Valudor is expanding its Process Performance Chemicals division to better serve customers' chemical needs. The letter discusses Valudor's capabilities in providing chemicals for various process applications including cleaning, oil field, midstream, refinery, boiler/cooling, marine, wastewater, and agriculture. Valudor looks forward to discussing customers' needs and how it can optimize processes through specialized chemicals and meet expectations for price, performance, and service.
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen PlantGerard B. Hawkins
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Contents
Summary
1 Introduction
2 "On-purpose" Hydrogen Production
3 Operational Aspects
4 Uprating Options on the Steam Reformer
4.1 Steam Reforming Catalysts and Tube Metallurgy
4.2 Oxygen-blown Secondary Reformer
4.3 Pre-reforming
4.4 Post-reforming
5 Downstream Units
6 Summary of Uprating Options
7 Conclusions
(AGRU) ACID GAS SOUR SHIFT: CASE STUDY IN REFINERY GAS TREATMENTGerard B. Hawkins
(AGRU) ACID GAS SOUR SHIFT: CASE STUDY IN REFINERY GAS TREATMENT; Case Study: #0978766GB/H
CASE STUDY OVERVIEW
Syn Gas Sour Shift: Process Flow Diagram
AGR: Acid Gas to VULCAN SYSTEMS Sour Gas Shift
DESIGN BASIS:
ACID GAS REACTOR CATALYST SPECIFICATION
SOUR SHIFT CASE
SHIFT REACTOR CATALYST SPECIFICATIONS
COS REACTOR CATALYST SPECIFICATIONS
SWEET SHIFT CASE
SHIFT REACTOR CATALYST SPECIFICATIONS
PERFORMANCE SIMULATION RESULTS
SOUR SHIFT SECTION
1 Cases Considered
2 Catalyst Used
3 Client Requirements
4 Oxygen and Olefins
5 HCN
6 NH3
7 Arsine
8 Input Data Sour Shift Unit
9 Activity (PROPRIETARY)
10 Results
ADIABATIC SWEET SHIFT SECTION: HTS Reactor followed by LTS Reactor
1 Catalyst Used
2 Inlet Operating Temperature HTS Reactor
3 Feed Flow Rate, Inlet Operating Pressure and Feed Composition HTS Reactor
4 Inlet Operating Conditions LTS Reactor
5 Client Requirements
6 Results: Standard Case as Presented to the Client
7 Results: Inlet Operating Pressure HTS Reactor = 25.2 bara
8 Results: Addition of 100 kmol/h N2
COS HYDROLYSIS SECTION FOR SWEET SHIFT CASE
1 Total Feed Flow Rate, Feed Composition, Direction of Flow, Inlet Operating Temperature, Inlet Operating Pressure
2 Inlet H2S and COS Levels
3 Equilibrium H2S and COS Levels (COS Hydrolysis Reaction)
4 Client Requirements
5 Results
H2S REMOVAL SECTION AFTER AGR UNIT
(2 Absorbent Beds (VULCAN VSG-EZ200) in Lead/Lag Arrangement)
1 Total Feed Flow Rate, Feed Composition, Direction of Flow, Inlet Operating Temperature, Inlet Operating Pressure
2 Inlet H2S and COS Levels
3 Client Requirements (All Cases)
4 Results
ISOTHERMAL SWEET SHIFT SECTION: Alternative Approach
VULCAN Simulation Input Data
1 Enthalpy method
2 Cases considered
3 Feed stream data
4 Kinetics
5 Catalyst
6 Catalyst Activity relative to standard
7 Catalyst size and packing details
8 Catalyst pressure drop parameters
9 Catalyst Volume
10 Standard die-off rate
11 BFW Rate
12 Vapor fraction
13 Steam Temperature
14 Steam Pressure
15 Boiling Model
16 Volumetric UA
Isothermal Shift Simulations Results
APPENDIX
Characteristics of Acid Gas Removal Technologies
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen PlantGerard B. Hawkins
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Contents
Summary
1 Introduction
2 "On-purpose" Hydrogen Production
3 Operational Aspects
4 Uprating Options on the Steam Reformer
4.1 Steam Reforming Catalysts and Tube Metallurgy
4.2 Oxygen-blown Secondary Reformer
4.3 Pre-reforming
4.4 Post-reforming
5 Downstream Units
6 Summary of Uprating Options
7 Conclusions
(AGRU) ACID GAS SOUR SHIFT: CASE STUDY IN REFINERY GAS TREATMENTGerard B. Hawkins
(AGRU) ACID GAS SOUR SHIFT: CASE STUDY IN REFINERY GAS TREATMENT; Case Study: #0978766GB/H
CASE STUDY OVERVIEW
Syn Gas Sour Shift: Process Flow Diagram
AGR: Acid Gas to VULCAN SYSTEMS Sour Gas Shift
DESIGN BASIS:
ACID GAS REACTOR CATALYST SPECIFICATION
SOUR SHIFT CASE
SHIFT REACTOR CATALYST SPECIFICATIONS
COS REACTOR CATALYST SPECIFICATIONS
SWEET SHIFT CASE
SHIFT REACTOR CATALYST SPECIFICATIONS
PERFORMANCE SIMULATION RESULTS
SOUR SHIFT SECTION
1 Cases Considered
2 Catalyst Used
3 Client Requirements
4 Oxygen and Olefins
5 HCN
6 NH3
7 Arsine
8 Input Data Sour Shift Unit
9 Activity (PROPRIETARY)
10 Results
ADIABATIC SWEET SHIFT SECTION: HTS Reactor followed by LTS Reactor
1 Catalyst Used
2 Inlet Operating Temperature HTS Reactor
3 Feed Flow Rate, Inlet Operating Pressure and Feed Composition HTS Reactor
4 Inlet Operating Conditions LTS Reactor
5 Client Requirements
6 Results: Standard Case as Presented to the Client
7 Results: Inlet Operating Pressure HTS Reactor = 25.2 bara
8 Results: Addition of 100 kmol/h N2
COS HYDROLYSIS SECTION FOR SWEET SHIFT CASE
1 Total Feed Flow Rate, Feed Composition, Direction of Flow, Inlet Operating Temperature, Inlet Operating Pressure
2 Inlet H2S and COS Levels
3 Equilibrium H2S and COS Levels (COS Hydrolysis Reaction)
4 Client Requirements
5 Results
H2S REMOVAL SECTION AFTER AGR UNIT
(2 Absorbent Beds (VULCAN VSG-EZ200) in Lead/Lag Arrangement)
1 Total Feed Flow Rate, Feed Composition, Direction of Flow, Inlet Operating Temperature, Inlet Operating Pressure
2 Inlet H2S and COS Levels
3 Client Requirements (All Cases)
4 Results
ISOTHERMAL SWEET SHIFT SECTION: Alternative Approach
VULCAN Simulation Input Data
1 Enthalpy method
2 Cases considered
3 Feed stream data
4 Kinetics
5 Catalyst
6 Catalyst Activity relative to standard
7 Catalyst size and packing details
8 Catalyst pressure drop parameters
9 Catalyst Volume
10 Standard die-off rate
11 BFW Rate
12 Vapor fraction
13 Steam Temperature
14 Steam Pressure
15 Boiling Model
16 Volumetric UA
Isothermal Shift Simulations Results
APPENDIX
Characteristics of Acid Gas Removal Technologies
Reactor Arrangement for Continuous Vapor Phase ChlorinationGerard B. Hawkins
Reactor Arrangement for Continuous Vapor Phase Chlorination
CONTENTS
1 BACKGROUND
2 REACTOR
3 CHEMICAL SYSTEM
4 PROCESS CHEMISTRY
5 KINETICS EXPERIMENTS AND MODELING
6 INTERPRETATION OF KINETICS INFORMATION
7 OPERATING CONDITIONS AND REACTOR DESIGN
8 REACTOR STABILITY AND CONTROL
FIGURES
1 POSTULATED REACTION PATHS FOR PROGRESSIVE CHLORINATION OF B-PICOLINE 3
2 CHLORINATION OF b-PICOLINE: MODEL PREDICTIONS OF PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION IN FULLY-MIXED REACTOR
3 TWO-STAGE REACTOR: RATE OF CHLORINATION OF b-PICOLINE
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS ENGINEERING GUIDE
Determination of Hydrogen Sulfide by Cadmium Sulfide PrecipitationGerard B. Hawkins
Plant Analytical Techniques
Gas Analysis: Determination of Hydrogen Sulfide by Cadmium Sulfide Precipitation
SCOPE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION
This method is suitable for the in situ determination of hydrogen sulfide in ammonia plant gas streams when testing is required during catalyst reduction.
PRINCIPLE
Hydrogen sulfide present in the gas precipitates cadmium sulfide from a cadmium solution. The precipitate is filtered then reacted with iodine; the excess iodine is then titrated with sodium thiosulfate.
SYNGAS CONDITIONING UNIT FEASIBILITY CASE STUDY: COAL-TO-LIQUIDSGerard B. Hawkins
SYNGAS CONDITIONING UNIT FEASIBILITY CASE STUDY: COAL-TO-LIQUIDS
Case Study: #0953616GB/H
HT SHIFT REACTOR CATALYST SPECIFICATION
Process Specification
This process duty specification refers to a Syngas Conditioning Unit which utilizes HT Shift reaction technology on a slip stream of raw gas to produce a recombined gas stream with a H2:CO ratio of 1.57:1. This is an important consideration as the Shift reactor is not required to minimize CO at outlet, and this specification refers to the expected performance that can be achieved in a single stage reactor scheme.
The Syngas Conditioning Unit is part of a proposed coal-to-liquids complex in which synthesis gas is produced by gasification of coal for downstream processing in a Fischer Tropsch reactor and Hydrocracker unit.
Done by ABJ_ platinum8, Ali Bin Jassim Secondary Independent School for Boys.
Environmental Catalysis Module: Students examines different types of catalytic systems, including heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. Depending on the knowledge they gained during activities, the students are then asked to design their projects.
Our Project: using Cheap Catalyst in car exhaust: Using cheap converter for most of the cars in place of that high price converters to get clean environment.
Debottlenecking Claus Sulfur Recovery Units: An Investigation of the applicat...Gerard B. Hawkins
Debottlenecking Claus Sulfur Recovery Units: An Investigation of the application of Zinc Titanates
1 Executive Summary
2 Claus Process
2.1 Partial Combustion Claus
2.2 Split Flow Claus
2.3 Sulfur Recycle Claus
3 Zinc Titanates
4 Application of Zinc Titanate to Debottleneck Partial Combustion Claus by 10%
4.1 Process
4.2 ASPEN Modeling Results
4.3 Cost of Zinc Titanate Bed Installation
4.3.1 Basis of Costing
4.3.2 Zinc Titanate Beds
4.3.3 Regen Cooler
4.3.4 Blowers
4.3.5 Results
4.4 Alternative Debottlenecking Technology for Partial Combustion Claus
4.5 Cost of 10% Debottlenecking Using COPE Process
5 Debottlenecking Claus Split Flow System by 10% with Zinc Titanates
6 Debottlenecking Claus Sulfur Recycle System With Zinc Titanate
7 Effect of Zinc Titanate Debottlenecking on Existing Tail; Gas Treatment Systems
7.1 Selectox
7.2 SuperClaus99
7.3 Superclaus 99.5
7.4 SCOT Process
7.5 Zinc Titanate as a Claus Tail Gas Treatment
7.6 H2S Removal Efficiency With Zinc Titanate
8 Effects on COS and CS2 Formation
9 Questions for further Investigation
FIGURES
Figure 1 Claus Unit and TGCU
Figure 2 Claus Process
Figure 3 Typical Claus Sulfur Recovery Unit
Figure 4 Two-Stage Claus SRU
Figure 5 The Super Claus Process
Figure 6 SCOT
Figure 7 SCOT/BSR-MDEA (or clone) TGCU
REFERENCES: PATENTS
US4333855_PROMOTED_ZINC_TITANATE_CATALYTIC_AGENT
US4394297_ZINC_TITANATE_CATALYST
US6338794B1_DESULFURIZATION_ZINC_TITANATE_SORBENTS
Typical Stabilizer Chloride Management Problems
What Causes NH4Cl Salts?
Mitigating System Fouling
Operating practices
Problems with Water Injection
Design To Mitigate Salt Formation
Prevention
Remove Nitrogen from the feed
Remove chloride from stabilizer feed
Chloride Guard Bed
Caustic Injection
Water Wash
Summary
CONTENTS
1 SCOPE
2 PROPERTIES OF FLUID
2.1 General Properties of Sodium Hydroxide
2.2 Physical Properties of Sodium Hydroxide and its Solutions
2.3 Chemical Properties and uses of Sodium Hydroxide
2.4 Physiological effects of Sodium Hydroxide
2.5 Specifications of Commercial Caustic Soda Grades
3 CHOICE OF PUMP TYPE
3.1 Pump Duty
3.2 Pump Type
4 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAMS
5 RECOMMENDED LAYOUT
6 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
7 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
7.1 Nickel and Nickel Alloys
7.2 Austenitic Stainless Steel
7.3 Aluminium, Aluminium Alloys, etc.
7.4 Non-Metallic Materials
TABLES
1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (Solid Form)
2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (Solution Form)
3 CAUSTIC SODA GRADES
FIGURES
1.1 LINE DIAGRAM - HORIZONTAL GLANDED, GLANDLESS AND VERTICAL IN-LINE PUMPS
1.2 LINE DIAGRAM - VERTICAL SPINDLE CANTILEVER PUMPS
1.3 LINE DIAGRAM - SELF PRIMING PUMPS
1.4 LINE DIAGRAM - RECIPROCATING PLUNGER METERING PUMPS
1.5 LINE DIAGRAM - POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT DIAPHRAGM METERING PUMPS
1.6 WATER FLUSHING ARRANGEMENT FOR DOUBLE MECHANICAL SEAL
1.7 WATER FLUSH (QUENCH) ARRANGEMENT FOR SINGLE HARD FACED (CARBIDE) SEAL AND BACK-UP LIP SEAL
2 PHASE DIAGRAM OF NaOH-H2O
3 VISCOSITY OF AQUEOUS CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
4 VAPOR PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
5 ENTHALPY CONCENTRATION FOR AQUEOUS CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
6 SPECIFIC GRAVITY FOR AQUEOUS CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
7 DILUTION OF CAUSTIC SODA LIQUOR
8 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
9 SPECIFIC HEAT OF CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
10 BOILING POINTS OF STRONG CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS AT REDUCED PRESSURE
11 COMMENCEMENT OF FREEZING OF CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS (0 - 52% W/W)
12 TEMPERATURES ATTAINED ON DISSOLUTION OF ANHYDROUS CAUSTIC SODA
13 HEAT OF SOLUTION FOR ANHYDROUS CAUSTIC SODA
14 SOLUBILITY OF SODIUM CHLORIDE IN CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
15 DENSITY - CONCENTRATION TABLES FOR CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS AT 600 F (15.5 0 C)
16 MATERIAL SELECTION CHART FOR CAUSTIC SODA HANDLING
Determination of Anions by Ion Chromatography
1 SCOPE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION
This method is suitable for the determination of inorganic anions in Ammonia Solution in the range 100 ppb to 50 ppm m/v.
2 PRINCIPLE
The sample is passed through a column of anion exchange resin, on which the anions are absorbed and separated. They are then eluted with dilute sodium carbonate/sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and passed through a suppressor. This replaces the cations with hydrogen ions and thus reduces the background conductivity of the eluent. Final measurement is by conductivity
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
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Reactor Arrangement for Continuous Vapor Phase ChlorinationGerard B. Hawkins
Reactor Arrangement for Continuous Vapor Phase Chlorination
CONTENTS
1 BACKGROUND
2 REACTOR
3 CHEMICAL SYSTEM
4 PROCESS CHEMISTRY
5 KINETICS EXPERIMENTS AND MODELING
6 INTERPRETATION OF KINETICS INFORMATION
7 OPERATING CONDITIONS AND REACTOR DESIGN
8 REACTOR STABILITY AND CONTROL
FIGURES
1 POSTULATED REACTION PATHS FOR PROGRESSIVE CHLORINATION OF B-PICOLINE 3
2 CHLORINATION OF b-PICOLINE: MODEL PREDICTIONS OF PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION IN FULLY-MIXED REACTOR
3 TWO-STAGE REACTOR: RATE OF CHLORINATION OF b-PICOLINE
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS ENGINEERING GUIDE
Determination of Hydrogen Sulfide by Cadmium Sulfide PrecipitationGerard B. Hawkins
Plant Analytical Techniques
Gas Analysis: Determination of Hydrogen Sulfide by Cadmium Sulfide Precipitation
SCOPE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION
This method is suitable for the in situ determination of hydrogen sulfide in ammonia plant gas streams when testing is required during catalyst reduction.
PRINCIPLE
Hydrogen sulfide present in the gas precipitates cadmium sulfide from a cadmium solution. The precipitate is filtered then reacted with iodine; the excess iodine is then titrated with sodium thiosulfate.
SYNGAS CONDITIONING UNIT FEASIBILITY CASE STUDY: COAL-TO-LIQUIDSGerard B. Hawkins
SYNGAS CONDITIONING UNIT FEASIBILITY CASE STUDY: COAL-TO-LIQUIDS
Case Study: #0953616GB/H
HT SHIFT REACTOR CATALYST SPECIFICATION
Process Specification
This process duty specification refers to a Syngas Conditioning Unit which utilizes HT Shift reaction technology on a slip stream of raw gas to produce a recombined gas stream with a H2:CO ratio of 1.57:1. This is an important consideration as the Shift reactor is not required to minimize CO at outlet, and this specification refers to the expected performance that can be achieved in a single stage reactor scheme.
The Syngas Conditioning Unit is part of a proposed coal-to-liquids complex in which synthesis gas is produced by gasification of coal for downstream processing in a Fischer Tropsch reactor and Hydrocracker unit.
Done by ABJ_ platinum8, Ali Bin Jassim Secondary Independent School for Boys.
Environmental Catalysis Module: Students examines different types of catalytic systems, including heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. Depending on the knowledge they gained during activities, the students are then asked to design their projects.
Our Project: using Cheap Catalyst in car exhaust: Using cheap converter for most of the cars in place of that high price converters to get clean environment.
Debottlenecking Claus Sulfur Recovery Units: An Investigation of the applicat...Gerard B. Hawkins
Debottlenecking Claus Sulfur Recovery Units: An Investigation of the application of Zinc Titanates
1 Executive Summary
2 Claus Process
2.1 Partial Combustion Claus
2.2 Split Flow Claus
2.3 Sulfur Recycle Claus
3 Zinc Titanates
4 Application of Zinc Titanate to Debottleneck Partial Combustion Claus by 10%
4.1 Process
4.2 ASPEN Modeling Results
4.3 Cost of Zinc Titanate Bed Installation
4.3.1 Basis of Costing
4.3.2 Zinc Titanate Beds
4.3.3 Regen Cooler
4.3.4 Blowers
4.3.5 Results
4.4 Alternative Debottlenecking Technology for Partial Combustion Claus
4.5 Cost of 10% Debottlenecking Using COPE Process
5 Debottlenecking Claus Split Flow System by 10% with Zinc Titanates
6 Debottlenecking Claus Sulfur Recycle System With Zinc Titanate
7 Effect of Zinc Titanate Debottlenecking on Existing Tail; Gas Treatment Systems
7.1 Selectox
7.2 SuperClaus99
7.3 Superclaus 99.5
7.4 SCOT Process
7.5 Zinc Titanate as a Claus Tail Gas Treatment
7.6 H2S Removal Efficiency With Zinc Titanate
8 Effects on COS and CS2 Formation
9 Questions for further Investigation
FIGURES
Figure 1 Claus Unit and TGCU
Figure 2 Claus Process
Figure 3 Typical Claus Sulfur Recovery Unit
Figure 4 Two-Stage Claus SRU
Figure 5 The Super Claus Process
Figure 6 SCOT
Figure 7 SCOT/BSR-MDEA (or clone) TGCU
REFERENCES: PATENTS
US4333855_PROMOTED_ZINC_TITANATE_CATALYTIC_AGENT
US4394297_ZINC_TITANATE_CATALYST
US6338794B1_DESULFURIZATION_ZINC_TITANATE_SORBENTS
Typical Stabilizer Chloride Management Problems
What Causes NH4Cl Salts?
Mitigating System Fouling
Operating practices
Problems with Water Injection
Design To Mitigate Salt Formation
Prevention
Remove Nitrogen from the feed
Remove chloride from stabilizer feed
Chloride Guard Bed
Caustic Injection
Water Wash
Summary
CONTENTS
1 SCOPE
2 PROPERTIES OF FLUID
2.1 General Properties of Sodium Hydroxide
2.2 Physical Properties of Sodium Hydroxide and its Solutions
2.3 Chemical Properties and uses of Sodium Hydroxide
2.4 Physiological effects of Sodium Hydroxide
2.5 Specifications of Commercial Caustic Soda Grades
3 CHOICE OF PUMP TYPE
3.1 Pump Duty
3.2 Pump Type
4 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAMS
5 RECOMMENDED LAYOUT
6 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
7 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
7.1 Nickel and Nickel Alloys
7.2 Austenitic Stainless Steel
7.3 Aluminium, Aluminium Alloys, etc.
7.4 Non-Metallic Materials
TABLES
1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (Solid Form)
2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (Solution Form)
3 CAUSTIC SODA GRADES
FIGURES
1.1 LINE DIAGRAM - HORIZONTAL GLANDED, GLANDLESS AND VERTICAL IN-LINE PUMPS
1.2 LINE DIAGRAM - VERTICAL SPINDLE CANTILEVER PUMPS
1.3 LINE DIAGRAM - SELF PRIMING PUMPS
1.4 LINE DIAGRAM - RECIPROCATING PLUNGER METERING PUMPS
1.5 LINE DIAGRAM - POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT DIAPHRAGM METERING PUMPS
1.6 WATER FLUSHING ARRANGEMENT FOR DOUBLE MECHANICAL SEAL
1.7 WATER FLUSH (QUENCH) ARRANGEMENT FOR SINGLE HARD FACED (CARBIDE) SEAL AND BACK-UP LIP SEAL
2 PHASE DIAGRAM OF NaOH-H2O
3 VISCOSITY OF AQUEOUS CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
4 VAPOR PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
5 ENTHALPY CONCENTRATION FOR AQUEOUS CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
6 SPECIFIC GRAVITY FOR AQUEOUS CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
7 DILUTION OF CAUSTIC SODA LIQUOR
8 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
9 SPECIFIC HEAT OF CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
10 BOILING POINTS OF STRONG CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS AT REDUCED PRESSURE
11 COMMENCEMENT OF FREEZING OF CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS (0 - 52% W/W)
12 TEMPERATURES ATTAINED ON DISSOLUTION OF ANHYDROUS CAUSTIC SODA
13 HEAT OF SOLUTION FOR ANHYDROUS CAUSTIC SODA
14 SOLUBILITY OF SODIUM CHLORIDE IN CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
15 DENSITY - CONCENTRATION TABLES FOR CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS AT 600 F (15.5 0 C)
16 MATERIAL SELECTION CHART FOR CAUSTIC SODA HANDLING
Determination of Anions by Ion Chromatography
1 SCOPE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION
This method is suitable for the determination of inorganic anions in Ammonia Solution in the range 100 ppb to 50 ppm m/v.
2 PRINCIPLE
The sample is passed through a column of anion exchange resin, on which the anions are absorbed and separated. They are then eluted with dilute sodium carbonate/sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and passed through a suppressor. This replaces the cations with hydrogen ions and thus reduces the background conductivity of the eluent. Final measurement is by conductivity
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
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Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
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Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
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Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
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One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Valudor introduction ppc process performance chemicals division featuring chemical specialties products
1. PROCESS PERFORMANCE CHEMICALS DIVISION
ENERGY & WATER TREATMENT
VALUE SERVICE CHEMICALS
UPSTREAM---MIDSTREAM---DOWNSTREAM
ONSHORE DOCKSIDE VESSELS OFFSHORE SUBSEA
2. 11/6/2018
Dear Process Optimization Leader, Process Performance Chemicals Division
Valudor is expanding to better serve your specified chemical requirements and expectations by providing continued
World Class Chemical Service, developing outstanding capabilities, in Process Performance Chemicals. Valudor PPC,
Process Performance Chemicals, has developed a broad capability in specialty chemical process optimization by building
choices, for you, in the following Process Applications:
1- CLEANING
2- OIL FIELD
3- MIDSTREAM
4- REFINERY
5- BOILER/ COOLING
6- MARINE (GREEN)
7-WASTEWATER
8- AGRICULTURE
We look forward to presenting our current capabilities, discussing your needs, today, aligning process optimization
together, as Valudor continues to adapt and anticipate your process demands, with a commitment to meet and exceed
your VALUE expectations in Price, Performance and Service, to Your DOOR.
Best Regards,
Bill
William J Toomey
Division President
PROCESS PERFORMANCE CHEMICALS bill.toomey@valudor.com (832) 392-2021
3. PROCESS PERFORMANCE CHEMICALS DIVISION
• ENERGY
• THE UPSTREAM SEGMENT DOMINATED THE OIL AND GAS CHEMICALS
MARKET IN 2016, ACCORDING TO THE STATS PROVIDED BY COHERENT
MARKET INSIGHTS. OIL AND GAS CHEMICALS ARE WIDELY USED IN AN
OILFIELD ACTIVITIES FOR EXTRACTION, EXPLORATION, AND
PRODUCTION OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS. INCREASING ENERGY DEMAND,
RISE IN EXPLORATION, AND PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES TO DISCOVER
UNTAPPED OIL AND GAS RESERVES HAVE BOOSTED THE UPSTREAM
SECTOR IN THE OIL AND GAS CHEMICALS MARKET. ACCORDING TO
BAKER HUGHES, THE WORLDWIDE RIG COUNT IN MARCH 2016, WAS 1,551
WHICH HAS INCREASED TO 1,985 IN MARCH 2017.
• WATER
TREATMENT
• Stimulation chemicals among the upstream chemicals are accounted
to have the largest growth in the upstream oil and gas chemicals
market, owing to their continuous use in an oilfield to repair and
improve the productivity of well. Additionally, desalting chemicals from
the midstream segment has the largest market in midstream oil and
gas chemicals, owing to their significant use to remove salt from the
treated oil. Similarly, petrochemicals segment from the downstream
chemicals holds the largest share in the downstream oil and gas
chemicals market.
• North-America is witnessed to be a giant market in oil and gas chemicals. Shale
gas revolution has paved paths to increase in exploration and production
activities in this region. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration,
the total shale production in the U.S. in 2014 was 13.4 trillion cubic feet, which
raised up to 15.2 trillion cubic feet in 2015. Increase in offshore E&P activities in
shallow and deep water has contributed to the growth of oil and gas chemicals in
this region.
https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/insight/request-sample/792
PRODUCTS & SERVICES
1- CLEANING
2- OIL FIELD
3- MIDSTREAM
4- REFINERY
5- BOILER/ COOLING
6- MARINE (GREEN)
7- WASTEWATER
8- AGRICULTURE / EQUIPMENT through our World Class Partners
The water treatment chemicals market is divided into eight segments by chemical
functionality:
• Industrial High Performance Cleaning Products
MARINE Applications Exceed NPDES Compliance Onshore Dockside Offshore and
Subsea
• Coagulants and flocculants: Chemicals used to clarify water by causing the
coalescence of dissolved impurities. Upon coalescence into large agglomerates, the
impurities can be removed mechanically.
• Anti-foams and defoamers: Chemical suppression of foam by prevention or
destruction
• Corrosion and scale inhibitors: Chemicals reducing and/or preventing corrosion and
scale formation by softening, demineralization, precipitation, sequestration and/or de-
aeration of the water.
• Activated carbon
4. PROCESS PERFORMANCE
CHEMICALS
PERFORMANCE SERVICE CAPABILITIES
CLEANING Chemicals, Sanitizers
Hydrocarbon Treatment
Fuel Treatment
Upstream Oil & Gas Chemicals
Wastewater Treatment
Boiler Water Treatment
Cooling Water Treatment
DUST Control
General Process and Membrane
8. Meeting and EXCEEDING CUSTOMER
Expectations
PROCESS PERFORMANCE CHEMICALS
CLEANING
Process Chemicals
*Injection
*Dosing
*Applications
Management
SERVING Customer Partner, Distributor or Service Company to
provide CHEMICAL Monitoring, Management and Applications
Support through Products, Systems and Services to Meet and
EXCEED Customer Expectations for COMPLETE Process Performance
Chemical Application Optimization
ENERGY & WATER TREATMENT
9. PROCESS PERFORMANCE CHEMICALS DIVISION
ENERGY & WATER TREATMENT
VALUE SERVICE CHEMICALS
UPSTREAM---MIDSTREAM---DOWNSTREAM
ONSHORE DOCKSIDE VESSELS OFFSHORE SUBSEA