arteries of human body including head and neck, upper extremities, lower extremities different between the veins and arteries. common carotid arteries, internal carotid arteries, external carotid arteries, subclavian arteries circle of Willis

1. ARTERIAL SUPPLY
ANANYA GIRISH BABU
LECTURE

2. ARTERIES AND VEINS
• Blood flow away from the heart
• Posses thick elastic wall
• carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery
• Don’t possess valves except aorta
• Pulses are detected
Veins
• Blood flow towards the heart
• posses thin wall
• Carry deoxygenated blood except all pulmonary veins
• Valves are present which help to prevent back flow
• Pulse is not detected
• Veins are near the surface of skin

3. Arteries of head and neck
• Common carotid artery
• External carotid artery
• Internal carotid artery
• Subclavian artery

4. Common carotid artery
• It runs lateral to trachea and larynx to bifurcate at upper border of thyroid cartilage [between C3 &C4 ]
• CCA gives rise to ICA posteromedial and ECA anterolaterally
• The Common Carotid artery is a large elastic artery which provides the main blood supply to the head and
neck. The carotid arteries are the primary vessels supplying blood to the brain and face.
• The right common carotid artery (RCCA) originates in the neck from the brachiocephalic artery
• The left common carotid artery (LCCA) arises in the thorax from the arch of the aorta.
• Both right and left common carotid arteries bifurcate in the neck at the level of the carotid sinus into the
internal carotid artery (ICA), which supplies the brain, and the external carotid artery (ECA), which supplies
the neck and face
Each carotid artery branches into two divisions:
• The internal carotid artery supplies blood to the brain
• The external carotid artery supplies blood to the face and neck.

6. As the carotid arteries are responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to the brain, many conditions require
monitoring and treatment, especially if the patient is symptomatic, including atherosclerosis leading to stenosis,
carotid artery aneurysm, transient ischemic attack, and stroke[1].
• Cervical Artery Dysfunction(-CAD) , braces the whole cervical arterial system and the range of pathologies
that affect this system).An acute injury, such as neck trauma from a road traffic collision or impact from a rugby
tackle, can cause trauma to the blood vessels. As a result, this can cause damage to the vessel itself, restricting
blood flow or the opposite where blood flow is increased
• Carotid stenosis - It is a narrowing of the carotid arteries caused by a buildup plaque (atherosclerosis) inside
the artery wall that reduces blood flow to the brain which my cause a stroke. (Plaque is a sticky substance
made of fat, cholesterol, calcium and other fibrous material). [4]
• Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity - Carotid sinus hypersensitivity is an increased response to carotid sinus
stimulation, which can occur with advanced age, coronary artery disease or hypertension. External pressure
on the carotid sinus can cause bradycardia and hypotension, which can lead to dizziness or syncope.
Therefore, palpation of the carotid pulse is not recommended in patients with this condition.[5]
• Carotid artery aneurysm - A weak area of the carotid artery allows part of the artery to bulge out like a balloon
with each heartbeat. Aneurysms pose a risk for breaking, which could result in stroke or severe bleeding, or
hemorrhage.[2]
• Carotid artery vasculitis - Inflammation of the carotid artery, due to an autoimmune condition or an infection

7. External carotid artery
• It lies anterior to the ICA and is the chief arterial supply to structures in front of neck and faces
• The external carotid artery is one of the two terminal branches of the common carotid artery which is smaller
than the other branch (the internal carotid artery)

8. The ECA has eight branches, which anastomose with the
branches from the contralateral external carotid, allowing for
collateral circulation: These branches include
•Superior thyroid artery
•Ascending pharyngeal artery
•Lingual artery
•Facial artery
•Occipital artery
•Posterior auricular artery
•Maxillary artery
•Superficial temporal artery

9. INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
• ORGIN- one of the terminal branch of CCA originates along with ECA at the upper border of the
thyroid cartilage at the disk od C3 and C4 vertebrae
• The internal carotid artery is a major branch of the common carotid artery, supplying several parts
of the head with blood, the most important one being the brain.
Segments – Branches
1. Cervical part in the neck
2. Petrous part in the petrous temporal
bone
3. Cavernous part in the cavernous sinus
4. Cerebral part in relation to base of brain
1.Caritocotympanic (C2),
2. Vidian (C2)
3. Meningeal (C4)
5.Inferior Hypophyseal (C4)
6.Superior Hypophyseal (C6)
7.Ophthalmic (C6)
8.Posterior Communicating (C7)
9.Anterior Choroidal (C7)
Terminal Branches: Anterior Cerebral
(C7), Middle Cerebral Arteries (C7)

11. Circle of Willis
• There are two sources responsible for feeding the
brain with its much needed arterial
blood called anterior and posterior circulations. The
internal carotid arteries are part of the anterior
circulation, which is responsible for supplying the
forebrain. The two circulations of the brain
anastomose and form an anatomical structure called
the circle of Willis.
• The circle of Willis begins to form when the right
and left internal carotid artery (ICA) enters the
cranial cavity and each one divides into two main
branches: the anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
and middle cerebral artery (MCA).
• The circle of Willis encircles the stalk of the
pituitary gland and provides important
communications between the blood supply of the
forebrain and hindbrain (i.e., between the internal
carotid and vertebro-basilar systems following
obliteration of primitive embryonic connections)

12. Blood supply to lower limb

13. Femoral artery
• The main artery of lower limb is femoral artery
• It is continuation of the external iliac artery which is the
terminal branch of abdominal aorta
• The external iliac become the femoral artery when it crosses
under the inguinal ligament & enter the femoral triangle

14. Additional arteries
• In addition to the femoral artery, there are other
vessels supplying the lower limb.
• The obturator artery arises from the internal iliac
artery in the pelvic region. It descends via the
obturator canal to enter the medial thigh, bifurcating
into two branches:
• Anterior branch – This supplies the pectineus,
obturator externus[ischium and femur region],
adductor muscles and gracilis.
• Posterior branch – This supplies some of the deep
gluteal muscles.
• The gluteal region is largely supplied by the
superior and inferior gluteal arteries. These arteries
also arise from the internal iliac artery, entering the
gluteal region via the greater sciatic foramen.

15. Tigh region arteries
In the femoral triangle, the profunda femoris artery arises from the posterolateral aspect of the
femoral artery. It travels posteriorly and distally, giving off three main branches:
• Perforating branches – Consists of three or four arteries that perforate the adductor
magnus[pelvis femur region], contributing to the supply of the muscles in the medial and posterior
thigh.
• Lateral femoral circumflex artery – Wraps round the anterior, lateral side of the femur, supplying
some of the muscles on the lateral aspect of the thigh.
• Medial femoral circumflex artery – Wraps round the posterior side of the femur, supplying its
neck and head. In a fracture of the femoral neck this artery can easily be damaged, and avascular
necrosis of the femur head can occur.

17. • After exiting the femoral triangle, the femoral artery
continues down the anterior aspect of the thigh,
through a tunnel known as the adductor canal. During
its descent, the artery supplies the anterior thigh
muscles.
• The adductor canal ends at an opening in the adductor
magnus, called the adductor hiatus. The femoral
artery moves through this opening, and enters the
posterior compartment of the thigh, proximal to the
knee. The femoral artery is now known as
the popliteal artery.

18. Arteries in leg
• The popliteal artery descends down the posterior thigh, giving rise to genicular branches that
supply the knee joint. It moves through the popliteal fossa, exiting between the gastrocnemius and
popliteus muscles.
• At the lower border of the popliteus, the popliteal artery terminates by dividing into the anterior
tibial artery and the tibioperoneal trunk. In turn, the tibioperoneal trunk bifurcates into
the posterior tibial and fibular arteries:
Posterior tibial artery Fibular (peroneal) artery
Continues inferiorly, along the surface of
the deep posterior leg muscles (such as
tibialis posterior). It enters the sole of the
foot via the tarsal tunnel, accompanying
the tibial nerve.
Descends posteriorly to the fibula, within
the posterior compartment of the leg. It
gives rise to perforating branches,
which penetrate the intermuscular septum
to supply muscles in the lateral
compartment of the leg.

19. The other division of the popliteal artery,
the anterior tibial artery, passes anteriorly
between the tibia and fibula, through a gap in
the interosseous membrane. It then moves
inferiorly down the leg.

20. Arterial supply to the foot
• Arterial supply to the foot is delivered via two arteries:
Dorsalis pedis (a continuation of the anterior tibial artery)Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis Posterior tibial
The dorsalis pedis artery begins as the
anterior tibial artery enters the foot. It passes
over the dorsal aspect of the tarsal bones,
then moves inferiorly, towards the sole of the
foot.
The posterior tibial artery enters the sole of
the foot through the tarsal tunnel. It then
splits into the lateral and
medial plantar arteries. These arteries supply
the plantar side of the foot, and contributes
to the supply of the toes via the deep plantar
arch.