje listova jagode
Prouzrokovač: Phomopsis obscurans
63. Patogen:
• Piknidi gljive P. obscurans se formiraju u centru pega sa lica lista
• Oni su uronjeni u lisno tkivo, okrugli su, crni, imaju kratak vrat koji se probija na površinu tkiva
• Dimenzije pinida su: 140-210 μm u prečniku
• Konidiofore su prozirne, pršljenasto ili nepravilno razgranate, dužine 85 μm
• Konidije (5,5-7,5 x 1,5-2 μm), jednoćelijske, sužene na krajevima
• Pri povećanoj vlažnosti konidije cure iz piknida u vidu dugih, želatinoznih, crvuljastih tvorevina ili
u vidu okruglste mase
Piknidi
Sušenje listova jagode
Prouzrokovač: Phomopsis obscurans
64. Sušenje listova jagode
Prouzrokovač: Phomopsis obscurans
Ciklus razvoja:
• Gljiva se održava tokom zime u formi
1. Micelije; ili
2. Piknida
• U proleće...
1. micelija sporuliše dajući konidije
2. iz piknida cure konidije
• Primarne infekcije se ostvaruju početkom vegetacije konidijama koje raznose kišne kapi
u okviru pega na izumrlim starim listovima jagode koji ostaju pričvršćeni za biljku
raznosi ih kiša
65. Suzbijanje:
• Sakupljanje i uništavanje zaraženih listova posle berbe je korisno zbog smanjenja
izvora zaraze
• Košenje lisne mase u sept. Oktobru
• Za ovu bolest nisu razrađene posebne mere suzbijanja
• U područjima u kojima je bolest značajna mogu se primenjivati fungicidi u periodu
posle berbe pa do kraja vagetacije
• Ditiokarbamati
• Bakarni preparati
Sušenje listova jagode
Prouzrokovač: Phomopsis obscurans
66. Sphaerotheca macularis f. sp. fragariae
Prouzrokovač pepelnice jagode
• U poslednje vreme, pepelnica jagode kod nas ne predstavlja ekonomski značajniju bolest
• Pepelnica se pojavljuje na svim nadzemnim delovima jagode
• Na osetljivim sortama javlja se bela micelijska prevlaka na naličju lista
• Bolest može dovesti do defolijacije biljaka
• Zahvaćene zone se povećavaju, spajaju i pokrivaju celu lisnu površinu. Ivice lista se povijaju
prema licu i micelijska prevlaka se lakše uočava
• Patogen prezimljava kleistotecijama i micelijom u zaraženom listu jagode i prenosi se sadnim
materijalom (živićima). U prirodi se širi konidijama koje raznosi vetar
67. Viroze jagode
• Virusi na jagodi smanjuju porast, rodnost i direktno su odgovorni za degeneraciju biljaka u
proizvodnji
• Na jagodi je utvrđeno desetak virusa koji se prenose lisnim vašima i šest fitoplazmi koje prenose
cikade
• Obimnim istraživanjima Dulić Marković (1999) utvrđeno je da su kod nas na jagodi dominantni
sledeći virusi:
1. Virus šarenila jagode (Strawberry Mottle Virus SMV)
2. Virus blagog žutila oboda lista jagode (Strawberry Mild Yellow Edge Potexvirus Virus, SMYEPV)
3. Virus prugavosti nerava jagode (Strawberry Vein Banding Virus, SVBV)
Suzbijanje: kontrola bolesti jagode u svetu zasniva na četiri koncepta:
I. Genetičkoj otpornosti
II. Razmnožavanju bezvirusnog sadnog materijala
III. Hemijskoj kontroli vektora i
IV. Higijenskim merama
71. MALINA (Rubus ideaus)
Mikoze
Fitoftoroza maline
Prouzrokovač: Phytophthora fragariae var. rubi
• Trulež korena maline ili fitoftoroza je najznačajnija bolest korena ove biljke u svetu
• Bolesti uzrokovane ovim patogenima dugo su pripisivane drugim uzročnicima propadanja
maline, kao što su: niske zimske temeprature ili "gušenje" korena u vlažnom zemljištu
• Procenjuje se da je na području Arilja oko 30% površina zahvaćeno ovom bolešću
72. • Simptomi: prva pojava bolesti se uočava na nižim delovima parcele gde je zemljište
nepropusno i gde se sakuplja voda
• Zaraženi letorasti (mladi izdanci) brzo venu i propadaju posle izbijanja u proleće
• Najčešće dolazi do sušenja nekoliko biljaka u grupi. Biljke se u redu proređuju, a smanjen je i
broj novih izdanaka
• Kada je fitoftoroza u pitanju, malina se u potpunosti suši i nema obnavljanja zasada
Fitoftoroza maline
Prouzrokovač: Phytophthora fragariae var. rubi
73. • Najnovija istraživanja ukazuju da su navedene gljive slične izolatima P. fragariae iz jagode
• Zbog malih morfoloških i odgajivačkih razlika između izolata sa maline i jagode, ali i
nemogućnosti unakrsnih inokulacija maline i jagode istim izolatima, smatralo se da bi izolati gljive
sa maline trebalo da dobiju naziv P. fragariae var. rubi.
• Ciklus razvoja: uobičajen način njenog dospevanja u neki zasad ili područje je zaraženim
sadnim materijalom, kontaminiranim zemljištem ili tekućom vodom kada se zaraza prenosi sa viših
na niže terene, ili ako se koristi voda za zalivanje u kojoj se nalazi inokulum patogena
• Kada gljiva dospe u neko zemljište ona u njemu ostaje veoma dug period iako se malina u
njemu ne gaji.
• Najčešći inokulum u zemljištu su zoospore koje se formiraju u zoosporangijama
Patogen: iz zaražene maline izolovano je
osam raznih vrsta gljiva iz roda Phytophthora.
Sve one imaju razgranatu, prozirnu miceliju
Biljka zaražena sa
Phytophthora
fragariae var. rubi
Zdrava
biljka
Fitoftoroza maline
Prouzrokovač: Phytophthora fragariae var. rubi
74. Kestenjasta pegavost izdanaka maline
Prouzrokovač: Didymella applanata
• O ovom patogenu je bilo reči na predavanju prof. Ivanovića
75. Rđa maline
Prouzrokovač: Phragmidium rubi-idaei
• Kod nas je raširena u svim područjima
gajenja maline, naročito u zapadnoj Srbiji, ali
ne predstavlja ozbiljniji problem u gajenju
• Simptomi: Rđa se javlja na svim
nadzemnim delovima: izdancima, listovima,
lisnim drškama i rodnim grančicama
• Na listovima nastaju žućkasto
narandžaste pege, sačinjene od spermacija i
ecidija.
76. Rđa maline
Prouzrokovač: Phragmidium rubi-idaei
• Uredostadijum i teleutostadijum se
pojavljuje na naličju lista i često prekrivaju
celu njegovu površinu
• Uredosorusi i teleutosorusi su prečnika
oko 0,1-0,2 mm
• Uredosorusi su rđaste, a teleutosorusi
crne boje
• Zaraženi listovi opadaju, što se obično
dešava kasnije u vegetaciji (avgust i
septembar).
• Uredospore su jednoćelijske, široko
ovalne, veličine 17-23 x 15-19 m.
• Teleutospore su cilindrične, bez suženja na
septi, vrh im je zašiljen, sa jednim izraštajem
Uredosorusi
Teleutosorusi
77. Ciklus razvoja:
• Prezimljava teleutosporama ili micelijom u rak ranicama na izdancima maline
• U proleće micelija formira uredospore koje šire zarazu
• Prezimile teleutospore klijanjem daju bazidiospore, a one spermacije i kasnije ecidije sa
ecidiosporama. Ecidije se obično javljaju u maju i junu, a teleutosorusi u julu i avgustu
Prezimljavanje: teleutosporama ili
micelijom u zaraženim ostacima
Suzbijanje:
• Sorte maline se međusobno razlikuju po
osetljivosti prema ovoj bolesti
• Sakupljanjem i uništavanjem zaraženih
listova takođe se smanjuje inokulacioni
potencijal
• Ako se pojavi jača zaraza izvodi se
hemijska zaštita
Rđa maline
Prouzrokovač: Phragmidium rubi-idaei
78. Botryotinia fuckeliana
anamorf. Botrytis cinerea
Prouzrokovač sive truleži ploda maline
• Patogen opisan u vežbi VII – “polifagni patogeni”
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Prouzrokovač bakterioznog raka voćaka
• Patogen opisan u vežbi VII – “polifagni patogeni”
79. KUPINA (Rubus sp.)
Mikoze
Rđa kupine
Prouzrokovač: Phragmidium violaceum
• Jaka pojava bolesti može dovesti do prevremenog
gubitka listova, slabijeg porasta i manjeg prinosa
Simptomi: rđa se javlja na svim nadzemnim delovima
kupine: listu, lisnim nervima, lisnoj dršci, mladim
izdancima, cvetu i plodu
• Najznačajniji i vrlo uočljivi simptomi se javljaju na
listu
• Po ostvarenoj zarazi na naličju lista se javljaju
žućkaste ili crvenkaste fleke
• Kroz desetak dana fleke prerastaju u purpurne ili
crvene pege (do 4 mm u prečniku), često sa žutim ili
mrkim centrom
80. • Na naličju lista, naspram pege, nastaju
zlatno žuti uredosorusi oko 1 mm u prečniku
• Pri jakoj pojavi bolesti, list se uvija i
prevremeno opada
• Žuta boja uredosorusa na naličju lista
vremenom se menja u postaje crna, jer se
formiraju teleutosorusi sa
teleutosporama
Rđa kupine
Prouzrokovač: Phragmidium violaceum
81. • Ciklus razvoja: prouzrokvač rđe kupine verovatno prezimljava teleutosporama na starim
listovima koji ostaju pričvšćeni na stablu kupine
• Postoje i mišljenja da gljiva može prezimiti i micelijom u stablu i da takva micelija može dati
uredospore sledećeg proleća.
• Teleutospore klijaju dajući bazid sa po četiri bazidiospore. Bazidiospore u proleće zaražavaju
mlad list kupine i javljaju se tamno zelene pege na površini lista. U centru pega se formiraju
spermagonije, a ubrzo zatim i ecidije na naličju lista. Iz ecidija se oslobađaju ecidiospore koje
zaražavaju list, a kroz desetak dana javljaju se urodosorusi sa uredosporama
• Sekundarne infekcije u toku vegetacije vrše se uredosporama kad god za to postoje povoljni
uslovi. Patogen se raznosi vetrom na rastojanje i do 70 km
Rđa kupine
Prouzrokovač: Phragmidium violaceum
83. Domaćini:
Rubus plicatus (fruticosus) - evropska crna kupina
Rubus laciniatus – peršunasta kupina
Rasprostranjenost:
U nas gde god se kupina gaji
Štenost:
U nas nema podataka – sušenje lista,
izdanaka, slabija fotosinteza, sitniji
plodovi
84. Rđa izdanka i lista kupine
Prouzrokovač: Kuehneola uredinis
• 1979. opisana u Srbiji na bestrnoj kupini sorti Evergreen. U SAD i na malini.
• Veoma značajna na sorti “Thornfree”, koja je u našoj zemlji raširena
85. • U našim uslovima može biti veoma štetna, jer dovodi do sušenja i propadanja izdanaka
mladih biljaka
• Rđa je zabeležena skoro u svim zasadima kupine bez bodlji u okolini Knjaževca, Bele Crkve,
Koceljeve, Valjeva, Čačka, Smedereva i dr.
Rđa izdanka i lista kupine
Prouzrokovač: Kuehneola uredinis
86. • Simptomi: U našim uslovima rđa kupine se javlja u drugom delu vegetacije, u julu i avgustu.
Na prezimelim izdancima dolazi do pucanja kore ispod koje se pojavljuju limunasto žuti
uredosorusi (plodonosna tela gljiva prouzrokovača „rđa“ u kojima se obrazuju uredospore.
• Uredosorusi – vrlo krupni, dugih i po nekoliko cm, usled čega vitalnost izdanka slabi i na kraju
propadaju
Rđa izdanka i lista kupine
Prouzrokovač: Kuehneola uredinis
87. • Slabljenje biljaka
• Defolijacija biljaka
• Povećana osetljivost na niske temp.
• Sušenje i propadanje izdanka
Rđa izdanka i lista kupine
Prouzrokovač: Kuehneola uredinis
88. Rđa izdanka i lista kupine
Prouzrokovač: Kuehneola uredinis
89. • Krajem vegetacije, i na naličju lista
rodnih izdanaka, se pojavljuju sitni,
žuti uredosorusi
• Ponekad su tako brojni da potpuno
prekrivaju naličje lista u vidu žute
brašnaste prevlake
Rđa izdanka i lista kupine
Prouzrokovač: Kuehneola uredinis
90.
91. • Usled oslobađanja uredospora iz
sorusa nastaju "oblaci prašine", pa
se za ovu pojavu kaže da kupina
"praši"
• U slučaju jake zaraze dolazi do
opadanja listova.
• Uredosorusi se mogu pojaviti i na
plodovima umanjujući im kvalitet, pa
plodovi postaju neupotrebljivi
Rđa izdanka i lista kupine
Prouzrokovač: Kuehneola uredinis
92.
93. Patogen:
- uredosporusi 1-2 mm dugi na stablu
Ø 0,1-0,2 mm na listu
- uredospore: 21 – 30 x 16-23 μm
- teleutosorusi (slični uredosorusima) ali su
svetložute do beličaste boje
- teleutospore: 15-40 x 14-24 μm, formiraju se
u nizovima od po 4-7 spora
- bazidioposre
- spermagonije – raspoređene u vidu prestena
- ecidije
96. Ciklus razvoja
- zima - prezimljiva micelija u izdancima i verovatno teleutospore
- proleće - na izdancima nastaju uredosorusi sa uredoposrama
- leto - uredospore šire zarazu
- jesen - nastaju teleutosrusi sa teleutosporama
- jesen teleutospore klijanem daju bazid sa badisporama
- jesen basidiospore klijanjem daju spermaginije sa speramcijama
- jesen na listu nastaju ecidije sa ecidiosporama
jesen ecidiopsore daju miceliju koja przimljaiva
• ZIMA: PADA PRVI SNEG
• PROLEĆE: SVE JOVO NANOVO
97.
98. Mere kontrole
- suzbijanje je otežano
- zdav sadni materijal
- orezivanje i uklanjanje zaženih izdanaka
-Hemijska zaštita
-Bakarni preparati
-I tretiranje pred kretanje vegetacije
-II tretiranje pred cvetanje
Triazoli - ? Strobilurini ? Triadimenol OK!
102. Značaj
• Švajcarska: štete i do 80%
• U nas štete velike (sadni materijal zaražen)
• Ona se u našoj zemlji sve više širi i postaje
sve značajnija
• Više primera sušenja čitavih zasada u Srbiji
• Purpurna pegavost je najznačajnija bolest
stabla i bočnih grana kupine
103.
104. • Prvi simptomi se javljaju tokom leta.
• U osnovi mladih (iz tekuće vegetacije) izdanaka pojavljuju se tamno
zelene pege veličine čiode
• Tokom zime, nove pege se javljaju na višim delovima izdanka. One
vremenom pocrvene, a potom dobijaju mrku boju sa jasnim crvenim
rubom
105. • U proleće naredne godine centar pega postaje svetlo mrk i manje je
izražen
• Od kraja februara do aprila pege se naglo povećavaju i dostižu dužinu
od oko 2 cm
106. • U međuvremenu se pege
spajaju i mogu sasvim
pokriti internodije stabla
u dužini od više desetina
cemtimetara
110. • Odstranjivanjem pokoričnog tkiva zapaža se mrka nekroza i
izumiranje floema i ksilema. Ovako jaka nekroza uzrokuje
sušenje obolelih delova ili celih izdnaka kupine
111. • Gljiva može zaraziti i list
• Sitne pege
• Prečnik 1-2 mm
• Spajanjem pega dlazi do nekroze manje ili veće površine lista
112. • Početkom proleća
naredne godine u
okviru pega pojavljuju
se redovi sitnih, crnih
piknida koji se
probijaju kroz
epidermis
113. Pri vlažnim uslovima, iz piknida curi
crvuljasta masa konidija dužine do 1 mm,
vidljivih golim okom.
118. Mere kontrole
Agrotehničke
Zdrav sadni materijal
Orezivanje zaraženih izdanaka
Uništavanje divlje kupine
Hemijske - fungicidi
Mirovanje: Cu preparati
Vegetacija: Kaptan ili Piraklostrobin ili Piraklostrobi
+ Boskalid, Krezoksim metil
Kada u vegetaciji ? Mladi izdanci: 20-30 cm, 60 cm i
90 cm visine
119.
120.
121. Botryotinia fuckeliana
anamorf. Botrytis cinerea
Prouzrokovač sive truleži ploda kupine
• Patogen opisan u vežbi VII – “polifagni patogeni”
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Prouzrokovač bakterioznog raka voćaka
• Patogen opisan u vežbi VII – “polifagni patogeni”
