Valuation and Surplus, Basis of Valuation of Net Liabilities, Sources of Surplus, Excess Interest, Savings from Morality, Savings from Loading, Lapses and Surrenders, Bonus Loading, Miscellaneous Sources, Methods of Distribution of Surplus, Uniform Bonus Plan, Contribution Method, Classification of Bonus
1. UNIT 5 VALUATION
AND SURPLUS
BY
DESI PRIYA V
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ETHIRAJ COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
2. VALUATION
Net liabilities of an insurer
Total amount of reserve
Sufficient funds to meet the obligation
3. PURPOSE OF VALUATION
1) To determine the solvency
Sufficient funds to meet the current obligation
2) To determine the divisible surplus
Comparison of net liability with available funds at particular point of time
Excess – distribution of bonus or dividend to shareholders
4. CALCULATION PROCESS
Comparison of insurance funds with net liability
Surplus or deficiency
1. Calculation of Net Liabilities
Prospective method (present value required) or retrospective method (value
accumulated)
Same result
Policy value
Gross premium
5. CONTI……
PROSPECTIVE METHOD
PV of future claim – PV of future premium = Net Liability
Always excess
Gross premium
RETROSPECTIVE METHOD
Premium accumulated
Life values (Reserves)
6. 1. BASES OF VALUATION OF NET
LIABILITIES
Calculation of premium rates – mortality rates, interest, expenses and bonus loading on
past experiences
Calculation of NL – future estimation
Bases of calculation:
1. The Mortality Rate
2. Rate of Interest
3. Rate of Expenses
4. Bonus Rate
7. 2. CALCULATION OF LIFE INSURANCE
FUND
Revenue account of the insurer
Credit side – all incomes including premium, interest , rents etc
Debit side – all payments including policy claims, annuities, management expenses
Difference – Life Insurance Fund
Life Insurance Reserve
Fund – actual amount with the insurer & Reserve – NL of the insurer
8. 3. COMPARISON OF NET LIABILITIES
WITH LIFE INSURANCE FUND
Surplus
Deficiency
TREATMENT OF DEFICIENCY
TREATMENT OF SURPLUS
9. SOURCES OF SURPLUS
1. EXCESS INTEREST:
Excess of actual interest over assumed interest
Sale of securities more than book value
2. SAVINGS FROM MORTALITY:
Actual mortality rate lesser than assumed rate
3 ways to induce surplus
3. SAVINGS FROM LOADING:
Assumed loading more than actual expense
4. LAPSES AND SURRENDERS
Early termination of policy
10. CONTI….
5. BONUS LOADING:
Unutilized portion of bonus along with interest
6. MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES:
Annuity contracts, pure-endowment and term insurance
11. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SURPLUS AND
PROFIT
SURPLUS – excess funds over net liabilities
PROFIT – remaining of surplus
DIVISIBLE PROFIT – SEC 28 of the LIC Act, 1956, not less than 95% of the surplus
of the Corporation shall be allocated to or reserved for the policy holders of the
corporation.
12. BASES OF ALLOTMENT OF PROFIT
1. SIMPLICITY
2. EQUITY
3. SUITABILITY
4. POPULARITY
5. FLEXIBILITY
13. METHODS OF DISTRIBUTION OF
SURPLUS
1. UNIFORM BONUS PLAN:
Uniform bonus rate to all policyholders
Policy amount
Example: Rs. 25 per 1000 on whole life policies have been declared as bonus
Higher the policy amount higher the bonus declared
Bonus Rate = Total amount of divisible profit * Amount of insurance of RS.1000 /
amount of insurance under participating policies
Duration of the policy
14. CONTI……
2. CONTRIBUTION METHOD:
Principle of this method
Higher the contribution higher the bonus declared
Two things taken into account
Equity principle adopted
15. CLASSIFICATION OF BONUS
1. BONUS ON THE BASIS OF CALCULATION
2. BONUS ON THE BASIS OF VESTING
3. BONUS ON THE BASIS OF RESULTS