Blockchain & Smart Contracts Basics and Perspectives for MASGiovanni Ciatto
Blockchain technology (BCT) enables a common, consistent view of some shared state among agents in distributed systems. Smart contracts (SC) are an emerging computational model allowing users to deploy arbitrary computations on a blockchain-based system. Whereas BCT and SC are currently exploited mostly for financial transactions, identity management, and asset property tracking, they have the potential to positively affect the development of many research and technology areas, such as knowledge-intensive, agent-based, intelligent, and pervasive systems.
In this tutorial we introduce the main notions behind BCT and SC, and try to foresee a number of possible research directions which are of potential interest for the WOA community.
A gentle introduction to the Blockchain and Smart ContractsGiovanni Ciatto
Abstract: The blockchain is a novel approach to distributed systems enabling a common, consistent view of some shared state among distributed agents.
Smart contracts are an emerging computational model — heavily influenced by the object oriented one — allowing users to deploy arbitrary computations on a blockchain-based system.
They aim at automatically regulating (financial) interactions among individuals or organisations.
It turns out that smart contracts are essentially a novel way to perform State Machine Replication, also considering the economical aspects of computations.
Despite the very interesting applications envisioned for smart contracts — mostly related to finance, identity management or asset tracking — they are far from perfection because some characteristic traits like, for instance, semantic subtleties within the imperative code, lack control flow encapsulation, source code immutability, and so on.
In this talk we gently introduce the blockchain research area with a top-down approach, starting from a general overview of the blockchain's main elements, and moving towards a comprehensive tour of their inter-dependencies.
Finally, we present a number of research directions which are of interest for our team, mainly aimed at evaluating the consequences of combining the blockchain techonology and the smart contract abstraction with other programming paradigms and computational models.
Blockchain & Smart Contracts Basics and Perspectives for MASGiovanni Ciatto
Blockchain technology (BCT) enables a common, consistent view of some shared state among agents in distributed systems. Smart contracts (SC) are an emerging computational model allowing users to deploy arbitrary computations on a blockchain-based system. Whereas BCT and SC are currently exploited mostly for financial transactions, identity management, and asset property tracking, they have the potential to positively affect the development of many research and technology areas, such as knowledge-intensive, agent-based, intelligent, and pervasive systems.
In this tutorial we introduce the main notions behind BCT and SC, and try to foresee a number of possible research directions which are of potential interest for the WOA community.
A gentle introduction to the Blockchain and Smart ContractsGiovanni Ciatto
Abstract: The blockchain is a novel approach to distributed systems enabling a common, consistent view of some shared state among distributed agents.
Smart contracts are an emerging computational model — heavily influenced by the object oriented one — allowing users to deploy arbitrary computations on a blockchain-based system.
They aim at automatically regulating (financial) interactions among individuals or organisations.
It turns out that smart contracts are essentially a novel way to perform State Machine Replication, also considering the economical aspects of computations.
Despite the very interesting applications envisioned for smart contracts — mostly related to finance, identity management or asset tracking — they are far from perfection because some characteristic traits like, for instance, semantic subtleties within the imperative code, lack control flow encapsulation, source code immutability, and so on.
In this talk we gently introduce the blockchain research area with a top-down approach, starting from a general overview of the blockchain's main elements, and moving towards a comprehensive tour of their inter-dependencies.
Finally, we present a number of research directions which are of interest for our team, mainly aimed at evaluating the consequences of combining the blockchain techonology and the smart contract abstraction with other programming paradigms and computational models.
https://www.meetup.com/bitcoin-barcelona/events/236961113/?eventId=236961113&chapter_analytics_code=UA-68616111-1
What is a "Smart Contract"?
What Smart Contracts are useful for?
How to improve business processes using Smart Contracts?
The best smart contract platforms in 2021OliviaJune1
The smart contract has become a game-changer in the industry. Contract delivery and payout have both changed dramatically as a result. Only Ethereum was once considered to be the only platform for creating smart contracts
How Bitcoin 2.0 Will Shape the Future of Businessclark800
Bitcoin 2.0 and smart contracts will create economic incentives that guide the economy towards more efficient methods of government and taxation, radically optimizing how the world does business and how society functions.
پرایس اکشن نمودار قیمت را تعقیب میکند و اجازه نمیدهد تا اندیکاتورها و عوامل مختلف جلوی دید شما را بگیرند تا اطلاعات مهم را از قلم بیندازید. اندیکاتورها تنها موجب سردرگمی و حواسپرتی تریدر میشود. پرایس اکشن کمک میکند تا تریدر بهخوبی روند قیمت را پیشبینی کند که البته این کار به لطف پرایس اکشن آسان خواهد بود. اگر تریدر باتجربهای باشید به آموزش پرایس اکشن توجه میکنید و آن را دستکم نخواهید گرفت.
https://binancefa.com/technicalanalysis/training-price-action
Presentation about the state of smart contract technologies.
These slides where presented at:
- BlockchainUA in Kiev, 14/09/18
- Bitcoin and Blockchain meetup in London, 28/11/18
- BlockchainEdu meetup in Rome, 12/12/18
A framework for improving the efficiency of the transparency in financial dom...Dr. C.V. Suresh Babu
National Web Conference on Challenges and Innovation in Engineering and Technology, NWCCIET 2021, organized by Ramco Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India on 19th and 20th March 2021
Privacy-preserving techniques using zero knowledge proof in public EthereumNagib Aouini
Public Blockchain technology like Ethereum is gaining interest and growing use case among startup and fintechs.
Apart from scalability issues which are going to be solved with new consensus and mining techniques (Ethereum Metropolis and Bitcoin SegWit2x with Lightning network),
privacy on transaction is still an issue which is not yet fully addressed yet. Because of the public nature of a Ethereum, many businesses are reluctant to deploy Smart-contract or Dapps solutions for fear of exposing confidential or sensitive information.
The use of zk SNARKs (zk-SNARK stands for “Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge”) would essentially solve this dilemma (next EIP improvement of Ethereum called 'Byzantium' include zk SNARKS).
The idea of zk-SNARKs is that they allow verification of the correctness of computations, without a verifier having to execute those computations, or even learn what was actually executed. Using zk-SNARKs, a verifier can confirm that a computation happened correctly, with ‘zero-knowledge’ of the computation.
We propose during this talk to have a brief presentation on cryptography and theory around zero-knowledge proof algorithm.
Then we will try to showcase the benefits of zk-SNARKS and other privacy-preserving techniques (like zcash) on the public blockchain ecosystem.
Introduction to blockchain and crypto currenciesRohas Nagpal
The Blockchain technology has received tremendous attention over the last couple of years.Key benefits of blockchains include immutability and decentralisation.
Reserve Bank of India has said that "With its potential to fight counterfeiting, the 'blockchain' is likely to bring about a major transformation in the functioning of financial markets, collateral identification (land records for instance) and payments system".
This presentation introduces the blockchain technology.
Willem (https://twitter.com/WVandewieleW) took it upon him to update us on the legal aspects of blockchain and crypto-assets:
(1) at the EU level
a) the 2018 FinTech Action plan: https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/180308-action-plan-fintech_en
b) the 2019 ESMA report: https://www.esma.europa.eu/system/files_force/library/esma50-157-1391_crypto_advice.pdf
c) the 2019 EBA report: https://eba.europa.eu/-/eba-reports-on-crypto-assets
(2) at the national level
a) Luxembourg
b) France
c) Italy
d) Germany
The context was the second (2019) edition of the Computational Law and Blockchain Festival (#CLBFest), Brussels' node.
What is tokenization in blockchain - BCS LondonUlf Mattsson
BCS North London Branch in association with Central London Branch webinar (by GoToWebinar) Date: 2nd December 2020 Time: 18.00 to 19.30 Event title: Blockchain tokenization “What is tokenization in Blockchain?”
Agenda
Blockchain
What is Blockchain?
Use cases, trends and risks
Vendors and platforms
Data protection techniques and scalability
Tokenization
Digital business
Convert a digital value into a digital token
Local and central models
Cloud
Tokenization in Hybrid cloud
We are happy to invite you all to participate in the lecture, which our blockchain specialists are going to present on at SoftUni.
On that lecture we’ll explain fundamentals of blockchain technology, real live examples and upcoming challenges for the future applications of that new and beneficial technology.
Our team will present also the Open Source University project, how it will reshape the future of education, enhancing the connection between businesses and learning content providers. (www.os.university)
https://www.meetup.com/bitcoin-barcelona/events/236961113/?eventId=236961113&chapter_analytics_code=UA-68616111-1
What is a "Smart Contract"?
What Smart Contracts are useful for?
How to improve business processes using Smart Contracts?
The best smart contract platforms in 2021OliviaJune1
The smart contract has become a game-changer in the industry. Contract delivery and payout have both changed dramatically as a result. Only Ethereum was once considered to be the only platform for creating smart contracts
How Bitcoin 2.0 Will Shape the Future of Businessclark800
Bitcoin 2.0 and smart contracts will create economic incentives that guide the economy towards more efficient methods of government and taxation, radically optimizing how the world does business and how society functions.
پرایس اکشن نمودار قیمت را تعقیب میکند و اجازه نمیدهد تا اندیکاتورها و عوامل مختلف جلوی دید شما را بگیرند تا اطلاعات مهم را از قلم بیندازید. اندیکاتورها تنها موجب سردرگمی و حواسپرتی تریدر میشود. پرایس اکشن کمک میکند تا تریدر بهخوبی روند قیمت را پیشبینی کند که البته این کار به لطف پرایس اکشن آسان خواهد بود. اگر تریدر باتجربهای باشید به آموزش پرایس اکشن توجه میکنید و آن را دستکم نخواهید گرفت.
https://binancefa.com/technicalanalysis/training-price-action
Presentation about the state of smart contract technologies.
These slides where presented at:
- BlockchainUA in Kiev, 14/09/18
- Bitcoin and Blockchain meetup in London, 28/11/18
- BlockchainEdu meetup in Rome, 12/12/18
A framework for improving the efficiency of the transparency in financial dom...Dr. C.V. Suresh Babu
National Web Conference on Challenges and Innovation in Engineering and Technology, NWCCIET 2021, organized by Ramco Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India on 19th and 20th March 2021
Privacy-preserving techniques using zero knowledge proof in public EthereumNagib Aouini
Public Blockchain technology like Ethereum is gaining interest and growing use case among startup and fintechs.
Apart from scalability issues which are going to be solved with new consensus and mining techniques (Ethereum Metropolis and Bitcoin SegWit2x with Lightning network),
privacy on transaction is still an issue which is not yet fully addressed yet. Because of the public nature of a Ethereum, many businesses are reluctant to deploy Smart-contract or Dapps solutions for fear of exposing confidential or sensitive information.
The use of zk SNARKs (zk-SNARK stands for “Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge”) would essentially solve this dilemma (next EIP improvement of Ethereum called 'Byzantium' include zk SNARKS).
The idea of zk-SNARKs is that they allow verification of the correctness of computations, without a verifier having to execute those computations, or even learn what was actually executed. Using zk-SNARKs, a verifier can confirm that a computation happened correctly, with ‘zero-knowledge’ of the computation.
We propose during this talk to have a brief presentation on cryptography and theory around zero-knowledge proof algorithm.
Then we will try to showcase the benefits of zk-SNARKS and other privacy-preserving techniques (like zcash) on the public blockchain ecosystem.
Introduction to blockchain and crypto currenciesRohas Nagpal
The Blockchain technology has received tremendous attention over the last couple of years.Key benefits of blockchains include immutability and decentralisation.
Reserve Bank of India has said that "With its potential to fight counterfeiting, the 'blockchain' is likely to bring about a major transformation in the functioning of financial markets, collateral identification (land records for instance) and payments system".
This presentation introduces the blockchain technology.
Willem (https://twitter.com/WVandewieleW) took it upon him to update us on the legal aspects of blockchain and crypto-assets:
(1) at the EU level
a) the 2018 FinTech Action plan: https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/180308-action-plan-fintech_en
b) the 2019 ESMA report: https://www.esma.europa.eu/system/files_force/library/esma50-157-1391_crypto_advice.pdf
c) the 2019 EBA report: https://eba.europa.eu/-/eba-reports-on-crypto-assets
(2) at the national level
a) Luxembourg
b) France
c) Italy
d) Germany
The context was the second (2019) edition of the Computational Law and Blockchain Festival (#CLBFest), Brussels' node.
What is tokenization in blockchain - BCS LondonUlf Mattsson
BCS North London Branch in association with Central London Branch webinar (by GoToWebinar) Date: 2nd December 2020 Time: 18.00 to 19.30 Event title: Blockchain tokenization “What is tokenization in Blockchain?”
Agenda
Blockchain
What is Blockchain?
Use cases, trends and risks
Vendors and platforms
Data protection techniques and scalability
Tokenization
Digital business
Convert a digital value into a digital token
Local and central models
Cloud
Tokenization in Hybrid cloud
We are happy to invite you all to participate in the lecture, which our blockchain specialists are going to present on at SoftUni.
On that lecture we’ll explain fundamentals of blockchain technology, real live examples and upcoming challenges for the future applications of that new and beneficial technology.
Our team will present also the Open Source University project, how it will reshape the future of education, enhancing the connection between businesses and learning content providers. (www.os.university)
This is a beginner's guide to the Cardano blockchain.
It is colorful with diagrams and graphics and simple bullet point explanations.
This guide also has links to various websites and videos for reference.
There is even a glossary at the end to explain crypto jargon to beginners.
A brief description of how Blockchain Technology works. It is the technology behind the cryptocurrency. The blockchain is an incorruptible digital ledger of economic transactions that can be programmed to record not just financial transactions but virtually everything of value.
Understanding Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS) AlgorithmsGautam Anand
We will focus on understanding "Proof of Stake (PoS)" Algorithm, how it different from "Proof of Work" algorithm, the performance benefits and security overview. We will also discuss the upcoming blockchain protocols that are planning to move to PoS.
This presentation cuts through the confusion and hype surrounding blockchain, explains the key technical aspects of blockchain systems, and summarizes the point of view of different blockchain luminaries and open sourced systems. Originally presented as a guest lecture at Columbia University in April 2019.
BlockChain basics for the non-technical banker covering what's happening, what the opportunities are, and the problems we all face. Covers BitCoin and Ethereum with brief mentions made of Ripple and the HyperLedger project.
Innovation potential of the blockchain, and of decentralized applicationsJan Brejcha
The chain of transaction blocks, or blockchain, is a trustless shared public ledger of bitcoin transactions, synchronized in a peer-to-peer network. Thanks to decentralization the ledger is immutable.
معرفی آزمایشگاه زنجیره بلوک و زمینههای پژوهشیSadegh Dorri N.
اسلایدها مربوط به جلسه معرفی آزمایشگاه زنجیره بلوک دانشکده مهندسی برق و کامپیوتر دانشگاه تربیت مدرس است که در آن فناوری زنجیره بلوک (بلاکچین) و ارزهای دیجیتالی معرفی میشود و پس از آن زمینههای پژوهشی آزمایشگاه برای دانشجویان جدید معرفی میگردد.
ارزیابی سامانههای رایانهای با کمک شبیهسازیSadegh Dorri N.
یکی از روشهای ارزیابی سامانههای رایانهای، شبیهسازی به کمک رایانه است. این روش پیشینهای طولانی دارد و در موارد بسیاری که ارزیابی با روشهای صوری ممکن نیست، به کمک طراحان سامانه میآید. در صورتی که بتوان تمام حالات ممکن برای رفتار یک سامانه را در نظر گرفت و بر اساس آن ارزیابی را انجام داد، میتوان به یک نتیجهگیری مطمئن هم رسید. اما در عمل این فضای حالت چنان گسترده است که ارزیاب را ناگزیر میکند شبیهسازی را بر مبنای فرضیاتی در خصوص نوع ورودیها و زمانبندی آنها انجام دهد. اینجاست که اگر تحلیل نتایج به درستی انجام نشود، چیزی جز دستاوردهای تصادفی نخواهد بود و هیچ ارزش علمی نخواهد داشت؛ و نه تنها راهگشا نخواهد بود بلکه موجب گمراهی خواهد شد. در این ارائه با طرح دو مثال واقعی سعی میکنیم برخی ملاحظات و پیچیدگیهایی را که طراحی و تحلیل درست شبیهسازی و نتایج آن با روشهای آماری دارد، مطرح کنیم.
امروزه با پیشرفت فناوریهای ارتباطی، خصوصاً شبکههای کامپیوتری و اینترنت، تعاملات و فعالیتها در محیطهای مجازی فزونی یافته است. در تعاملات فیزیکی، اعتماد نقش مهمی را در شرایط نایقینی بازی میکند. در فضاهای مجازی تعاملی نیز هنگام تصمیمگیری در مورد ارتباطات، و انتخاب از میان محتواهای ارائه شده میتوان با ارائه تعریف مناسبی از اعتماد و به کارگیری آن، سیستمهای کاراتر و پویاتری طراحی کرد.
در این ارائه به بررسی نحوه تعریف و محاسبه اعتماد در حوزههای کاربردی مختلف میپردازیم. سپس با برخی کاربردهای این مباحث در ایجاد سامانههای کارا و پویا (نظیر سیستمهای توصیه، جمعآوری اخبار، فیلترکردن ایمیل و مسیریابی همتا به همتا) آشنا میشویم.
PAPER: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237075236_Uncertainty_in_Probabilistic_Trust_Models
Computational models of trust try to transfer the concept of trust from the real to the virtual world. While such models have been widely investigated in the past decade, the uncertainty involved in trust computation has been overlooked in the literature. In this paper, uncertainty of probabilistic trust models is quantified using confidence intervals and its factors are determined through simulation. The results confirm the importance and highlight the amount of uncertainty in the Beta and HMM (Hidden Markov Model) trust models. In addition, an uncertainty-driven method is proposed which reduces the risk involved in the trust-based utility maximization according to uncertainty.
حریم خصوصی در دنیای مدرن: خواستهها، چالشها، و راهحلهاSadegh Dorri N.
حریم خصوصی جزو مسائلی است که از دیرباز جزوی جدایی ناپذیر از روابط انسانی بوده است. با ظهور ابزارهایی همچون تلفن و دوربین عکاسی، این مفهوم شکل جدیدی به خود گرفت. شاید بتوان ادعا کرد که حریم خصوصی در حال حاضر جزو مهمترین دغدغهها در دنیای مدرن است به طوری که در بسیاری کشورها جزو حقوق اساسی به شما میرود و سازمان ملل نیز این حق را به رسمیت شناخته است. در این سمینار با معرفی اصول اطلاعات منصفانه به بررسی موشکافانه این حق میپردازیم. سپس حریم خصوصی در وبگردی را به عنوان یکی از اولین دغدغههای فعالیت در فضای برخط بررسی میکنیم و روشهای ردگیری در وب و برخی راههای مبارزه با آنها را معرفی میکنیم. در پایان نیز مروری اجمالی بر فنون حفظ حریم خصوصی خواهیم داشت.
امروزه مجازیسازی یکی از روشهای پرطرفدار برای پیادهسازی کارگزاران وب است. این فناوری موجب کاهش هزینههای تجارتهای کوچک میشود. مجازیسازی یکی از جنبههای مهم ارائه خدمات ابری است که حتی برای تجارتهای بزرگ نیز از جذابیت زیادی برخوردار است.
در این سخنرانی به امکاناتی همچون Control Groups و Containers که در نسخههای جدیدتر هسته سیستم عامل لینوکس پیادهسازی شده است میپردازیم. هرچند این امکانات مجازیسازی کامل را به ارمغان نمیآورند، اما بسیاری از مزایای آن را با سربار بسیار کم در سطح هسته فراهم میکنند. راه حلهایی همچون LXC و Docker بر اساس این امکانات توانستهاند به نتایج خوبی برسند که هم از لحاظ تجاری در خور توجه هستند و هم تبعات و کاربردهای امنیتی دارند.
کنترل دسترسی بر مبنای اعتماد و آگاه از مخاطره در توریSadegh Dorri N.
PAPER: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273834491_TIRIAC_A_trust-driven_risk-aware_access_control_framework_for_Grid_environments
دو رویکرد مهم به اعتماد در محیطهای محاسباتی وجود دارد. رویکرد اول که در آن اعتماد بر مبنای خطمشیها تعیین میشود، دقت بیشتری دارد اما در عوض پیچیدهتر و سختگیرتر، و نسبت به تغییرات در اعتمادپذیر آسیبپذیر است. در رویکرد دوم، اعتماد بر مبنای سابقه رفتار و به صورت پویا تعیین میشود. یکی از کاربردهای مهم اعتماد که از لحاظ مفهومی هم جایگاه روشنی دارد، کنترل دسترسی است؛ به طوری که حتی برخی کنترل دسترسی را معادل مدیریت اعتماد (خطمشیبنیاد) دانستهاند. اعتماد سابقهبنیاد هم میتواند به عنوان یکی از خصوصیات موجودیتها، توانایی توصیف خطمشیهای کنترل دسترسی را افزایش دهد یا به عنوان نمایندهٔ سابقهٔ رفتار موجودیت عمل کند و امکان پیشبینی و اصلاح دادههای ناقص در کنترل دسترسی را بدهد.
در این سخنرانی، چارچوب کنترل دسترسی آرام (اعتماد-رانهٔ آگاه از مخاطره) را معرفی میکنیم که حاصل پژوهش دوره دکتری اینجانب است. در این چارچوب به منظور رفع بخشی از کاستیهای روشهای موجود، رویکردهای سابقهبنیاد و خطمشیبنیاد ترکیب میشود و در کنترلدسترسی توزیع شده به کار گرفته میشود. نمونه متعالی یک سامانه توزیع شده کنترل دسترسی، توری است. چارچوب پیشنهادی به عنوان یک مؤلفهٔ نسبتاً مستقل سامانه کنترل دسترسی در توری ارائه شده است. در چارچوب پیشنهادی، التزامها به عنوان راه حلی یکپارچه برای ارزیابی اعتماد و مدیریت مخاطره در کنترل دسترسی به کار گرفته میشوند. از یک سو، التزامهای اعتمادساز به مدیران اجازه میدهند وظایف کاربران را در قبال خدماتی که دریافت میکنند مشخص کنند. از طرف دیگر، برآورده شدن التزامها به واسطه دسته دیگری از التزامها به صورت نظاممند و قابل اتکایی تحت نظر گرفته میشود.
Privacy is a fundamental concern in human societies. While not a new concept, its meaning has been renovated in modern age. From the social perspective, the new generation of people with “always connected” smart phones which can instantly share photos, videos, and voice records with a country-scale virtual society brings about lots of new privacy challenges. From the business perspective, the users' privacy has become a top demand, and challenging technological requirement which is sometimes in conflict with marketing techniques. And from the government perspective, surveillance is really confronting citizens' privacy. Privacy has been accepted as a fundamental right in the United Nations and many countries. In this talk, we will have a quick look to the needs, challenges, and solutions for privacy from an engineering perspective.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 2
OutlineOutline
· DefinitionsDefinitions
· Overview of Some OptionsOverview of Some Options
- Governance, permissions, ledger structure, block config
· Consensus MechanismsConsensus Mechanisms
- Proof of Work and other mechanisms
- ASIC-resistance
- Nonoutsourceable puzzles
· Auxiliary BlockchainsAuxiliary Blockchains
- Sidechains, and sharding
3. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 3
Definitions (1)Definitions (1)
Fundamental Properties: immutability, non-repudiation, integrity, transparency,
and equal rights
[ArchBook]
4. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 4
Definitions (2)Definitions (2)
[ArchBook]
5. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 5
Definitions (3)Definitions (3)
[ArchBook]
6. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 6
Definitions (4)Definitions (4)
[ArchBook]
7. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 7
GovernanceGovernance
· Public blockchain (Public blockchain (میمعمومیمعمو))
· Consortium/community blockchain (Consortium/community blockchain (مجمنینمامجمنینما))
- Used across multiple organizations
- Controlled by pre-authorized nodes
· Private blockchain (Private blockchain (موصیصخموصیصخ))
- Governed and hosted by a single organization (possibly multiple
divisions)
- Cost-effective, high performance, and flexible
[ArchBook]
8. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 8
PermissionsPermissions
· Permission-less public blockchainsPermission-less public blockchains
· Permissioned miners (write) and permission-less normalPermissioned miners (write) and permission-less normal
nodes (read)nodes (read)
· Permissions for fine-grained operations on the tx level (e.g.Permissions for fine-grained operations on the tx level (e.g.
creating assets)creating assets)
[ArchBook]
9. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 9
Ledger StructureLedger Structure
· Global list of blocksGlobal list of blocks
- e.g in Bitcoin, Ethereum
· Global directed acyclic graph (DAG)Global directed acyclic graph (DAG)
- e.g. in Hashgraph (blocks), IOTA (tx’s)
· Restricted shared ledgersRestricted shared ledgers
- Many small ledgers shared only between authorized parties of
interest.
- e.g. in Corda, Hyperledger Fabric
[ArchBook]
10. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 10
Block ConfigurationBlock Configuration
· Block sizeBlock size
- Control the number/complexity of transactions
- More tx’s → more tx processing and communication overhead
+ increased risk of empty blocks!
· Block generation frequencyBlock generation frequency
- Shorter inter-block time → more forks → longer confirmation
time!
[ArchBook]
11. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 11
Blockchain PlatformsBlockchain Platforms
· Hyperledger by The Linux FoundationHyperledger by The Linux Foundation
- An open source collaborative effort created to advance cross-industry
blockchain technologies.
- It is a global collaboration among 185 members, hosted by The Linux
Foundation, including leaders in finance, banking, IoT, supply chains,
manufacturing and Technology.
- 13 ongoing projects including Fabric, Sawtooth, and Iroha blockchain
platforms.
· Corda (DLT; not blockchain) by R3Corda (DLT; not blockchain) by R3
· Tendermint (Open source) by All In Bits IncTendermint (Open source) by All In Bits Inc
· Blockchain on the cloud (Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, etc.)Blockchain on the cloud (Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, etc.)
- Corda, Hyperledger Fabric, Ethereum etc on the cloud.
12. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 12
Consensus MechanismsConsensus Mechanisms
13. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 13
Consensus ProtocolConsensus Protocol
· Distributed consensus protocolDistributed consensus protocol
- There are n nodes that each have an input value.
- Some of these nodes are faulty or malicious.
- It must terminate with all honest nodes in agreement on the value.
- The value must have been generated by an honest node.
· Consensus mechanism in a blockchainConsensus mechanism in a blockchain
- Miners may propose different next blocks.
- Consensus…
●
Determines the validating process of blocks,
●
Controls malicious behavior
●
Resolves conflicts
[Princeton-Book]
14. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 14
Proof of WorkProof of Work
· Bitcoin’s Proof-of-Work (PoW)Bitcoin’s Proof-of-Work (PoW)
- Nodes (miners) solve a complicated mathematical puzzle and
earn rewards.
- The first node which succeeds is the winner of the current block.
- The other nodes validate the work.
· Proof-of-Useful-Work (uPoW) [uPoW, PrimeCoin]Proof-of-Useful-Work (uPoW) [uPoW, PrimeCoin]
- PoWs whose hardness is based on a wide array of computational
problems including deciding any graph property that is statable
in first-order logic. [uPoW]
- PrimeCoin implementation: miners find long chains of prime
numbers.
15. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 15
Bitcoin Mining PuzzleBitcoin Mining Puzzle
· Fast verificationFast verification
- Every node on the network validates every puzzle solution
· Adjustable difficultyAdjustable difficulty
- The difficulty of the puzzle can be changed over time as new
contributors join
- Puzzle solutions should be found in a fairly steady rate
· Progress‐freenessProgress‐freeness
- The odds of solving the puzzle must be independent of how much work
you have already spent trying to solve it, instead the chance of winning
a puzzle solution in any unit of time should be roughly proportional to
the hash power used. → memoryless, time is exponentially distributed.
- One vote one cpu → resistant to Sybil attacks.
[Princeton-Book]
16. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 16
ASIC-Resistant PuzzlesASIC-Resistant Puzzles
· Now, Bitcoin is almost exclusively mined by very powerful optimizedNow, Bitcoin is almost exclusively mined by very powerful optimized
ASIC chips!ASIC chips!
- Mining Bitcoin on an ordinary PC (or even old ASICs) is not profitable! →
most individuals do not mine in the Bitcoin net.
· Goal: disincentivize the use of custom‐built hardware for mining.Goal: disincentivize the use of custom‐built hardware for mining.
- More realistic: a puzzle that reduces the gap between the most cost‐effective
customized hardware and what most general‐purpose computers can do.
· Solutions:Solutions:
- Memory-hard puzzles → what to do with verification cost?
- X11 → uses 11 hash algorithms, costly to implement on HW, not profitable
yet!
· Would ASIC-resistance be a good property, anyway?Would ASIC-resistance be a good property, anyway?
[Princeton-Book]
17. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 17
Nonoutsourceable PuzzlesNonoutsourceable Puzzles
· A few large pools represent most of the Bitcoin mining power.A few large pools represent most of the Bitcoin mining power.
- Most Bitcoin miners mine as part of a pool, and each pool is operated
by a central pool administrator.
- A possible threat to decentralization of Bitcoin + block discarding
attacks between pools
· Goal: Preventing the formation of mining poolsGoal: Preventing the formation of mining pools
· One solution: Require that the miner know the private key ofOne solution: Require that the miner know the private key of
the coinbase txthe coinbase tx
- E.g. “hash of the block is below a certain target” → “hash of a
signature on the block is below a certain target”
· PreventingPreventing allall pools may lead to more centralization, doesn’t it?pools may lead to more centralization, doesn’t it?
[Princeton-Book]
18. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 18
Alternative Consensus MechanismsAlternative Consensus Mechanisms
· Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) [PBFT]Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) [PBFT]
- A leader node broadcasts a block proposal to other (backup) nodes. The block is
added to the blockchain upon approval of at least 2/3 of nodes.
- Nodes become the leader in a round-robin fashion.
- Pros: transaction finality, higher energy efficiency, more even payout
- Cons: Sybil attack, scalability (communication, integrity checking) → suitable for
permissioned blockchains
- Used by Hyperledger (incomplete), Zilliqa (PBFT + PoW every ~100 blocks)
· Proof-of-Elapsed-Time (PoET) [PoET]Proof-of-Elapsed-Time (PoET) [PoET]
- Utilizes a “trusted execution environment” (Intel SGX)
- Each node is given a random timer object and the first timer to expire “wakes up”
that node who becomes the block leader and produces a new block.
- Can replace the round-robin selection of leader in PBFT.
- Pro: efficiency, Con: based on Intel HW.
- Implemented in Hyperledger Sawtooth
19. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 19
Alternative Consensus Mechanisms (2)Alternative Consensus Mechanisms (2)
· Proof-of-Stake (PoS) by PeercoinProof-of-Stake (PoS) by Peercoin
- In each round, the winner (miner) is chosen based on node’s stake value →
Wealthier nodes have higher chances to be chosen.
- The miner is rewarded by proposing a block which is validated by other nodes.
- Reduces the computational power needed in comparison with PoW.
- Delegated PoS (DpoS): Only a subset group of nodes (selected by
stakeholders) participate in the block production process.
· Proof-of-Importance (PoI) [NEM-PoI]Proof-of-Importance (PoI) [NEM-PoI]
- Accounts with higher importance have higher chance to attach a new block.
- Importance rating is based on graph theoretic metrics, and interactions wih the
blockchain improves importance.
· And many other proposals!And many other proposals!
20. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 20
Side Note: Execution of Smart ContractsSide Note: Execution of Smart Contracts
· Sequential executionSequential execution
- Short smart contracts, longest validation time
· Parallel executionParallel execution
- Multiple contracts execute in parallel.
- Conflicting changes must result in deterministic result
- Resolution: report the followed runtime schedule to other miners
· Non-blocking executionNon-blocking execution
- Separating execution from the process of building blocks
- Accelerate block building and validating process
· Performance analysis toolsPerformance analysis tools
- [Blockbench], [Realtime-Perf]
[RD19]
21. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 21
Auxiliary ChainsAuxiliary Chains
22. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 22
Auxiliary Chains for Improved SecurityAuxiliary Chains for Improved Security
· Merged miningMerged mining
- Reuse miners of an established blockchain network to mine on a
new network.
- E.g. Namecoin (based on Bitcoin)
· Hook into a popular blockchainHook into a popular blockchain
- Periodically add hashes of the new blockchain into blocks of a
popular blockchain
- E.g. Factom (its current hash is submitted to Bitcoin b.c.)
· Proof-of-burnProof-of-burn
- To irreversibly ‘transfer’ tokens from one blockchain to another.
- E.g. Counterparty tokens bootstrapped from Bitcoin tokens.
[ArchBook]
23. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 23
SidechainsSidechains
· Build an ecosystem based on a popular main blockchain withoutBuild an ecosystem based on a popular main blockchain without
significantly increasing the load on it.significantly increasing the load on it.
- Plus, the main chain is protected from damages to sidechains
- Tokens of one blockchain (main chain) be securely transferred and used in
another one (sidechain), and possibly move back to the original chain.
· Two typesTwo types
- One-way: interaction is only from the main chain to the sidechain (e.g.
proof-of-burn)
- Two-way: bidirectional interaction
· Some people believe sidechains are a feature of 3Some people believe sidechains are a feature of 3rdrd
generation ofgeneration of
blockchainsblockchains
- Bitcoin → 1st, Ethereum (smart contracts) → 2nd, Corda/HLFabric → 3rd
[ArchBook]
24. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 24
Example: The Lightning NetworkExample: The Lightning Network
· Lightning is a protocol for making fast payments with Bitcoin using a network ofLightning is a protocol for making fast payments with Bitcoin using a network of
channels.channels.
- Lightning allows for two parties to conduct transactions off-chain by giving each of the
parties a cross-signed commitment transaction, which describes the current state of the
channel (basically, the current balance).
- This commitment transaction is updated every time a new payment is made and is
spendable at all times.
· There are three ways a channel can end:There are three ways a channel can end:
- Mutual close: They generate a closing transaction and publish it on the blockchain
- Unilateral close: One side publishes its latest commitment transaction.
- Revoked transaction close: one of the parties deliberately tries to cheat, by publishing an
outdated commitment transaction (presumably, a prior version, which is more in its favor)
→ will not succeed.
· Lightning is designed to be trustlessLightning is designed to be trustless
- there is no risk of loss of funds in any of these three cases
25. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 25
ShardingSharding
· Concept: Divide the blockchain into pieces.Concept: Divide the blockchain into pieces.
- Nodes only hold data of some shards instead of the full chain.
· State sharding (Ethereum 2.0)State sharding (Ethereum 2.0)
- grouping subsets of nodes into shards which in turn process
transactions specific to that shard.
· Transaction sharding (Zilliqa)Transaction sharding (Zilliqa)
- The network is automatically split into “shards,” or parallel sub-
committees.
- Each of these shards will process its given micro-block
- All micro-blocks merge to create the final one.
26. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 26
Questions?Questions?
Sadegh Dorri N.Sadegh Dorri N.
dorri@modares.ac.ir
http://www.modares.ac.ir/~dorri
27. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 27
ReferencesReferences
· [ArchBook] X. Xu et al., “Varieties of Blockchains,” in Architecture for Blockchain Applications,
Springer Nature Switzerland, 2019, Chapter 3, pp. 45-59.
· [Princeton-Book] A. Narayanan, et al., Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies, Princeton
University Press, Jul. 2016, Chapter 8.
· [RD19] S. Rouhani and R. Deters, "Security, Performance, and Applications of Smart Contracts: A
Systematic Survey," in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 50759-50779, 2019.
· [PoS] V. Buterin, “What Proof of Stake Is And Why It Matters,” Bitcoin Magazine, Aug. 2013,
Link: https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/what-proof-of-stake-is-and-why-it-matters-1377531463/
· [DPoS] BitShares Blockchain Foundation, “Delegated Proof of Stake (DPOS),” BitShares
Documentation, Aug. 2018, Link: http://docs.bitshares.org/en/master/technology/dpos.html
GitHub:https://github.com/bitshares/how.bitshares.works/blob/master/docs/technology/dpos.rst
· [NEM-PoI] NEM Technical Reference v1.2.1, Feb. 2018, Link:
https://nem.io/wp-content/themes/nem/files/NEM_techRef.pdf
· [PBFT] L. Seeley, “Introduction to Sawtooth PBFT,” Hyperledger Sawtooth Blog, Feb. 2019, Link:
https://www.hyperledger.org/blog/2019/02/13/introduction-to-sawtooth-pbft
28. Spring 2019 (1398) E-Commerce Security - Varieties of Blockchains 28
ReferencesReferences
· [PoET] Intel Corporation, “PoET 1.0 Specification,” Hyperledger Sawtooth Documentation v1.0.5,
Jul. 2017. Link: https://sawtooth.hyperledger.org/docs/core/releases/1.0/architecture/poet.html
· [uPoW] M. Ball et al., “Proofs of Useful Work,” Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2017/203, Feb.
2017. Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2017/203
· [PrimeCoin] V Buterin, “Primecoin: The Cryptocurrency Whose Mining is Actually Useful,” Bitcoin
Magazine, Jul. 2013, Link:
https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/primecoin-the-cryptocurrency-whose-mining-is-actually-useful
-1373298534/
· B. Curran, “What is Sharding? Guide to this Ethereum Scaling Concept Explained,” Blockonomi
Web Site, Mar. 2019, Link: https://blockonomi.com/sharding/
· [Blockbench] T. T. A. Dinh, J. Wang, G. Chen, R. Liu, B. C. Ooi, K.-L. Tan, "Blockbench: A
framework for analyzing private blockchains", Proc. ACM Int. Conf. Manage. Data, pp. 1085-1100,
May 2017. Link: https://github.com/ooibc88/blockbench
· [Realtime-Perf] P. Zheng, Z. Zheng, X. Luo, X. Chen, X. Liu, "A detailed and real-time
performance monitoring framework for blockchain systems", Proc. 40th Int. Conf. Softw. Eng.
Softw. Eng. Pract., pp. 134-143, Jun. 2018.