This document discusses the negative impacts of mothers migrating abroad for work on their families and children left behind in Sri Lanka. It summarizes a study that found children of migrant mothers experienced higher rates of behavioral and psychological problems, physical abuse, neglect, and poor school performance compared to children living with their mothers. While remittances from foreign employment are important for the economy, the expectations of significant financial gains are often not met. The document concludes that addressing this issue requires action and policy changes across multiple disciplines to better support these vulnerable families and children.
What are the health-related effects of not having basic income? This slide deck by Scott Santens goes into the importance of guaranteeing economic security for human health and more equal opportunity. Poverty has too high of cost. It's time to end it by preventing it.
Follow Scott Santens on Twitter: @scottsantens
What are the health-related effects of not having basic income? This slide deck by Scott Santens goes into the importance of guaranteeing economic security for human health and more equal opportunity. Poverty has too high of cost. It's time to end it by preventing it.
Follow Scott Santens on Twitter: @scottsantens
America’s education system is based on the assumption that barring illness or an extraordinary event, students are in class every weekday. So strong is this assumption that it is not even measured. Indeed, it is the rare state education department, school district or principal that can tell you how many students have missed 10 percent or more of the school year or in the previous year missed a month or more school − two common definitions of chronic absence.
Impact of covid 19 on families’ well-being and functioningDaniel_Klem
When the COVID-19 pandemic struck in early 2020, many families were forced to isolate themselves together at home. A year later, new studies have shown that this period has had detrimental effects on most families’ well-being and functioning.
An investigation into the behavioural pattern and academic performance of students within single parent families. The paper assess the causes of behaviour and academic performance and provides reasoning as to why this is so.
Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment Types of Maltr.docxmalbert5
Risk Factors for Child
Maltreatment
Types of Maltreatment
Physical abuse – nonaccidental injury
inflicted by a caregiver
Sexual abuse – the use of a child for the
sexual gratification of an adult
Psychological maltreatment
◦ Includes emotional abuse and emotional neglect
Neglect – act of omission
◦ Physical neglect
◦ Medical neglect
◦ Educational neglect
Types of Factors
Potentiating: increase risk for maltreatment
Compensatory: buffers, decreases risk
------------------------------------------------------
Transient – temporary
◦ Temporary unemployment, loss of a loved one
Enduring – ongoing; chronic
◦ Chronic unemployment; untreated mental health
issues
------------------------------------------------------
Applied to each level of analysis
http://faculty.weber.edu/tlday/1500/systems.jpg
Levels of Analysis of Each Instance of
Maltreatment
Macrosystemic: broad cultural values and beliefs
in the larger society
Exosystemic: social structures that form the
immediate context in which families and
individuals function (e.g., neighborhood, school)
Microsystemic: environmental setting that
contains the developing person (e.g., family,
classroom)
Ontogenetic: factors within the child
Macrosystemic Issues
Acceptability of violence
◦ Levels of violent crime, presence of weapons
◦ Levels of violence in media
◦ Acceptance of corporal punishment
Sexualization of children
Individualism
◦ Focus on nuclear family both fully responsible for and
controlling of children
◦ Geographical isolation of families with children
Values/definitions of work
Exosystemic Issue:
Poverty
Poverty as a stressor: inadequate resources,
feelings of disempowerment (becomes a
microsystemic issue)
Poverty places individuals in less safe
environments, requiring more parental effort to
protect
Poverty places individuals in resource scarce
environments
Increasingly poor urban areas are places to which
people are not committed - less sense of
community
Microsystemic Issues
History of abuse in parents
Mental illness in parents
Substance abuse in parents
Domestic violence
Problematic parenting practices
Lack of social support
Mental Health Issues in Parents
Mental illness impacts childrearing
Mental health issues increase risk of
substance abuse, especially in women
Personality disorders are thought to be
most common mental health problem
◦ Core component of an individual’s way of
perceiving the world
◦ Often go unrecognized as mental illness
among child welfare workers
History of Child Abuse in Parents
Child abuse in parents may result in
mental health issues (depression, PTSD)
Attachment impairment
Lack of modeling of appropriate parenting
behaviors
Substance Abuse
Direct physical effects on fetus
◦ Critical issue: should prenatal maternal
substa.
Soria 2NameTeacherEnglish 101 21 April 2020The Impact .docxwilliame8
Soria 2
Name
Teacher
English 101
21 April 2020
The Impact of Poverty on Education in America
Poverty is an element of sociological and economic total measure of an individual’s experience and social-economic position compared to others. Social-economic status is commonly broken down into three levels, these include low, middle and high class. When placing families in one of these classes, any of the three variables are likely to be assessed: occupation, education and income. Poverty is classified under low income and involves limited resources to meet basic needs. The level of poverty is approximately 15%, implying that about 1 in every 6 Americans are living in poverty. This slater translates that 1 in every 5 children in the United States is living in poverty. Further, it has been noted that 30% of children raised below poverty lines barely complete their high school education. In that light, children are one of the most hit by the implication of poverty and this is evidenced in their poor cognition and overall educational development.
Education is a basic human right and without it, there is no concept of prosperity but unfortunately, education is not an independent entity, it is connected to many other factors. Among the factors having the most influence on education facilities, the most important factor is poverty. There is a direct link between education and poverty. These two factors are co-dependent as one of the reasons for poverty is illiteracy and absence of quality education but at the very same time, absences of education are because of absences of not enough resources to afford quality education. These two factors go in loops deteriorate the social life further and further. The level of poverty is much higher in the United States which is quite shocking for people whose only perception of the US is of a superpower with prosperity and success. This is evident from the ever-growing gap between rich and power (Slade).
Among other things, low income has been noted to be a strung predictor of a series of issues such as physical and mental health that later affects the learning and education development of children. Poverty as a problem later affects the living and learning environments of the children, or, in the case of inadequate learning resources, maybe the entire cause of the child’s social predicament to start with. Education in affluent families is often stressed as much more crucial, both within the household and in the local communities. However, in poorer families, where necessities are a priority, education has taken a “backseat” (Capra, 76). These children face a series of health and social challenges such as negative social influence, drug and substance abuse.
The implication of poverty on children is one of the complex issues and has been noted to result in complex challenges for children and their families. While it can be argued that the United States economy is stable (compared to its peers), poverty is still a.
America’s education system is based on the assumption that barring illness or an extraordinary event, students are in class every weekday. So strong is this assumption that it is not even measured. Indeed, it is the rare state education department, school district or principal that can tell you how many students have missed 10 percent or more of the school year or in the previous year missed a month or more school − two common definitions of chronic absence.
Impact of covid 19 on families’ well-being and functioningDaniel_Klem
When the COVID-19 pandemic struck in early 2020, many families were forced to isolate themselves together at home. A year later, new studies have shown that this period has had detrimental effects on most families’ well-being and functioning.
An investigation into the behavioural pattern and academic performance of students within single parent families. The paper assess the causes of behaviour and academic performance and provides reasoning as to why this is so.
Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment Types of Maltr.docxmalbert5
Risk Factors for Child
Maltreatment
Types of Maltreatment
Physical abuse – nonaccidental injury
inflicted by a caregiver
Sexual abuse – the use of a child for the
sexual gratification of an adult
Psychological maltreatment
◦ Includes emotional abuse and emotional neglect
Neglect – act of omission
◦ Physical neglect
◦ Medical neglect
◦ Educational neglect
Types of Factors
Potentiating: increase risk for maltreatment
Compensatory: buffers, decreases risk
------------------------------------------------------
Transient – temporary
◦ Temporary unemployment, loss of a loved one
Enduring – ongoing; chronic
◦ Chronic unemployment; untreated mental health
issues
------------------------------------------------------
Applied to each level of analysis
http://faculty.weber.edu/tlday/1500/systems.jpg
Levels of Analysis of Each Instance of
Maltreatment
Macrosystemic: broad cultural values and beliefs
in the larger society
Exosystemic: social structures that form the
immediate context in which families and
individuals function (e.g., neighborhood, school)
Microsystemic: environmental setting that
contains the developing person (e.g., family,
classroom)
Ontogenetic: factors within the child
Macrosystemic Issues
Acceptability of violence
◦ Levels of violent crime, presence of weapons
◦ Levels of violence in media
◦ Acceptance of corporal punishment
Sexualization of children
Individualism
◦ Focus on nuclear family both fully responsible for and
controlling of children
◦ Geographical isolation of families with children
Values/definitions of work
Exosystemic Issue:
Poverty
Poverty as a stressor: inadequate resources,
feelings of disempowerment (becomes a
microsystemic issue)
Poverty places individuals in less safe
environments, requiring more parental effort to
protect
Poverty places individuals in resource scarce
environments
Increasingly poor urban areas are places to which
people are not committed - less sense of
community
Microsystemic Issues
History of abuse in parents
Mental illness in parents
Substance abuse in parents
Domestic violence
Problematic parenting practices
Lack of social support
Mental Health Issues in Parents
Mental illness impacts childrearing
Mental health issues increase risk of
substance abuse, especially in women
Personality disorders are thought to be
most common mental health problem
◦ Core component of an individual’s way of
perceiving the world
◦ Often go unrecognized as mental illness
among child welfare workers
History of Child Abuse in Parents
Child abuse in parents may result in
mental health issues (depression, PTSD)
Attachment impairment
Lack of modeling of appropriate parenting
behaviors
Substance Abuse
Direct physical effects on fetus
◦ Critical issue: should prenatal maternal
substa.
Soria 2NameTeacherEnglish 101 21 April 2020The Impact .docxwilliame8
Soria 2
Name
Teacher
English 101
21 April 2020
The Impact of Poverty on Education in America
Poverty is an element of sociological and economic total measure of an individual’s experience and social-economic position compared to others. Social-economic status is commonly broken down into three levels, these include low, middle and high class. When placing families in one of these classes, any of the three variables are likely to be assessed: occupation, education and income. Poverty is classified under low income and involves limited resources to meet basic needs. The level of poverty is approximately 15%, implying that about 1 in every 6 Americans are living in poverty. This slater translates that 1 in every 5 children in the United States is living in poverty. Further, it has been noted that 30% of children raised below poverty lines barely complete their high school education. In that light, children are one of the most hit by the implication of poverty and this is evidenced in their poor cognition and overall educational development.
Education is a basic human right and without it, there is no concept of prosperity but unfortunately, education is not an independent entity, it is connected to many other factors. Among the factors having the most influence on education facilities, the most important factor is poverty. There is a direct link between education and poverty. These two factors are co-dependent as one of the reasons for poverty is illiteracy and absence of quality education but at the very same time, absences of education are because of absences of not enough resources to afford quality education. These two factors go in loops deteriorate the social life further and further. The level of poverty is much higher in the United States which is quite shocking for people whose only perception of the US is of a superpower with prosperity and success. This is evident from the ever-growing gap between rich and power (Slade).
Among other things, low income has been noted to be a strung predictor of a series of issues such as physical and mental health that later affects the learning and education development of children. Poverty as a problem later affects the living and learning environments of the children, or, in the case of inadequate learning resources, maybe the entire cause of the child’s social predicament to start with. Education in affluent families is often stressed as much more crucial, both within the household and in the local communities. However, in poorer families, where necessities are a priority, education has taken a “backseat” (Capra, 76). These children face a series of health and social challenges such as negative social influence, drug and substance abuse.
The implication of poverty on children is one of the complex issues and has been noted to result in complex challenges for children and their families. While it can be argued that the United States economy is stable (compared to its peers), poverty is still a.
ASSESSMENT OF THE FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT IN NIGERIA....ResearchWap
It has been the general assumption that children with reasonable physical care would grow into normal happy adulthood. But scientific investigations by psychologists, sociologist and psychiatrists regarding personality development has uncovered the greater importance of growing up and its lasting effects on the total personality of a person. Adult personality has its root in childhood. What we can do as adults are largely determined by the ways in which we were allowed to experience inevitable events of childhood.
Thus the aim of this research work is to shed more light on the issue of child abuse and neglect in Kaduna South Local Government of Kaduna State.
A child is neglected when he lacks continuous physical and emotional contact with his mother. Children under this category may be due to the loss of a mother or both parents or the separation of both parents, this child may be sent to nursery school or orphanages with many children which makes it difficult for special individual attention to be rendered to each child. Those children are therefore brought up by strangers which could be changed at different times due to the shift of their studies.
Child abuse on the other hand can be defined as the portion of harm to children that result from human action or inaction that is prescribed, proximate and preventable. The definition recognizes that such harm is no accident but something perpetrated on children by others, usually intestinally and that the actors inflicting this harm do not enjoy society's approval. It is also pointed out that abuse generally comes from the child's immediate environment and that it is preventable child neglect is a passive form of maltreatment or abuse UNICEF (1986).
Addressing child health disparities: We made the case, we need a movement!renataschiavo
This presentations reviews recent studies and experiences on child health disparities, and provides insights and recommendations to advance child health equity. It was presented at the 2015 Health Equity Capacity Institute of the CDC Division of Community Health, Office of Health Equity.
Effect of Mothers Working and Non Working Status on the Nutritional Status of...YogeshIJTSRD
Health and nutritional status are two crucial and interlinked aspects of human development, which in to interact with demographic variables Malnutrition a condition that occurs due to intake of inadequate amount of nutrients leading to insufficient nourishment continues to be a problem of considerable magnitude in most of the developing countries in the world. Preschool children are one of the most nutritionally vulnerable segments of the population. Nutrition during the first 5 years has not only an impact on growth and morbidity during childhood, but also acts as a determinant of nutritional status in adolescent and adult life. Global comparative data indicate that contrary to common perception, prevalence of under nutrition is highest in South Asian children. India has the highest occurrence of childhood malnutrition in the world. Malnutrition is responsible for 55 percent of all deaths of children younger than 5 years of age globally. Malnutrition makes a child susceptible to infections and delayed recovery, thus increasing mortality and morbidity. It is therefore logical to direct attention to the quality of life of the survivors Bose and Das, 2010 . Joyeeta Bhattacharyya "Effect of Mothers Working and Non-Working Status on the Nutritional Status of Pre School Children" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41167.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhome-science/food-and-nutrition/41167/effect-of-mothers-working-and-nonworking-status-on-the-nutritional-status-of-pre-school-children/joyeeta-bhattacharyya
2Quote Log Health and WealthStudents NameInst.docxrobert345678
2
Quote Log Health and Wealth
Student's Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
Instructors Name
Social Issue: Health & Wealth
Topic:
Health & Wealth
Thesis:
The stressors of finance can have adverse effects because they can affect the development of children, create an unsafe psychological state and contribute to poor physical health.
Reasons:
1. It has been shown that a family's socioeconomic standing has a substantial bearing on the educational, vocational, and social opportunities that are made accessible to the children of that family. These factors, in turn, influence the children's long-term physical and mental health.
2. Children from families with lower earnings are less likely to be insured or have access to medications and treatments that may assist in managing chronic health conditions. This is particularly true for individuals who reside in households where there is only one parent present.
3. Children who are worse on the socioeconomic ladder are more prone to deal in a destructive way, such as by smoking or drinking excessively when they grow up, which may inflict significant harm to one's health if done to an extreme.
Entry #1
Source:
Sapolsky, R.M. (2018). The health-wealth gap.
Scientific American, 319(5), pp. 62- 67.
http://ezproxy.umgc.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=edb&AN=132271091&site=eds-live&scope=site
Quote:
"One of the consequences of the growing poor is worsening health, and the reasons are not as obvious as you might think. Yes, lower socioeconomic status (SES) means less access to health care and living in more disease-prone neighbourhoods. And, yes, as the SES ladder's lower rungs have become more populated, the number of people with medical problems has climbed. This is not merely an issue of poor health for the poor and some version of better health for everyone else. Starting with Jeff Bezos at the top, every step down the ladder is associated with worse health.” (Sapolsky, 2018, p. 62-67).
Paraphrase:
The welfare of children will deteriorate as a consequence of people falling into poverty. Children from families with lower socioeconomic positions have a lower chance of accessing medical treatment and tend to reside in locations with a higher incidence of disease (Sapolsky, 2018).
Explanation of quote selection and connection:
Children who are not perfect and battling to live in a healthy environment are likely to get ill and have difficulty affording medical treatment due to their low socioeconomic position. This is because their living conditions are not ideal. Children who come from families with a low socioeconomic status, which is often the result of financial disparity, are more likely to have physical and mental health issues.
Entry #2
Source:
Purnell, J. Q. (2015). Financial health is public health. In L. Choi, D. Erickson, K. Griffin, A. Levere, & E. Seidman (Eds.),
What it’s Worth: Strengthening the financial futures .
Teen PregnancyRobin KillingsworthHCS465June 16, 2.docxmattinsonjanel
Teen Pregnancy
Robin Killingsworth
HCS/465
June 16, 2014
University of Phoenix
Running head: TEEN PREGNANCY
1
TEEN PREGNANCY
2
Teen Pregnancy
The problem at hand is the issue of teen pregnancy. Teens are young people who have just joined adulthood. The issue seems to be more prevalent in the rural areas. Sexual activities by the teenagers are on the rise this result to young girls getting pregnant. This issue is a big problem to the nursing practitioners in these rural communities; this challenge is intensified by presence of barriers to open discussions concerning teen pregnancy for instance , many rural southern communities social and cultural aspects discourage the open discussions on safe sexual practices it’s like a taboo (Weiss, 2012). The problem is important for healthcare administrators to study for cases of teen pregnancy are associated with increased infant and maternal risk complications and hardships, this settles more on costs related handling such situations. These teens are forced to drop out of school , lead marriages that break easily and in many situation they lead a life of poverty .this affects both the infant and the teen whose skills and ability to bring up a baby are insignificant in case where a concerned grown up does not intervene. Understanding how to handle those situations and challenges will increase the efficiency on service provision units dealing with teen children especially girls at the rural community health centers.
Research purpose
The purpose of this research was to analyze the essays written by high school students to gain insight concerning teen pregnancy rate in the rural community. This will help to establish the contributing factors to the problem of teen pregnancy eliminate barriers to successful discussions on teen pregnancy issue and implement appropriate interventions to manage teen pregnancy problems within the rural communities (Weiss, 2012).
Research question
Research question is one which is concise, focused and clear that surrounds the whole research. In this research, the research question was; is teen pregnancy a problem in our community?
Hypotheses
This is a statement that gives predictions of an experiment or research based on speculations on the expected outcome, based on the research problem. The following hypotheses can be formulated.
• Why is teen pregnancy problem to our community?
• Why is the teen pregnancy problem more prevalent in rural communities?
• Rural communities’ teens are the most vulnerable in teen pregnancy issue.
• Teen pregnancy education and contraceptive use promotion will ease the burden of teen pregnancy among the rural communities.
Study variables
Variables are aspects within the experiment that will be measured to show any change. We have dependent variable which is measured during the experiment. The independent variable shows any change that occurred .it affects the dependent variable. Dependent variable is pregnancy which the independent variabl ...
Annotated BibliographyGonzález, M. (2005). Access to Mental Heal.docxdurantheseldine
Annotated Bibliography
González, M. (2005). Access to Mental Health Services: The Struggle of Poverty Affected Urban Children of Color. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal,22(3), 245-256.
In this peer reviewed article, the author discusses that urban children of color especially those from low income families are at a greater risks of developing mental health problems. These children are also less likely to receive effective child mental health services as a result of poverty and so their health conditions continue to deteriorate. In this article the author put forth the barriers to mental health care as experienced by children of color together with their families. Gonzalez also stresses on the role of the social work in helping the children of color in urban areas access and benefit from mental health services.
De los Reyes-Aragon, C., Amar Amar, J., De Castro Correa, A., Lewis Harb, S., Madariaga, C., & Abello-Llanos, R. (2016). The Care and Development of Children Living in Contexts of Poverty. Journal of Child and Family Studies,25(12), 3637-3643.
The authors of this articles discuss that the circumstances under poverty can influence a child’s development. The study examines the development level of children that living in low income rural regions in Northern Colombia. Through their research, 18% of the assed children had developmental delay for their respective age groups. According to them, there is need for the improvement of the environmental conditions to help parents improve their caregiving practices.
Wong, Ma, & Chan. (2017). The impact of poverty on children in out-of-home care services in a Chinese context and the application of multiple family group therapy to enrich their family lives. Children and Youth Services Review,
This article focusses on Chinese children who were placed in out of home care in Hong Kong. These are children for disadvantaged families. The authors discuss that these children suffered mental illness, and substance abuse. The authors discuss on the best practices to rehabilitate these children.
Loha, E., Deressa, W., Solomon, T., Atsbeha, H., Hailu, A., & Lindtjørn, B. (2017). Anaemia among children in a drought affected community in south-central Ethiopia. PLoS One,12(3), E0170898.
This articles in addition discuses that children from low income families and poor regions are most likely to be diagnosed with anaemia. An increase in the prevalence of anaemia was observed in regions that had experienced draught and food shortage. Malaria is another disease they found out to be common in children living in low income areas.
Machell, Kyla ; Disabato, David ; Kashdan, Todd .Social Indicators Research, 2016, Vol.126(2), pp.845-861.
According to this article, the poor neighborhoods have little support from the government as far as developmental of rehabilitations centers, vocational training centers and guidance and counselling centers. These are the places useful for youths who did not complete school .
111Impact of Child Homelessness on Mental HealSantosConleyha
1
11
Impact of Child Homelessness on Mental Health and Academic Performance
Literature Review
Iriana Pinto
Department of Counseling, Webster University
COUN 5850: Research and Program Evaluation
Helen Singh Benn, PhD., LMHC
February 8, 2021
Literature Review
Ironically, homelessness itself a kind of mental torture which automatically creates distress in a person's mind and bitterness about life. A person without having shelter feels uncomfortable; unsatisfied with his life that he cannot feed his family, even the state's policies are not fair enough to support homeless families. Here, in this paper, we discuss child homelessness which is a great threat to child health in terms of mental distress and academic performance (Vostanis, 1998). In a recent survey, there were 1.4 million children experienced homelessness worldwide, about 75% of children experienced homelessness by doubling-up with other families. On the other hand, 15% of children were in shelters, hotels/motels percentage calculated as 7%, and those were who didn't have shelter to live were 4%. The data has been collected from 2016-17 survey regarding measuring the child homelessness in all over the world according to which appropriate measures could be taken to ensure the provision of shelters, homes, education to homeless children effectively and efficiently. The data mentioned above is being reported from two sources, i.e. school districts required to report based on the number of homeless students they serve. In contrast, others belong to the consensus of federally funded homeless shelters and temporary housing programs conducted by the U.S. Department of Housing and urban development.
Child Homelessness Statistics and Survey
Furthermore, the most important thing noticed during this survey is that overall child homelessness affects the mental health of the children and their academic performance. They do not feel comfortable while studying with 13-14 other family members, unsatisfied mind creates mental trouble and become the reason of destruction in overall academic performance. The explanations behind vagrancy in this get-together are extraordinary: many are overcomers of local violence, four and the get-together moreover consolidates uprooted individual families, generally in U.S. Homeless young people are on a very basic level more plausible than everyone, or assessment kids in stable housing, to have conceded development, six learning difficulties, seven and higher speeds of mental prosperity issues (social issues, for instance, rest agitating impact, eating issues, ill will, and overactivity, and energetic issues, for instance, despairing, anxiety, and self-harm).6,8–10 Such issues are not express to down and out families. They occur in various families living in trouble. They are related to threatening life events that rush vagrancy, for example, family breakdown, abuse, receptiveness to for ...
1
11
Impact of Child Homelessness on Mental Health and Academic Performance
Literature Review
Iriana Pinto
Department of Counseling, Webster University
COUN 5850: Research and Program Evaluation
Helen Singh Benn, PhD., LMHC
February 8, 2021
Literature Review
Ironically, homelessness itself a kind of mental torture which automatically creates distress in a person's mind and bitterness about life. A person without having shelter feels uncomfortable; unsatisfied with his life that he cannot feed his family, even the state's policies are not fair enough to support homeless families. Here, in this paper, we discuss child homelessness which is a great threat to child health in terms of mental distress and academic performance (Vostanis, 1998). In a recent survey, there were 1.4 million children experienced homelessness worldwide, about 75% of children experienced homelessness by doubling-up with other families. On the other hand, 15% of children were in shelters, hotels/motels percentage calculated as 7%, and those were who didn't have shelter to live were 4%. The data has been collected from 2016-17 survey regarding measuring the child homelessness in all over the world according to which appropriate measures could be taken to ensure the provision of shelters, homes, education to homeless children effectively and efficiently. The data mentioned above is being reported from two sources, i.e. school districts required to report based on the number of homeless students they serve. In contrast, others belong to the consensus of federally funded homeless shelters and temporary housing programs conducted by the U.S. Department of Housing and urban development.
Child Homelessness Statistics and Survey
Furthermore, the most important thing noticed during this survey is that overall child homelessness affects the mental health of the children and their academic performance. They do not feel comfortable while studying with 13-14 other family members, unsatisfied mind creates mental trouble and become the reason of destruction in overall academic performance. The explanations behind vagrancy in this get-together are extraordinary: many are overcomers of local violence, four and the get-together moreover consolidates uprooted individual families, generally in U.S. Homeless young people are on a very basic level more plausible than everyone, or assessment kids in stable housing, to have conceded development, six learning difficulties, seven and higher speeds of mental prosperity issues (social issues, for instance, rest agitating impact, eating issues, ill will, and overactivity, and energetic issues, for instance, despairing, anxiety, and self-harm).6,8–10 Such issues are not express to down and out families. They occur in various families living in trouble. They are related to threatening life events that rush vagrancy, for example, family breakdown, abuse, receptiveness to for ...
Associations between important aspects of the home and family and adolescents’ behavior and well-being are the primary focus. Families with few economic resources are more likely to have adolescents who have behavioral problems, who are psychologically distressed, and who do less well in school.
Source: https://ebookscheaper.com/2021/04/03/adolescents-who-perform-better-in-school/
You have been tasked with orienting new registered nurses in the emergency department in your hospital about how to manage child abuse and neglect cases. The orientation should cover child abuse and neglect definitions, prevention, detection, intervention and treatment, reporting, and interdisciplinary resources.
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Weekly Epidemiological Report Losing or Gaining VOL 33 NO 02
1. Vol. 33 No. 02 07th - 13th January 2006
Losing or Gaining?
In the long pathway of the human history,
being a socialized animal, along with the
growth of the global population, their needs
also have grown. Driven by these needs a par-allel
instrumental development can be ob-served.
At the same time, the natural environ-ment
is also apt to change. Although these
mechanical changes facilitated the human ac-tivities,
they equally gave rise to health haz-ards.
The biological and mechanical causes for
health problems have been deeply explored
enough. However, the impact of sociological
factors on the human health has not been ex-plored
equally. Whatsoever the reason for un-der
exploration, if the health of a nation is to
be improved this vacuum has to be filled with
anthropological studies. Researchers need to
improve their capabilities to describe the com-plex
issue of biological, mechanical and socio-logical
relevance of health problems. If this is
addressed, the gaining in health sector devel-opment
in a country would be comprehensive
and complete.
Other than their basic requirements, most of
the individual’s needs are determined by the
peer pressure of that community. The peer
group is generally managed by the local poli-tics,
which is the representative of the global
politics under the authorized blanket of
“globalization.” This influence may affect the
community in various intensities according to
their social, cultural, economical as well as
spiritual beliefs and practices. Within these
circumstances some individuals are unable to
withstand the peer pressure. Hence their tar-gets
are automatically set beyond their basic
needs, resulting in their demands being unable
to be met with the available limited resources
in a particular community. This situation com-pels
them to use their strengths or capabilities
to gain more resources. These resources may
be money - the symbol of purchasing power,
materials or person-hours.
Driven by economic hardships in one end and
by social pressure form the other end, people
are looking for new avenues to earn more
money. In achieving these goals some social,
cultural and spiritual values are ignored or
dropped from the priority list. Mother leaving
the family for foreign employment is such a
move, where the other responsibilities of a
mother within the family unit are surpassed by
the need for income generation. Female em-ployment
in a foreign job is considered as one
of the main solutions for economic hardships,
by the family, by the community and finally by
the government. Remittance from foreign em-ployment
constitutes the largest net foreign
exchange earned by the nation. In the year
2003, private remittances to Sri Lanka
amounted to Rupees 136 billion and Middle
East migrants contributed 56.9% of this
amount. Although this mother migration has
continued for 25 years, there is a query yet,
whether this remedy is appropriate for the
disease called poverty of the family or the
country.
It is estimated that around 600,000 females are
(Continued on page 2)
Contents Page
1. Leading Article - Losing or Gaining?
2. Surveillance of vaccine preventable diseases & AFP (31st December 2005 - 06th January 2006)
3. Summary of diseases under special surveillance (31st December 2005 - 06th January 2006)
4. Summary of Selected notifiable diseases reported (31st December 2005 - 06th January 2006)
1
3
3
4
2. Page 2
(Continued from page 1)
currently working abroad as housemaids. This has forced an
estimated one million children to live without their mothers.
Mother leaving the family makes many sudden changes in
the family structure and also in the traditional responsibilities
of each member of the family. Child would experience that
the mother image is suddenly replaced by his or her grand
mother, father, an elder sister or any other relative. In turn,
an elder female child may have to bear the responsibilities of
a mother looking into the needs of younger siblings and other
members of the family. This may perhaps, force them to
change their living from the familiar environment to a new
strange location. Whether this new caregiver is capable to
look after the child’s nutrition, education, security, health and
emotional needs are never considered beforehand. Whether
the child can emotionally tolerate the mother’s absence is also
never addressed. Whether these negative impacts will be
compensated by the financial gain is worth exploring.
The children below five years of age left behind by their par-ents
are the most affected segment of the society, due to
negative impact of their health and emotional development.
Moderate and severe malnutrition is common due to the sud-den
termination of breast feeding. Some children are so at-tached
emotionally to their care giver it takes some time to
get used to re-join with their own mother on her return.
Older children of expatriate mothers become insolent, disobe-dient,
and defiant. In instances where older children were not
supervised adequately, results poor school performance or
even school drop-out. These problems are never resolved
completely even after the mother’s return.
A recent study done among the 13-15 year children revealed
that, physical, educational and emotional neglect are signifi-cantly
higher among children of Middle East migrant moth-ers
than among mother available children. Most of the chil-dren
are cared by either grand mother or father in the
mother’s absence. Children’s main concerns were the loss of
maternal love and affection and the absence of suitable person
to discuss their grievances with. It appears that the surrogate
cannot take over the mother’s role to the satisfaction of the
child. The linear association of these causes with their out-comes
are difficult to explicit. But these various causative
factors are reflected by behaviour of children. This study esti-mated
the prevalence of behavioural problems - conduct and
emotional disorders as 18.7% for mother available children
and 42.2% among children of expatriate mothers. These be-havioural
problems could be presented with various psycho-logical
as well as somatic complaints. Hence, awareness of
this special risk group of children is definitely beneficial for
the clinical practitioners. The same study revealed poor
school performance is manifested as increased school drop
out, absenteeism and low marks obtained by migrant moth-ers’
children when compared with others. This negative im-pact
on children should be communicated with the people
who plan for foreign employment, since a better education for
their children is a prime objective of many of those mothers
seeking foreign employment.
On the other hand physical punishment at the school is more
frequently received by children of mother abroad than the
others. This may be due to poor school performance or their
behavioural problems. Whatsoever the cause they have been
physically abused than the mother-available children. The
teachers should therefore be aware of these children and find
alternative ways to make them disciplined.
The main expectation of foreign employment is to earn more
money than what they can in Sri Lanka. A sociological study
on the economy of the returnees from Middle East revealed
that 9% of migrants return empty handed. Another 62% of
the returned migrants possessed less than Rs. 50,000. This
suggests that the majority of returnee migrants do not earn a
considerable amount of money as they wished. Only 3.4 % of
the migrant in the sample could bring an amount of money
over Rs. 50,000. Thus expectation of a greener pasture has
not been fulfilled for most migrant females. On the other
hand the financial management of the family is also not satis-factory;
most of the members in the mother-abroad families
being addicted to alcohol and smoking than others.
All the evidence reveal the stark reality of the disaster caused
by the female migration of those families in general and their
children especially undergoing. The children are more prone
to abuse and are at a high risk of behavioural and psychologi-cal
problems. One of the main expectations – better education
also has not materialized. The economical gain for the family
is not noteworthy in most instances. The disruption of family
relationships is often hard to mend. The evidence on this
negative impact on the family due to migrant mother is well
enough to act upon. But the pull and push factors for mothers
seeking foreign employment are still operating in the society.
The controlling of this health related sociological phenome-non
is beyond the limit of single discipline. If a real change is
desired, not only the medical professionals, but also politi-cians,
policy makers, economists, and sociologists should act
in close rank. It is high time for all the stakeholders to inter-vene
in this problem and take control measures at the level of
decision-making.
This article is compiled by Dr. Anura Jayasinghe and is
based on his study “Physical Abuse and Neglect among
13 - 15 Years Old Children of Migrant Mothers in Kandy
District.”
WER Sri Lanka - Vol. 33 No. 02 07th - 13th January 2006
3. Page 3
Table 1: Vaccine-preventable diseases & AFP 31st December 2005 - 06th January 2006(1st Week)
Disease
No. of Cases by Province
Number
of cases
during
current
week in
2006
Number
of cases
during
same
week in
2005
Total
number
of cases
to date in
2006
Total
number
of cases
to date in
2005
Difference
between the
number of
cases to date
between 2006
& 2005
W C S NE NW NC U Sab
Acute Flaccid
Paralysis
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 00 02 -100.0%
Diphtheria 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00.0
Measles 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 01 -100.0%
Tetanus 00 01
KD=1
00 00 01
KR=1
00 00 00 02 00 02 00 -
Whooping
Cough
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 -100.0%
Tuberculosis 99 97 31 05 06 00 00 78 316 223 316 223 +41.7%
Table 2: Diseases under Special Surveillance 31st December 2005 - 06th January 2006(1st Week)
Disease
No. of Cases by Province
Number
of cases
during
current
week in
2006
Number
of cases
during
same
week in
2005
Total
number
of cases
to date in
2006
Total
number
of cases
to date in
2005
Difference
between the
number of
cases to date
between 2006
& 2005
W C S NE NW NC U Sab
DF/DHF* 72 13 26 02 18 02 03 08 144 46 144 46 +213.0%
Encephalitis 00 00 01
MT=1
00 00 01
KR=1
00 00 02 01 02 01 +100.0%
Human Rabies 00 00 00 01
JF=1
02
PU=2
00 00 00 03 00 03 00 -
*DF / DHF refers to Dengue Fever / Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever; Details by districts are given in Table 3.; NA= Not Available
Source : Weekly Return of Communicable Diseases :Diphtheria, Measles, Tetanus, Whooping Cough, Human Rabies, Dengue Haemorrhagic
Fever, Japanese Encephalitis
Special Surveillance : Acute Flaccid Paralysis
National Control Program for Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases : Tuberculosis
Key to Tables 1 and 2 :
Provinces :W=Western, C=Central, S=Southern, NE=North & East, NC=North Central, NW=North Western, U=Uva, Sab=Sabaragamuwa.
DPDHS Divisions :CB=Colombo, GM=Gampaha, KL=Kalutara, KD=Kandy, ML=Matale, NE=Nuwara Eliya, GL=Galle, HB=Hambantota, MT=Matara, JF=Jaffna,
KN=Kilinochchi, MN=Mannar, VA=Vavuniya, MU=Mullaitivu, BT=Batticaloa, AM=Ampara, TR=Trincomalee, KM=Kalmunai, KR=Kurunegala,
PU=Puttlam, AP=Anuradhapura, PO=Polonnaruwa, BD=Badulla, MO=Moneragala, RP=Ratnapura, KG=Kegalle.
Rubella vaccination at SMI in 2006
With the new EPI schedule introduced in 2001, all children who had completed three years of age are given Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccine. The very
first cohort of children who had MR vaccine in 2001 will be eight years of age in 2006. Therefore they are eligible for Rubella vaccine in the School
Medical Inspection (SMI) in 2006.
The principal aim of rubella vaccination is to prevent congenital rubella syndrome caused by acquiring the infection during the early period of the
pregnancy. This is achieved by attaining the immunity by child bearing women and by stopping the circulation of rubella virus in the community. Since
rubella vaccine results in immunity for a prolonged period of time perhaps, a life long immunity, usefulness of a second vaccine has to be decided. It
has not yet been decided to immunize these children with a second dose of Rubella at eight years of age since a second dose of Rubella will be more
appropriate if given at an age more closer to the child bearing age period. However, this matter is open for further academic and scientific delibera-tion
and a policy decision will be taken very soon at the earliest.
Therefore it has been decided not to administer a second dose of Rubella vaccine during SMI for eight year old children who had had their MR vac-cine
at three years of age. If a child possesses a written document such as the Child Health Development Record (CHDR) or other immunization re-cord
which records the administration of MR vaccine at three years of age they need not to be given Rubella vaccine at the SMI. However, during
SMI as usual, Rubella vaccine should be given to those eight years old children who were not given MR vaccine at three years of age
or those who do not have a written proof of MR immunization. A letter to this effect has already been dispatched to all Provincial
Directors and Deputy Provincial Directors of Health Services.
This will be in practice until a policy decision is taken on this matter.
WER Sri Lanka - Vol. 33 No. 02 07th - 13th January 2006
4. WER Sri Lanka - Vol. 33 No. 02 07th - 13th January 2006
Table 3: Selected notifiable diseases reported by Medical Officers of Health
31st December 2005 - 06th January 2006 (1st Week)
Dengue
Fever / DHF*
Dysentery Encephalitis Enteric
PRINTING OF THIS PUBLICATION IS FUNDED BY THE UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND (UNICEF).
DPDHS
Division
Comments and contributions for publication in the WER Sri Lanka are welcome. However, the editor reserves the right to accept or reject items
for publication. All correspondence should be mailed to The Editor, WER Sri Lanka, Epidemiological Unit, P.O. Box 1567, Colombo or sent by E-mail
chepid@sltnet.lk
ON STATE SERVICE
Dr. M. R. N. ABEYSINGHE
EPIDEMIOLOGIST
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL UNIT
231, DE SARAM PLACE
COLOMBO 10
Fever
Food
Poisoning
Leptos-pirosis
Viral Hepatitis Returns
Received
Timely**
A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B %
Colombo 39 39 03 03 00 00 03 03 00 00 01 01 00 00 00 00 46
Gampaha 21 21 00 00 00 00 01 01 08 08 01 01 00 00 04 04 57
Kalutara 12 12 02 02 00 00 01 01 05 05 02 02 00 00 00 00 60
Kandy 12 12 07 07 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 03 01 01 01 01 59
Matale 00 00 03 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 67
Nuwara Eliya 01 01 01 01 00 00 02 02 00 00 00 00 01 01 00 00 29
Galle 04 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 01 00 00 00 00 56
Hambantota 01 01 02 02 00 00 01 01 00 00 03 03 01 01 02 02 80
Matara 21 21 01 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 02 02 06 06 00 00 87
Jaffna 01 01 09 09 00 00 02 02 00 00 00 00 19 19 02 02 63
Kilinochchi 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 75
Mannar 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Vavuniya 01 01 06 06 00 00 03 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 75
Mullaitivu 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 50
Batticaloa 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20
Ampara 00 00 05 05 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 57
Trincomalee 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 11
Kurunegala 14 14 11 11 01 01 05 05 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 01 76
Puttalam 04 04 10 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 08 89
Anuradhapura 02 02 03 03 00 00 04 04 00 00 01 01 01 01 01 01 58
Polonnaruwa 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 71
Badulla 02 02 10 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 60
Monaragala 01 01 05 05 00 00 06 06 00 00 02 02 01 01 00 00 90
Ratnapura 07 07 10 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 53
Kegalle 01 01 04 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 03 00 00 00 00 55
Kalmunai 00 00 06 06 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 09 09 42
SRI LANKA 144 144 98 98 02 02 30 30 13 13 19 19 30 30 28 28 59
Source : Weekly Returns of Communicable Diseases ( WRCD )
*Dengue Fever / DHF refers to Dengue Fever / Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever
**Timely refers to returns received on or before 14th January 2006 :Total number of reporting units = 279.
A = Cases reported during the current week; B = Cumulative cases for the year;
Typhus
Fever