The document describes the design steps for a microcontroller-based system and case studies of microcontroller applications. It discusses 10 steps for microcontroller design: 1) justification, 2) operations definition, 3) instruction set definition, 4) architecture definition, 5) ALU design/implementation, 6) register file, 7) instruction register, 8) datapath for processing and control, 9) program counter/jumps/transfers, and 10) control unit. It also covers microcontroller performance factors and provides examples of data acquisition and robotic systems controlled by microcontrollers.

1. CHAPTER 6
SYSTEM DESIGN
Microcontroller and applications
ILLUSTRATED BY
Varsha Patil

2. THE MICROCONTROLLER BASED
DESIGN STEPS
 6.4.1 Methodology Steps
 STEP I Justification
 STEP II Operations Definition
 STEP III Instruction Set Definition
 STEP IV Architecture Definition
 STEP V Arithmetic Logic Unit (Design and Implementation)
 STEP VI The Register File
 STEP VII The Instruction Register
 STEP VIII Data Path for data processing and Control Signal Table
 STEP IX The PC, Jump and data transfer instructions
 STEP X The Control Unit

3. MICROCONTROLLER IMPLEMENTATION
ALTERNATIVES

4. Increased productivity yields shorter development cycles
with more product features and reduced time to market,
Reduced Non-Recurring Engineering (NRE) costs,
Design reuse is enabled,
Increased flexibility to design changes,

5. MICROCONTROLLER PERFORMANCE
FACTORS
(a) Speed, size, power cost design time and manufacture
cost.
 (b) Architecture : (i) Von Neumann, (ii) Harvard
 (c) Chip Area.
 (d) Simulation and hardware implementation.

6. CASE STUDY IN GENERAL DATA
ACQUISITION SYSTEM

7. Data Distribution System

8. Factors to be considered for designing a
DAS
 While designing data acquisition system following factors
are required to be considered :
 • Is it a fixed or a mobile application ?
 • Type of input/output signal : digital or analog ?
 • Frequency of input signal ?
 • Resolution, range, and gain ?
 • Continuous operation ?
 • Compatibility between hardware and software. Are
the drivers available ?
 • Overall price.

10. Algorithm, Total Number of Lines required :
 (A) Algorithm :
 1. Start.
 2. Select the channel.
 3. A Low – High transition on ALE to latch in the address.
 4. A Low – High transition on Start to reset the ADC’s SAR.
 5. A High – Low transition on ALE.
 6. A High – Low transition on start to start the conversion.
 7. Wait for End of cycle (EOC) pin to become high.
 8. Make Output Enable pin High.
 9. Take Data from the ADC’s output.
 10. Make Output Enable pin Low.
 11. Stop.
 (B) Total Number of Lines required :
 The total numbers of lines required are total 12 lines, which contain some of the lines like :
 • Data lines : 8 numbers.
 • ALE line : 1 number.
 • START line : 1 number
 • EOC line : 1 number
 Output Enable line : 1 number
 • We can directly connect the OE pin to Vcc. Moreover instead of polling for EOC just put some delay so
instead of 12 lines we will require 10 lines.
 • We can also provide the clock through the controller thus eliminating the need of external circuit for
clock.

12. 9 CASE STUDY 2 : ROBOT DEVELOPMENT
Types of Robots
Technologies That Go to Make up a Robot
 3 Classes of Robots
6 Advantages of Robots
7 Disadvantages of Robots

13. Interfacing Diagram for AT89C2051
and H-Bridge Driver L293D
(With 5 Volt Power Supply Arrangement)

14. LM324 Comparator IC Used for Sensing Black Strips


15. signaling.
Inputs Function
Vin H = H C = H; D = L Turn Right
Vin H = H C = L; D = H Turn Left
C=D Fast Motor Stop
Vin H = L C = X; D = X Free Running Motor Stop
L = Low, H = High, X = Don’t Care
Use of L293 forms an H-Bridge for bidirectional DC motor driver

16. : Connection and Timing Diagram for Line
Tracking Sensor

17. CASE STUDY OF KEYBOARD CONTROLLED ROBOTIC CAR
USING 89C51 MICROCONTROLLER

18. Case I : Clockwise Direction :
 When A0 = high; A3 = high; & A1 = low; A2 = low.
 The motor rotates in clockwise direction.
 Case II : Anti-Clockwise Direction :
 When A0 = low; A3 = low; & A1 = high; A2 = high.
 The motor rotates in anti-clockwise direction.
 Case III : Motor Stops the Rotation
 When A0 = low; A3 = low; A1 = low; A2 = low
 The motor stops the rotation.

20. Circuit Diagram of IR Transmitter

 Fig. 6.20 : Circuit diagram of IR rtransmitterand Receiver

21.  What is TCP/IP ? (IMP)
 (a) TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
 (b) TCP/IP is the communication protocol for communication between
computers on the Internet.
 (c) A computer communication protocol is a description of the rules computers
must follow to communicate with each other.
 (d) TCP/IP defines how electronic devices (like computers) should be connected
to the Internet, and how data should be transmitted between them.
 The TCP/IP Protocol Architecture(1) Main unit (2) Data
acquisition module
 (3) Data processing module

22. Data Processing Module and
The Moving Characteristics of the Wheel Control

23. Interfacing ATmega8535 with CMPS03
(Left) and the Wheel Rotation Counter (Right