The carotid arteries are the primary vessels supplying blood to the brain and face. The right common carotid artery (RCCA) originates in the neck from the brachiocephalic artery while the left common carotid artery (LCCA) arises in the thorax from the arch of the aorta.
The carotid arteries are the primary vessels supplying blood to the brain and face. The right common carotid artery (RCCA) originates in the neck from the brachiocephalic artery while the left common carotid artery (LCCA) arises in the thorax from the arch of the aorta.
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Anatomy And Physiology of Human Heart
1. ANATOMY OF THE HEART By: Dr Mohammed Faez
2. The Heart The heart is a chambered muscular organ that pumps blood received from the veins into the arteries, thereby maintaining the flow of blood through the entire circulatory system.
3. The Heart • The heart is surrounded by membrane called Pericardium.
4. The Pericardium • The pericardium is a fibroserous sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels. • The pericardium lies within the middle mediastinum.
5. The Pericardium
6. The Pericardium • Its function is to restrict excessive movements of the heart as a whole and to serve as a lubricated container in which the different parts of the heart can contract.
Arterial Supply and Venous Drainage of Pelvis.pptxMathew Joseph
The rich vascular supply of the pelvis not only supports the structures contained within it, including the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs, but also extends to the lower extremities. For a complete understanding of vascular anatomy as it pertains into the endovascular procedures of interventional radiology, it is useful to discuss the vascular structures in sections, from the bifurcation of the aorta and the inferior vena cava to the level of the common femoral arteries and veins. We will also review the anatomy of the iliac vessels, including their branches, common variants, and various collateral pathways
arteries of human body including head and neck, upper extremities, lower extremities
different between the veins and arteries. common carotid arteries, internal carotid arteries, external carotid arteries, subclavian arteries
circle of Willis
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Anatomy And Physiology of Human Heart
1. ANATOMY OF THE HEART By: Dr Mohammed Faez
2. The Heart The heart is a chambered muscular organ that pumps blood received from the veins into the arteries, thereby maintaining the flow of blood through the entire circulatory system.
3. The Heart • The heart is surrounded by membrane called Pericardium.
4. The Pericardium • The pericardium is a fibroserous sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels. • The pericardium lies within the middle mediastinum.
5. The Pericardium
6. The Pericardium • Its function is to restrict excessive movements of the heart as a whole and to serve as a lubricated container in which the different parts of the heart can contract.
Arterial Supply and Venous Drainage of Pelvis.pptxMathew Joseph
The rich vascular supply of the pelvis not only supports the structures contained within it, including the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs, but also extends to the lower extremities. For a complete understanding of vascular anatomy as it pertains into the endovascular procedures of interventional radiology, it is useful to discuss the vascular structures in sections, from the bifurcation of the aorta and the inferior vena cava to the level of the common femoral arteries and veins. We will also review the anatomy of the iliac vessels, including their branches, common variants, and various collateral pathways
arteries of human body including head and neck, upper extremities, lower extremities
different between the veins and arteries. common carotid arteries, internal carotid arteries, external carotid arteries, subclavian arteries
circle of Willis
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
Vessels of our ody.pdf
1. Principal Arteries of the body
• Aorta – has 3 parts:
1. Ascending aorta
• ascends from the heart (left ventricle)
• The coronary arteries are the only branch of the ascending aorta
that supplies the heart
2. Aortic arch
• Three vessels arise from the aortic arch:
– the brachiocephalic artery–supplies the upper limbs and head
regions
– left common carotid artery
– left subclavian artery
3. Descending aorta
– continuation of aortic arch
– Lies posterior to the heart and continues down ward to
become thoracic aorta
1
3. • Brachiocephalic artery(trunk)
• Bifurcates into:
• the right common carotid artery and right
subclavian artery
– supplies the right side of head and neck & the right upper
limb
• Right subclavian artery
• The left common carotid artery and the left subclavian
artery branch directly from the aortic arch.
3
4. Arteries of the head and neck
• Common carotid artery
• ascends upwards in the neck lateral to trachea
• divides slightly below the angle of the mandible into
• the internal carotid artery and
• the external carotid artery
• The brain is supplied by four arteries:
• Paired vertebral arteries (i.e., right and left) which
forms basilar arteries and
• Paired internal carotid arteries.
4
5. 1. The vertebral artery
• arises from the subclavian artery
• ascends in the neck through the transverse foramen
• enters the cranial cavity through the foramen magnum.
• The right and left vertebral arteries unite to form the
basilar artery.
5
7. 2. The internal carotid arteries
• is divided into:
1. the ophthalmic artery
– supplies the eye, and
2. the anterior and middle cerebral arteries
– supply the cerebrum.
The external carotid arteries
– branches are named according to the area or
structures they supply
1. Superior thyroid artery
• supply hyoid, larynx, vocal cords, thyroid gland.
7
8. 1. .
2. Ascending pharyngeal artery - supply pharyngeal area
3. Lingual artery -supply tongue and sublingual gland
4. Facial artery- supply pharyngeal, palate, chin, lips, nasal
region
5. Occipital artery
• supply scalp (posteriorly), meninges, mastoid region,
some of the posterior neck muscles
6. Maxillary artery
• supply teeth, gums, muscles of mastication, nasal
cavities, eyelids
7. Superficial temporal artery
• supply parotid gland, side of the head.
8
Branches of the External Carotid Arteries
10. Arteries of the upper limbs
• Right subclavian- from
brachiocephalic.and
• left subclavian- from aortic arch.
– It has several branches in the
thorax but becomes the
axillary artery as it passes in
the axilla.
– It becomes the brachial artery
in the arm.
• Site for BP(blood pressure
measurement)
10
11. • The brachial artery bifurcates at the cubital fossa into:
1. Radial artery- supplies muscles on the radial side of the
forearm. It is the site of measuring pulse.
2. Ulnar artery – supplies muscles on the ulnar side of the
forearm.
– Both arteries form:
• palmar arch in the palm and
• digital arteries supplying the digits.
11
14. • Branches of the thoracic portion of aorta
• It is a continuation of the aortic arch
• descends though the thoracic cavity to diaphragm
• gives branches to the muscles and organs of thoracic
region;
1. Pericardial artery
supply the pericardium of heart,
2. Bronchial artery
supply the systemic circulation to the lungs.
14
15. Branches of the abdominal portion of aorta
• Abdominal aorta is the segment between diaphragm
and L4
• Has three main unpaired branches
• Has also other paired branches
• Unpaired Branches
1. Celiac trunk
• short, thick, branch, which divides into three vessels:
–Splenic artery (to spleen)
–Left gastric artery ( to stomach)
–Common hepatic (to liver)
15
17. 2. Superior mesenteric artery
• to the small intestine (except the duodenum), cecum,
appendix, transverse(1/2), and ascending colons
3. Inferior mesenteric artery
• last major, anterior, unpaired branch just before
bifurcation into the common iliac arteries.
–Supplies half part of the transverse colon, the
descending, and sigmoid colons, rectum
• Paired branches of abdominal aorta:
1. Renal artery– to kidney
2. Suprarenal artery - to adrenal glands
3. Testicular artery - to testes
4. ovarian artery - to ovaries
17
18. • Arteries of the pelvis and lower limbs
The abdominal aorta terminates by bifurcating into:
1. right common iliac arteries
2. left common iliac arteries
The common iliac divides into
• the internal iliac and
• external iliac.
18
20. The internal iliac artery
• supply gluteal muscles and organs of the pelvic region
Urinary bladder , rectum , anal canal
• branches
• Middle rectal - internal visceral organs of the pelvis
• Superior, inferior, middle vesicular arteries - urinary
bladder
• Uterine and vaginal arteries - female reproductive
organs
• Superior and inferior gluteal arteries - gluteal muscles.
• Obturator artery - upper medial thigh muscles
• Internal pudendal artery - perineum and external
genitalia of male and female
20
21. The external iliac artery
• passes out of pelvis beneath the inguinal ligament to
become the femoral artery
– Femoral artery
• passes through the femoral triangle on the upper
medial portion of the thigh.
• At this point it is close to the surface, hence for
pulpation and pressure.
• the femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery as it
passes across the posterior aspect of the knee.
21
23. The popliteal artery
• divides into the
– anterior tibial and
– the posterior tibial arteries
• the anterior tibial artery at the ankle, becomes
» the dorsal pedal artery
»forms the plantar arch with the lateral plantar
artery of the posterior tibial artery.
»The dorsal pedal artery is the site from which
the most distal pulse is recorded to get
information about circulation.
23
24. • The posterior tibial artery
• forms the large fibular artery which supplies the
peroneal muscles of the leg.
• At the ankle it bifurcates into the lateral and medial
plantar arteries.
• The lateral plantar artery forms the plantar arch and
gives off digital arteries to the digits of the foot.
24
25. Venous drainage of the body
Veins Draining the head and neck
• External jugular vein
• from scalp, portions of face, superficial neck region
• drain into right and left subclavian vein.
• Internal jugular vein
• from brain, meniges, deep regions of face and neck
• larger and deeper than the external jugular vein
• passes in carotid sheath with the common carotid and
vagus nerve beneath sternocleidomastoid muscle
• subclavian vein and internal jugular unite to form the
brachiocephalic vein
• the two brachiocephalic veins merge to form the superior
vena cava, which empties into the right atrium
25
26. Veins of the upper extremity
• Consists of superficial and deep venous drainage
• Deep veins
– accompany the arteries and bear their names / region
• radial vein & ulnar vein
– both drain from deep and superficial palmar
arches
–radial and ulnar veins join in the cubital fossa to
form the brachial vein, which continues up on the
medial side of the arm.
• Brachial vein -axiliary → subclavian → internal
jugular → brachiocephalic
26
27. Superficial veins
– are the basilic and
– cephalic veins
• basilic vein
• drains blood from ulnar side of forearm, medial side of
arm
• merges with brachial vein near the head of the humerus
to form the axillary vein
• cephalic vein
• drains superficial region of hand and forearm on radial
side
• joins axillary vein in the shoulder region
• median cubital vein ascends from the cephalic vein to
join basilic vein on radial side.
• It is a site of venipuncture
27
28. Veins of the thorax
• Superior vena cava
• receives blood from the right and left brachiocephalic
veins, which drain head, neck, and upper limb as well as
from azygous veins.
• lacks valves which are characteristics of most veins
• The azygous vein
• extends superiorly along the dorsal abdominal and
thoracic walls on the right side of the vertebral column
28
29. Cont…
• joins the superior vena cava at T4.
• Its tributaries are:
• ascending lumbar veins - drain from lumbar and
sacral regions
• intercostals veins- from intercostals regions
• accessory hemiazygous and hemiazygous veins– from left
of the vertebral column
Veins of the lower extremity
• have a deep and a superficial group
• The deep veins
• accompany the corresponding arteries
• These include
29
30. • These include:
• posterior and anterior tibial veins
• originate in the foot and descend upwards in front of
the tibia to the back of the knee where they merge to
form the popliteal vein.
• Popliteal vein
• drains blood from the knee region and above the
knee, it becomes the femoral vein
• the femoral vein
• receives blood from the deep femoral vein and above
this, receives from the great saphenous vein, then
becomes the external iliac vein (as it passes under the
inguinal ligament).
• the external iliac vein
• merges with the internal iliac vein to form the
common iliac vein
30
31. • The superficial vein include
• small saphenous vein
• arises from the lateral side of the foot, courses
posteriorly along the surface of the calf of the leg
and enters deep into the popliteal vein behind the
knee.
• Great saphenous vein
• longest vessel in the body, originates at the arch of
the foot and ascends superiorly along the medial
aspect of the leg and thigh before draining into the
femoral vein.
31
32. Veins of the Abdominal Region
• The inferior vena cava
• parallels the abdominal aorta on the right as it ascends
through the abdominal cavity.
• It penetrates the diaphragm and empties into the right
atrium
• largest in diameter of all vessels in the body
• in the abdomen has tributaries corresponding to the
branches of the abdominal aorta .
• (Exceptions: the left testicular vein, left ovarian vein and
the left suprarenal vein drain into the left renal vein)
32
33. • 4 paired lumbar veins
• renal veins
• right and left testicular veins.
• right and left ovarian veins
• right and left suprarenal veins.
• inferior phrenic vein
• right and left hepatic veins
33
34. Hepatic portal system
• A portal system is one in which the veins that drain one
group of capillaries delivers blood to another group of
capillaries, which in turn are drained by systemic veins that
carry blood to the vena cava and then into the right atrium
of heart.
• two capillary beds in series:
• veins that drain blood from capillaries in the internal
pancreas, spleen, gallbladder into the capillaries in
the liver (sinusoids)
• right and left hepatic veins that drain the liver into the
inferior vena cava
34
35. Hepatic portal system cont…
• Hepatic portal vein – drains blood from digestive organs
• formed by union of superior mesenteric vein (from small
intestine) and splenic vein (from spleen)
• Splenic vein is formed by convergence of - inferior
mesenteric vein (from large intestine), pancreatic vein, left
gastroepiploic vein.
• The right gastroepiploic vein from stomach drains directly
into the superior mesenteric vein.
• Three veins other veins drain directly into the portal vein:
left and right gastric vein (from lesser curvature) and cystic
vein (from gall bladder).
35