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Variations in citation style and context
across scientific fields
Wout S. Lamers*, Nees Jan van Eck & Ludo Waltman
<*w.s.lamers, ecknjpvan, waltmanlr>@cwts.leidenuniv.nl
Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS), Leiden University
Goals
• Long-term goal: gain a better understand scientific
knowledge accumulation
• Publication full text as a potent new data source
– How is previous literature cited?
– Extent of engagement with cited work?
– Activities of interest?
• Main topic today: combine full text features with
maps of science to show variation across fields
1
The scientific landscape
2
868 scientific fields, WoS
Data collection
3
Data collection
4
Scientific
fields
868
Data collection
5
…
Scientific
fields
Field
publications
(2002 – 2011)
868 ~7.000.000
Web of Science
Data collection
6
…
Scientific
fields
Field
publications
(2002 – 2011)
Citing
publications
(2002 - 2016)
…
868 ~4.000.000
ScienceDirect
~7.000.000
Web of Science
Citing
publications
Data collection
7
…
Scientific
fields
Field
publications
…
868 ~58.000.000
…to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine, 2005).
...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans.
…thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23
Citing sentences
…
…
~7.000.000
Web of Science
~4.000.000
ScienceDirect
Data collection
8
Scientific
fields
868
…to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine, 2005).
...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans.
Citing sentences
…thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23
…
~58.000.000
Data collection
9
…to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine, 2005).
...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans.
…thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23
…
Data collection
10
...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans.
…thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
……
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
……
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
……
…
…
…
…
…
…to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine, 2005).
Features of interest
• …to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine,
2005).
• ...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans.
• …thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23
11
Features of interest
Citation styles – author-year and others
• …to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine,
2005).
• ...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans.
• …thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23
12
Features of interest
Direct (‘integral’) inclusion of cited author in sentence
• …to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine,
2005).
• ...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans.
• …thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23
Indicative of higher engagement
13
Features of interest
Use of verbs within the sentence
• …to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine,
2005).
• ...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans.
• …thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23
Activities performed in cited literature
14
Results - overlay maps
15
Results - author-year style citation
17
Results - cited author integral to
citing sentence
18
A closer look at verbs
20
• Verbs represent actions, activities
– Either performed by the cited authors
– Or otherwise intrinsic to the research field
• Do certain types of verbs occur more often in certain
scientific fields?
A closer look at individual verbs:
“think”
21
A closer look at individual verbs:
“think”
22
Half as common in
scientific field
Twice as common
in scientific field
A closer look at individual verbs:
“suggest”
23
A closer look at individual verbs:
“argue”
24
A closer look at individual verbs:
“discuss”
25
A closer look at individual verbs:
“study”
26
A closer look at individual verbs:
“review”
27
A closer look at individual verbs:
“simulate”
28
A closer look at individual verbs:
“demonstrate”
29
A closer look at individual verbs:
“see”
30
A closer look at individual verbs:
“find”
31
A closer look at individual verbs:
“conclude”
32
A closer look at individual verbs:
“prove”
33
A closer look at verbs types
34
• Reporting verbs
– Citing authors report on cited work
– Research verbs
• Analyse, demonstrate, detect, estimate, observe, measure, …
– Cognition verbs
• Accept, believe, infer, know, reason, theorize, think, understand, …
– Discourse verbs
• Argue, clarify, discuss, critique, imply, propose, refute, …
A closer look at verb types:
All reporting verbs
35
A closer look at verb types:
Research verbs
36
A closer look at verb types:
Cognition verbs
37
A closer look at verb types:
Discussion verbs
38
A closer look at verb types
39
• Reporting verbs seem not very informative
– except cognition verbs
• Can we find underlying patterns within the data?
• Topic modeling (LDA) over verbs and fields
Topic: surgery, physical wellbeing
41
improve evaluate assess receive treat
diagnose pour recommend grade score
Topic: chemistry, materials and
machines
42
improve form exhibit prepare synthesize
dope fabricate microwave absorb coat
Topic: maths, computers, particle
physics
43
study propose consider follow solve
let satisfy denote generalize compute
Topic: ecosystem, environment,
planet(s)
44
occur indicate represent contain detect
soil reconstruct infer strain record
Topic: cells, microbes, molecules
45
play induce regulate inhibit promote
repress bind secrete encode localize
Topic: nutrition, biochemistry and
neurology
46
increase reduce inhibit activate alter
attenuate ameliorate exert elevate evoke
Topic: social sciences and
humanities
47
find examine reflect focus face argue
perceive engage learn argue pay
Closing remarks
We observe remarkable overlap between
‘cognitive’ or citation-based structure of science
and specific verbs
Grouping verbs together seems promising
but needs more work
48
Thanks!
49

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Variations in citation style and context across scientific fields

  • 1. Variations in citation style and context across scientific fields Wout S. Lamers*, Nees Jan van Eck & Ludo Waltman <*w.s.lamers, ecknjpvan, waltmanlr>@cwts.leidenuniv.nl Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS), Leiden University
  • 2. Goals • Long-term goal: gain a better understand scientific knowledge accumulation • Publication full text as a potent new data source – How is previous literature cited? – Extent of engagement with cited work? – Activities of interest? • Main topic today: combine full text features with maps of science to show variation across fields 1
  • 3. The scientific landscape 2 868 scientific fields, WoS
  • 7. Data collection 6 … Scientific fields Field publications (2002 – 2011) Citing publications (2002 - 2016) … 868 ~4.000.000 ScienceDirect ~7.000.000 Web of Science
  • 8. Citing publications Data collection 7 … Scientific fields Field publications … 868 ~58.000.000 …to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine, 2005). ...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans. …thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23 Citing sentences … … ~7.000.000 Web of Science ~4.000.000 ScienceDirect
  • 9. Data collection 8 Scientific fields 868 …to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine, 2005). ...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans. Citing sentences …thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23 … ~58.000.000
  • 10. Data collection 9 …to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine, 2005). ...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans. …thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23 …
  • 11. Data collection 10 ...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans. …thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23 … … … … … … … … … … … … …… … … … … … … … … … …… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …… … … … … … …to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine, 2005).
  • 12. Features of interest • …to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine, 2005). • ...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans. • …thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23 11
  • 13. Features of interest Citation styles – author-year and others • …to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine, 2005). • ...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans. • …thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23 12
  • 14. Features of interest Direct (‘integral’) inclusion of cited author in sentence • …to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine, 2005). • ...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans. • …thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23 Indicative of higher engagement 13
  • 15. Features of interest Use of verbs within the sentence • …to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine, 2005). • ...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans. • …thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23 Activities performed in cited literature 14
  • 16. Results - overlay maps 15
  • 17. Results - author-year style citation 17
  • 18. Results - cited author integral to citing sentence 18
  • 19. A closer look at verbs 20 • Verbs represent actions, activities – Either performed by the cited authors – Or otherwise intrinsic to the research field • Do certain types of verbs occur more often in certain scientific fields?
  • 20. A closer look at individual verbs: “think” 21
  • 21. A closer look at individual verbs: “think” 22 Half as common in scientific field Twice as common in scientific field
  • 22. A closer look at individual verbs: “suggest” 23
  • 23. A closer look at individual verbs: “argue” 24
  • 24. A closer look at individual verbs: “discuss” 25
  • 25. A closer look at individual verbs: “study” 26
  • 26. A closer look at individual verbs: “review” 27
  • 27. A closer look at individual verbs: “simulate” 28
  • 28. A closer look at individual verbs: “demonstrate” 29
  • 29. A closer look at individual verbs: “see” 30
  • 30. A closer look at individual verbs: “find” 31
  • 31. A closer look at individual verbs: “conclude” 32
  • 32. A closer look at individual verbs: “prove” 33
  • 33. A closer look at verbs types 34 • Reporting verbs – Citing authors report on cited work – Research verbs • Analyse, demonstrate, detect, estimate, observe, measure, … – Cognition verbs • Accept, believe, infer, know, reason, theorize, think, understand, … – Discourse verbs • Argue, clarify, discuss, critique, imply, propose, refute, …
  • 34. A closer look at verb types: All reporting verbs 35
  • 35. A closer look at verb types: Research verbs 36
  • 36. A closer look at verb types: Cognition verbs 37
  • 37. A closer look at verb types: Discussion verbs 38
  • 38. A closer look at verb types 39 • Reporting verbs seem not very informative – except cognition verbs • Can we find underlying patterns within the data? • Topic modeling (LDA) over verbs and fields
  • 39. Topic: surgery, physical wellbeing 41 improve evaluate assess receive treat diagnose pour recommend grade score
  • 40. Topic: chemistry, materials and machines 42 improve form exhibit prepare synthesize dope fabricate microwave absorb coat
  • 41. Topic: maths, computers, particle physics 43 study propose consider follow solve let satisfy denote generalize compute
  • 42. Topic: ecosystem, environment, planet(s) 44 occur indicate represent contain detect soil reconstruct infer strain record
  • 43. Topic: cells, microbes, molecules 45 play induce regulate inhibit promote repress bind secrete encode localize
  • 44. Topic: nutrition, biochemistry and neurology 46 increase reduce inhibit activate alter attenuate ameliorate exert elevate evoke
  • 45. Topic: social sciences and humanities 47 find examine reflect focus face argue perceive engage learn argue pay
  • 46. Closing remarks We observe remarkable overlap between ‘cognitive’ or citation-based structure of science and specific verbs Grouping verbs together seems promising but needs more work 48

Editor's Notes

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