This document discusses using web technologies to promote lactation healthcare. It notes that while breastfeeding information exists online, there is little research on using interactive web 2.0 tools. Most childbearing women are from generations X and Y, accustomed to relying on the internet. The document provides examples of how lactation education can utilize blogs, podcasts, social media and more to reach these audiences. It argues this new approach is needed to better educate women and encourage breastfeeding in line with health goals.
Lessons from Ebola: Preventing the Next Epidemic Abioye Peju
These slides are a summary of 10 lessons learnt from PH557x; an online course offered by HarvardX. Interested in the public health/global health response to the Ebola Epidemic of 2014-2016? You should totally check these slides out.
Information Literacy: ‘Medicine’ in Improving Ways of Managing Information Ex...inventionjournals
We are now living in the information society and global village of which we are bombarded with huge sums of information which is not all relevant to us. It is therefore imperative to be well equipped with information literacy skills so as to curb the information explosion. Simply being exposed to a great deal of information will not make people informed citizens, they need information literacy skills. Information literacy comes as a ‘medicine’ in curing the information exposition. Information seekers can tackle information explosion by employing strategies such as information literacy education, development of information search skills, library education, user orientation, bibliographic user instruction, information fluency and all other information literacy competencies.
Presented at Healthcare CIO Certificate Program (Class of 2015), Hospital Administration School, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand on August 14, 2015
Lessons from Ebola: Preventing the Next Epidemic Abioye Peju
These slides are a summary of 10 lessons learnt from PH557x; an online course offered by HarvardX. Interested in the public health/global health response to the Ebola Epidemic of 2014-2016? You should totally check these slides out.
Information Literacy: ‘Medicine’ in Improving Ways of Managing Information Ex...inventionjournals
We are now living in the information society and global village of which we are bombarded with huge sums of information which is not all relevant to us. It is therefore imperative to be well equipped with information literacy skills so as to curb the information explosion. Simply being exposed to a great deal of information will not make people informed citizens, they need information literacy skills. Information literacy comes as a ‘medicine’ in curing the information exposition. Information seekers can tackle information explosion by employing strategies such as information literacy education, development of information search skills, library education, user orientation, bibliographic user instruction, information fluency and all other information literacy competencies.
Presented at Healthcare CIO Certificate Program (Class of 2015), Hospital Administration School, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand on August 14, 2015
Social networking, a relatively new communication phenomenon, has the ability to provide education, foster advocacy, promote the profession, and influence mental health policy. It also has the potential to violate boundaries, infringe on privacy, create liability, and damage professional credibility. A review of the literature revealed limited research has been conducted concerning the impact and use of social networking sites in nursing practice and other healthcare disciplines.
In Psychiatric/Mental Health Nursing, communication is the foundation of the therapeutic alliance. Because social networking communications have the potential to positively and negatively affect this alliance, it is imperative to develop guidelines for prudent and resourceful usage of social networking media that complies with practice acts, promotes professionalism, and maintains work-life balance for the psychiatric mental health nurse. This session will provide an overview of different types of social media outlets, review published position statements from other healthcare disciplines, and consider best practices for Psychiatric/Mental health nursing.
Supporting the Post-2015 Development Agenda Consultations Using U-Report - Pr...UN Global Pulse
A wide range of consultations has taken place in Uganda to review the progress made towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and developing the Post-2015 national development agenda. In support of the process, Pulse Lab Kampala has developed a technical toolkit to further incorporate the “voices of the people” into the planning process. Pulse Lab Kampala analysed a dataset comprising 3.1 million messages from UNICEF’s U-report platform to understand the views of Ugandan youth on Post-2015 development topics. The analysis revealed that ‘Better Health Care,’ ‘Good Education’ and ‘Better Job Opportunities’ are top priorities for the youth that participated in the digital surveys conducted by UNICEF.
Cite as: UN Global Pulse, 'Supporting the Post-2015 Development Agenda Consultations Using U-Report ', Global Pulse Project Series, no.12, 2015.
Understanding Public Perceptions of Immunisation Using Social Media - Project...UN Global Pulse
This project examined how analysis of social media data could be used to understand public perceptions on immunisation. In collaboration with the Ministry of Development Planning (Bappenas), the Ministry of Health, UNICEF and World Health Organisation (WHO) in Indonesia, Pulse Lab Jakarta filtered tweets for relevant conversations about vaccines and immunisation. Findings included identification of perception trends including concerns around religious issues, disease outbreaks, side effects and the launch of a new vaccine. The results built on Global Pulse’s previous explorations in this field, confirming that real-time information derived from social media conversations could complement existing knowledge of public opinion and lead to faster and more effective response to misinformation, since rumours often spread through social networks.
Cite as: UN Global Pulse, 'Understanding Public Perceptions of Immunisation Using Social Media', Global Pulse Project Series no.9, 2014.
This note focuses on the situation of COVID-19 in India and the government’s communication efforts during the pandemic. Based on MSC's research with low- and middle-income households, it highlights how these efforts can be strengthened through the adoption of a Social Behavioral Change Communication (SBCC) campaign.
Using Twitter to Measure Global Engagement on Climate Change - Project OverviewUN Global Pulse
Global Pulse developed a real-time social media monitor to measure and explore online discourse about climate change in support of the United Nations Climate Summit in 2014. The publicly accessible monitor analysed tweets in English, Spanish and French on a daily basis to show the volume and content of tweets about climate change across a range of topic areas such as economy and energy. Measuring and visualising public tweets over time created a baseline of engagement, and showed a significant increase in discussions about climate change around the Climate Summit. By providing a tool for comparing interest level between topics and regions, and monitoring the social media impact of climate-related public communications and events, the monitor could be used to measure awareness, support climate policy decision-making and to drive further public engagement.
Cite as: "Using Twitter to Measure Global Engagement on Climate Change', Global Pulse Project Series", no.7, 2014
Supporting Forest and Peat Fire Management Using Social Media - Project OverviewUN Global Pulse
A feasibility study was conducted by Pulse Lab Jakarta on the use of real-time information from social media during forest and peat fires haze events to support emergency response management in Indonesia. Specifically, the study sought to explore early signals from Twitter relating to major forest fires or haze events with a view to understanding the relation between communications trends and on-the-ground events. The results of the study demonstrated that Indonesians tweet significantly more about haze during and immediately after major fire events.
Cite as: UN Global Pulse, 'Feasibility Study: Supporting Forest and Peat Fire Management Using Social Media', Global Pulse Project Series, no.10, 2014.
Helping Crisis Responders Find the Informative Needle in the Tweet HaystackCOMRADES project
Leon Derczynski - University of Sheffield,
Kenny Meesters - TU Delft, Kalina Bontcheva - University of Sheffield, Diana Maynard- University of Sheffield
WiPe Paper – Social Media Studies
Proceedings of the 15th ISCRAM Conference – Rochester, NY, USA May 2018
Web 2.0 and mobile technologies show great potential for health communication and promotion, but why practitioners and scholars should go digital? Are there ways to measure the effectiveness? Are there opportunities for research?
Analysing Social Media Conversations to Understand Public Perceptions of Sani...UN Global Pulse
The United Nations Millennium Campaign and the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council partnered to deliver a comprehensive advocacy and communication drive on sanitation. Their efforts were in support of the UN Deputy Secretary General’s Call to Action on Sanitation to increase the number of people with access to better sanitation. Global Pulse provided an analysis of social media in order to provide insight on the baseline of public engagement, and explore ways to monitor a new sanitation campaign. Using a custom keyword taxonomy, English language tweets from January 2011 to December 2013 were extracted, sorted into categories and analysed.
Cite as: UN Global Pulse, 'Analysing Social Media Conversations to Understand Public Perceptions of Sanitation', Global Pulse Project Series, no.5, 2014.
A Holistic Approach to Evaluating Social Media's Successful Implementation in...Connie White
As emergency management agencies and organizations implement social media and web technology to support crisis information and communication efforts, many question if present strategies are beneficial. This is especially true if social media is being implemented for the first time or has not been experienced in a live disaster. Studies have been conducted providing information on a variety of interactions between Social Media and Emergency Management (SMEM). However, few have taken a formal scientific approach as a means of measurement providing a 'Comprehensive Performance Metric.' Performance metrics need to have consistency while providing room for implementing unique measurement criteria for individualized efforts. We offer a research design using field studies of real world cases, evaluating rural and metropolitan areas. The result produces a set of 'Best Practices' through implementation. By offering a means of measuring success, SMEM can continue to evolve by using a methodologically sound approach using social media.
Social networking, a relatively new communication phenomenon, has the ability to provide education, foster advocacy, promote the profession, and influence mental health policy. It also has the potential to violate boundaries, infringe on privacy, create liability, and damage professional credibility. A review of the literature revealed limited research has been conducted concerning the impact and use of social networking sites in nursing practice and other healthcare disciplines.
In Psychiatric/Mental Health Nursing, communication is the foundation of the therapeutic alliance. Because social networking communications have the potential to positively and negatively affect this alliance, it is imperative to develop guidelines for prudent and resourceful usage of social networking media that complies with practice acts, promotes professionalism, and maintains work-life balance for the psychiatric mental health nurse. This session will provide an overview of different types of social media outlets, review published position statements from other healthcare disciplines, and consider best practices for Psychiatric/Mental health nursing.
Supporting the Post-2015 Development Agenda Consultations Using U-Report - Pr...UN Global Pulse
A wide range of consultations has taken place in Uganda to review the progress made towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and developing the Post-2015 national development agenda. In support of the process, Pulse Lab Kampala has developed a technical toolkit to further incorporate the “voices of the people” into the planning process. Pulse Lab Kampala analysed a dataset comprising 3.1 million messages from UNICEF’s U-report platform to understand the views of Ugandan youth on Post-2015 development topics. The analysis revealed that ‘Better Health Care,’ ‘Good Education’ and ‘Better Job Opportunities’ are top priorities for the youth that participated in the digital surveys conducted by UNICEF.
Cite as: UN Global Pulse, 'Supporting the Post-2015 Development Agenda Consultations Using U-Report ', Global Pulse Project Series, no.12, 2015.
Understanding Public Perceptions of Immunisation Using Social Media - Project...UN Global Pulse
This project examined how analysis of social media data could be used to understand public perceptions on immunisation. In collaboration with the Ministry of Development Planning (Bappenas), the Ministry of Health, UNICEF and World Health Organisation (WHO) in Indonesia, Pulse Lab Jakarta filtered tweets for relevant conversations about vaccines and immunisation. Findings included identification of perception trends including concerns around religious issues, disease outbreaks, side effects and the launch of a new vaccine. The results built on Global Pulse’s previous explorations in this field, confirming that real-time information derived from social media conversations could complement existing knowledge of public opinion and lead to faster and more effective response to misinformation, since rumours often spread through social networks.
Cite as: UN Global Pulse, 'Understanding Public Perceptions of Immunisation Using Social Media', Global Pulse Project Series no.9, 2014.
This note focuses on the situation of COVID-19 in India and the government’s communication efforts during the pandemic. Based on MSC's research with low- and middle-income households, it highlights how these efforts can be strengthened through the adoption of a Social Behavioral Change Communication (SBCC) campaign.
Using Twitter to Measure Global Engagement on Climate Change - Project OverviewUN Global Pulse
Global Pulse developed a real-time social media monitor to measure and explore online discourse about climate change in support of the United Nations Climate Summit in 2014. The publicly accessible monitor analysed tweets in English, Spanish and French on a daily basis to show the volume and content of tweets about climate change across a range of topic areas such as economy and energy. Measuring and visualising public tweets over time created a baseline of engagement, and showed a significant increase in discussions about climate change around the Climate Summit. By providing a tool for comparing interest level between topics and regions, and monitoring the social media impact of climate-related public communications and events, the monitor could be used to measure awareness, support climate policy decision-making and to drive further public engagement.
Cite as: "Using Twitter to Measure Global Engagement on Climate Change', Global Pulse Project Series", no.7, 2014
Supporting Forest and Peat Fire Management Using Social Media - Project OverviewUN Global Pulse
A feasibility study was conducted by Pulse Lab Jakarta on the use of real-time information from social media during forest and peat fires haze events to support emergency response management in Indonesia. Specifically, the study sought to explore early signals from Twitter relating to major forest fires or haze events with a view to understanding the relation between communications trends and on-the-ground events. The results of the study demonstrated that Indonesians tweet significantly more about haze during and immediately after major fire events.
Cite as: UN Global Pulse, 'Feasibility Study: Supporting Forest and Peat Fire Management Using Social Media', Global Pulse Project Series, no.10, 2014.
Helping Crisis Responders Find the Informative Needle in the Tweet HaystackCOMRADES project
Leon Derczynski - University of Sheffield,
Kenny Meesters - TU Delft, Kalina Bontcheva - University of Sheffield, Diana Maynard- University of Sheffield
WiPe Paper – Social Media Studies
Proceedings of the 15th ISCRAM Conference – Rochester, NY, USA May 2018
Web 2.0 and mobile technologies show great potential for health communication and promotion, but why practitioners and scholars should go digital? Are there ways to measure the effectiveness? Are there opportunities for research?
Analysing Social Media Conversations to Understand Public Perceptions of Sani...UN Global Pulse
The United Nations Millennium Campaign and the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council partnered to deliver a comprehensive advocacy and communication drive on sanitation. Their efforts were in support of the UN Deputy Secretary General’s Call to Action on Sanitation to increase the number of people with access to better sanitation. Global Pulse provided an analysis of social media in order to provide insight on the baseline of public engagement, and explore ways to monitor a new sanitation campaign. Using a custom keyword taxonomy, English language tweets from January 2011 to December 2013 were extracted, sorted into categories and analysed.
Cite as: UN Global Pulse, 'Analysing Social Media Conversations to Understand Public Perceptions of Sanitation', Global Pulse Project Series, no.5, 2014.
A Holistic Approach to Evaluating Social Media's Successful Implementation in...Connie White
As emergency management agencies and organizations implement social media and web technology to support crisis information and communication efforts, many question if present strategies are beneficial. This is especially true if social media is being implemented for the first time or has not been experienced in a live disaster. Studies have been conducted providing information on a variety of interactions between Social Media and Emergency Management (SMEM). However, few have taken a formal scientific approach as a means of measurement providing a 'Comprehensive Performance Metric.' Performance metrics need to have consistency while providing room for implementing unique measurement criteria for individualized efforts. We offer a research design using field studies of real world cases, evaluating rural and metropolitan areas. The result produces a set of 'Best Practices' through implementation. By offering a means of measuring success, SMEM can continue to evolve by using a methodologically sound approach using social media.
www.EduFester.com
EduFester is an educational events discovery and collaboration engine. It aims to be the BookMyShow of educational events.
Add your events for free and it will be pushed to our website visitors and iOS & Android mobile app users.
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The Internet and Health: Controversies and OpportunitiesIgnacio Basagoiti
In the present article we tried to approach the phenomenon of the access online to the sanitary information on the part of the citizens, its importance and utility, but also the problems which one faces and the possible solutions to consider.
The first part of this paper describes how anti-vaccination groups
communicate and how social networks connect concerned parents
in new ways. The second part emphasizes the role of social media
monitoring in strategic communication, based on understanding
audience needs.
Mobile Phone's for Health Information DeliveryAnita Beninger
This presentation is about youth health information by mobile phone.
Information is important to good health, especially for youth in developing countries where the mobile phone is a common tool for communication. This presentation highlights global mobile phone programs for delivering health information internationally and locally.
Rural Women Perceptions of Digital Media Influence on Awareness Creation abou...AJSSMTJournal
This study has investigated the perception of digital media influence in awareness creation on
maternal health amongst rural women in Minna, Nigeria. Survey questionnaire was administered to a sample
of 384 respondents randomly drawn from a population of 96,886. The response was 99.2%. Findings reveal
that 109(28.61%) of the respondents rural women in Minna metropolis were very much exposed to maternal
health information on digital media with (Mean=4.14), while WhatsApp group 111(29.13%) (Mean=4.09),
whereas 107(28.08%) with (Mean= 3.88) were exposed to Internet discussion forum. However, discussion
forum and social networks appear to be the major sources of maternal health information among rural women
in Minna metropolis. Lack of local content on maternal health issues and inadequate relevant maternal health
information were revealed as the challenges to maternal health. The study recommends that digital media
should be effectively and efficiently used for maternal health improvement in Nigeria health centres.
The fourth edition of Facts for Life contains essential information that families and communities need to know to raise healthy children. This handbook provides practical advice on pregnancy, childbirth, childhood illnesses, child development and the care of children. This edition also features a new chapter on child protection. The book is intended for parents, families, health workers, teachers, youth groups, women’s groups, community organizations, government officials, employers, trade unions, media, and non-governmental and faith-based organizations.
COVID-19 & Personal BeliefsValuesThe COVID pandemic has had a tCruzIbarra161
COVID-19 & Personal Beliefs/Values
The COVID pandemic has had a tremendous effect on the worldview surrounding my current nursing work. While many of the realizations focus on the imperativeness of nursing it also exposed areas that could need improvement in the future. Therefore, the values I had placed before are now replaced by new ones and new avenues for progression are made clear. In this paper I will be exploring how COVID-19 influenced my values and personal beliefs while offering an example.
Personal Beliefs/Values
Due to the pandemic, more awareness is being brought to the crucial work that is done by nurses. This has highlighted certain aspects of the work we do as nurses and how we could further shape the way our care is delivered. While new information was being given surrounding the possible medical consequences of having COVID, I found a new-found value in relying on evidence-based information. Throughout this period, it was easy to fall into the pit of misinformation. However, we as nurses must use our critical thinking and examine the evidence to then apply it in our work. This would result in an inability to comprehend “the risk of being infected.” (Fernandez et al, 2020) Our patients rely on us to provide them with up-to-date information that is based on clinical evidence. This is how we can truly provide the highest standard of patient care. This newfound belief and important value have only been more pronounced ever since COVID had started. Importance can be greater appreciated when recognizing the need of the nursing staff to “meet the exponential increase” (Smith et al, 2022) laid by COVID.
Example
The case for establishing a strong reliance on evidence-based practice is most notable when having experience seeing the problem. Multiple instances at work I have seen my coworkers engaging in passing information that is not academically accurate. I had a fellow RN who could not answer COVID questions when asked of how the virus works within the body. Because of these moments I make sure to keep up to date with the latest from the CDC and academic sources.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the pandemic has opened my eyes to what values should be enhanced and where beliefs should be derived from. The need for nurses to educate themselves when a global disaster has been highlighted by countless instances where critical thinking is needed. Data that can be verified clinically is vital to continuing to provide better patient care and lead to better patient outcomes.
References
Fernandez, R., Lord, H., Halcomb, E., Moxham, L., Middleton, R., Alananzeh, I., & Ellwood, L. (2020). Implications for COVID-19: A systematic review of nurses' experiences of working in acute care hospital settings during a respiratory pandemic. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 111, 103637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103637 (Links to an external site.)
Smith, S. J., & Farra, S. L. (2022). The impact of covid-19 on the regulation of nursing p ...
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
Using web technologies for the lactation professional
1. Running head: USING WEB TECHNOLOGIES IN LACTATION HEALTHCARE 1
Using Web Technologies in Lactation Healthcare Promotion
Denise Breheny
Queen's University of Charlotte
2. USING WEB TECHNOLOGIES IN LACTATION HEALTHCARE 2
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to elucidate how new technologies, and social media in
particular can be utilized by lactation health professionals in our promotion and support of
healthy infant feeding practices. This is an important topic because although there is a presence
of breastfeeding information on the Internet, there is a paucity of research articles describing or
surveying the range of information technology, particularly Web 2.0 interactive and social media
in the lactation field. The typical American woman of child bearing age is typified by either
Generation X or Y, the first generations to experience electronic technology at an early age. She
has come to rely on the convenience of the Internet for information. She will consult the Internet
regularly for information to assist with her infant feeding choice decision. She may also consult
the Internet when she has a question or is experiencing difficulties with breastfeeding. This paper
includes examples of how lactation health education can effectively be communicated to this
generation of women through the use of the new interactive Web technologies. Through Web
2.0, Blogs, Podcasts, YouTube, Social Networking, even Virtual Gaming, we must consider all
the information technologies currently available in our quest to educate and encourage
breastfeeding. Can the Internet’s interactive communication platforms provide a credible source
for breastfeeding information? A new paradigm is immerging to gain the attention and meet the
needs of these new generations on this important health topic.
Key words: Web health education technologies, lactation/breastfeeding: Web pages, blogs,
podcasts, social networking sites, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube.
3. USING WEB TECHNOLOGIES IN LACTATION HEALTHCARE 3
Using Web Technologies in Lactation Healthcare Promotion
Introduction
Lactation healthcare education and promotion is focused on a specific population, those
women of childbearing age specifically the members of generations X (1961-1980) and Y
(1981-2000). Many defined by these generations are looking for and expect quick fixes; they are
regularly relying on gadgets and openly expect their own needs to be met first. We are at the age
where we need to be wired for new technologies as well as being able to speak the shorthand
defining each new medium. Beyond the information technology challenge, the younger adult
generations tend to turn a deaf ear to traditional health promotion marketing. As daily users of
electronic forms of communication, they are most likely to turn to this media first. These
generations are often doubtful of advice that comes from outside of their social contacts. In
order to reach out to these generations, the lactation professional needs a shift in thinking about
how we communicate to and with our audience. How can the utilization of technology,
specifically the Internet, elicit excitement in lactation among these new mothers?
Although there is a presence of information on breastfeeding and lactation on the
Internet, in performing the literature search for this paper it was found that there is a dearth of
research articles describing or surveying the range of information technology, particularly Web
2.0 interactive and social media technologies in the lactation field. In 2000, Riodan described
the development of teaching strategies for her university-based graduate breastfeeding Internet
course (Riordan, 2000). Although Dr. Riodan’s article did not discuss Web 2.0 technologies,
this is the first published article found that integrated breastfeeding education and the use of
Internet Web technology. In this article she described the Internet as having “great potential” for
lactation education. In 2002, Jordan & Jordan compiled a listing of Lactation Management
4. USING WEB TECHNOLOGIES IN LACTATION HEALTHCARE 4
Resources on the Internet (Jordan & Jordan, 2002). Their article discussed the many Internet
sites which have emerged for the nursing mother and the lactation or other health professional.
These sites include topics ranging from the emotional and economic benefits of breastfeeding, to
the biology of milk production, to a number of organizations which support breastfeeding. In
2003, Cheng et al. discussed a Web-based breastfeeding education program developed for new
parents who looked at whether the inclusion of graphics in the breastfeeding learning tool was
preferred over a text-only program (Cheng, Thompson, Smith, Pugh, & Stanley, 2003). In an
article published by Nursing for Women’s Health, Miller et al. concluded that new mothers
continually consult public media in their search to gather information on infant feeding, and
therefore a versatile approach to breastfeeding education was needed which included the use of
the Internet to promote positive media messages (Miller, Cook, Brooks, Heine, & Curtis, 2007).
In an editorial note for the Journal of Human Lactation (JHL), Heinig called for lactation
professionals to “lean how changing demographics may affect how we currently approach
breastfeeding promotion and support” (Heinig, 2009, p. 263). Dr. Heinig continued her
commentary in the subsequent JHL editor’s note, stating that the Internet, especially with the
new Web 2.0 technologies, provided opportunities for mass communication at a reduced cost
(Heinig, 2009). She discussed how we now are not restricted to educational systems for
learning, that new options have become relevant with the new interactive technologies available
through Web sites, social networking sites, e-mails, etc. which are engaged in both the
generation and receipt of information. She also expressed her concerns in “the ability of my
students and the public to discern fact from fiction (Heinig, 2009, p. 395).” Although this topic
has been ignored in the past publication of articles and research devoted to the integration of
information technologies specifically with the goal of increasing the incidence and duration of
5. USING WEB TECHNOLOGIES IN LACTATION HEALTHCARE 5
breastfeeding, now is the time for this topic to be explored by lactation professionals. This paper
presents a few of the most popular Web 2.0 technologies available, we need to research how
these emerging technologies might be best utilized in the communication of breastfeeding
information to the nursing mother.
Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding is the preferred feeding method for infants and has been supported by
professional health organizations including the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) due to
its many health benefits to both the mother and the child. Breastfeeding first was included as an
element of the United States Healthy People (USHP) in 1978 (U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services [USDHHS], 2000). The current USHP goals for 2010 are that at least seventy-
five percent of mothers exclusively breastfeed during the postpartum period, at least fifty percent
of these women will continue for at least six months old, with twenty-five percent continuing on
until the infant is one year of age. Unfortunately, the exclusive breastfeeding rate among new
mothers has fallen short of these goals. According to the statistics available through the New
Mothers Survey last conducted by Ross Products in 2003; exclusive breastfeeding initiation was
merely sixty-six percent, and fewer then thirty-three percent of new mothers were still
exclusively breastfeeding at six months (Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories [Abbott],
2003). Hoyer & Pokorn, (1998) showed in their study that mothers who continued breastfeeding
longer were better informed on this health topic, and generally make this decision before giving
birth. Providing a means of easy access to information through information technologies could
have an impact on increasing the actual numbers of mothers meeting the goals of USHP2010.
Through the adoption of new and emerging information technologies (IT) such as: Web 2.0,
Blogs, Podcasts, Twitter, Social networks and other IT, we may be able to offer an revamped
6. USING WEB TECHNOLOGIES IN LACTATION HEALTHCARE 6
health educational strategy to help mothers to gain the supportive and assistive breastfeeding
information necessary to encourage initiation as well as promote a longer duration of
breastfeeding.
Defining the User Population
Taking a look at the current demographics—those of the greatest number of childbearing
ages—have been defined as Generations X and Y. Generation X (X’ers) were born between the
1960s and the Mid- 1980s. This generation was raised as latchkey children because both parents
were likely to work outside the home. They were raised in the era of television and
communication which involves technology is appealing to them. Technology made major
advances during the period that X’ers were growing up, and has been embraced by this
generation. They were the first generation introduced to computers and became comfortable
with new electronic forms of communication (Kramer, 2010). Generation Y (also known as the
millennials) were born between the 1980’s and 2005. The millennial generation tends to come
from more protective environments having been shielded by their parents from economic
difficulties, violence and terrorism. They seek a personal touch for support, understanding,
communication and feedback. Multiculturalism, text messaging and the Internet have always
been a part of their lives (Kramer, 2010). Both the X’ers and millennials are considered digital
natives, a term coined to define “those who choose to use technology for numerous tasks; adapts
as the tools change; and may have either grown up with technology or adopted it as an adult”
(Herther, 2009, p. 16). As digital natives they often seek out the Internet as the first place to
gather information, especially health information and advice.
7. USING WEB TECHNOLOGIES IN LACTATION HEALTHCARE 7
Web 2.0
New interpretations of Internet informatics emerged with the concept of Web 2.0. Web
2.0 was first used by O’Reilly and others as a description for technologies which use the
collective input from the Web’s community towards maximizing the information available
through the provision of user based content (O’Reily, 2005). Along with Web 2.0 a new
paradigm emerged with the patient not as just a patient or client, but the patient as a consumer or
purchaser of health care and health care information. These new health consumers (gen X &Y)
have strong likes and dislikes which are influenced and shaped by the information available
through social communication. For these generations turning to the Internet has provided a
powerful importance on decision making, particularly health decisions because of the Internet’s
ability to provide social opinions and communications.
According to Craig Lefebvre, Web 2.0 isn’t a place where people visit, “but rather
destinations where they go to get things done—Flickr and YouTube to share photos and videos,
MySpace and Bolt2 to meet and network with people who share similar interests.” (Lefebvre,
2007, p. 33). With the advent of Web 2.0, particularly the participative Internet (known as
social media), Web sites became more dynamic and communication more participatory with
information sharing, video data, and text data and social media all supporting the format
provided by the originator. This provided a rich medium for health information and health
learning often sought by consumers because the Web offers privacy and flexibility for consumers
in meeting their educational needs.
Social networking participation has more than quadrupled in recent years according to
Jones and Fox (2009). Research comparing Web-based programs with traditional health learning
has shown that patient consumers enjoy interacting with computers, they also have better recall
8. USING WEB TECHNOLOGIES IN LACTATION HEALTHCARE 8
of the information they were pursuing. The interactivity of Web based information, the instant
feedback and recommendations available can be especially helpful in reaching mothers-to-be
when they are making feeding choices, and mothers seeking information to sustain breastfeeding.
Social Media
Interactive social media includes: Podcasts, Blogs, Cell phones, Texting, Instant
Messaging and Social Networking. The new social medias are providing a wave of new
technology for healthcare as well as real-life examples of how media-based offering are getting
results. Social networking sites like MySpace, Facebook and YouTube are connecting billions of
network consumers. Today there are entire sites created to share health care information. Take
for example DailyStrength.org (DailyStrength.org, n.d.). This site offers more that 500 support
groups online, one for every health issue and life challenge from Abstinence to Zellweger
Syndrome, and yes even a support group for breastfeeding with more than 700 members (http://
www.dailystrength.org, accessed November 14th, 2010). Once registered, the new member has
access to the various support groups for commentary or advice. There is also additional
feedback available through links to their Facebook and Twitter sites.
A recent survey looked at the numbers of participants drawn purposely to various social
media sites for health related information. Social networking sites were shown to attract the
widest amount of utilization, accessed by twenty-three percent of Internet users (Chou, Hunt,
Beckjord, Moser, & Hesse, 2009). According to Eysenbach, these trends are expected to grow
especially as personal wireless devices become more mainstreamed (2008). Already with the
advent of smart phones and iPads, more and more individuals have Internet access within their
hands reach and are turning to social media sites on a regular basis.
9. USING WEB TECHNOLOGIES IN LACTATION HEALTHCARE 9
With respect to influencing feeding decision making and increasing the duration of
breastfeeding, lactation professionals need to create incentives, reduce barriers, and open up
more opportunities to sustain healthy feeding behaviors. Social media as a medium of
communication to breastfeeding mothers provides the lactation professional with an excellent
platform for the dissemination of breastfeeding information and discussion while providing
commentary to posts. Since these sites are accessed continually this is an excellent place to
provide assistance to the mother-to-be, or breastfeeding mother as an intermediary, and
providing links to sites which can supply an additional credible network of breastfeeding
information.
Blogs
Mothers of Generation X may be more willing to listen to their peers than seek the advice
of older lactation professionals. For these women getting advice from blogs or discussion boards
may accommodate their needs. The Blog is one of the fastest-growing tools for communication
on the Web, Blog is short for Weblog (Jensen, 2003). The term "Weblog" was first coined by
Jorn Barger in 1997, and was shortened to the popular “Blog” a few years later (Wortham,
2007). Blogs encourage self reflection and therefore are generally anecdotal in any information
obtainable in this form. According to Susannah Fox, “e-communities and Blog sites are not just
about emotion but about maximizing the network to improve people’s health” (Fox, n.d.). She
believes it is why people are compelled to share personal information—that it is to benefit others
—to provide support for strangers, to help and connect.
Compared to social networking sites, Blogs attract a smaller audience (7% of Internet
users) for health related content (Chou et al., 2009). Never-the-less blogs with good information
and bad information will continue to be consulted by many viewers as evidenced by site visit
10. USING WEB TECHNOLOGIES IN LACTATION HEALTHCARE 10
counters and feedback, which may provide a better assessment of blogosphere penetration.
Often gen X’ers and millennials tend to view a majority consensus of agreement as sufficient
evidence to support their infant feeding practice and beliefs (Heinig, 2009). Bloggers have been
observed to act as important communication stakeholders—not only for the dissemination of
information, but also for the capability of directing visitors through opinion and hyperlinks
(Lefebvre, 2007). A Blog, as a part of a professional lactation practice either private, physician
or hospital based, could provide useful information on current lactation promotions or events;
thus providing a more substantial presence in the web based community where the X’er and
millennial would be seeking information and where they routinely interact on a daily or weekly
basis. The Blog can be very influential in the choices these generations make about health
behaviors.
Twitter
In a systematic review conducted by Fry and Neff (2009) there were positive findings
that providing prompts via email, computer or telephone effectively enhanced diet, weight loss
and exercise behaviors (Fry & Neff, 2009). Even more positive effects were associated with the
use of messages specifically tailored to the receiver. Twitter could become a great tool for
lactation professionals. Twitter was started as an experiment in 2006 and incorporated in 2007
(www.twitter.com). Twitter permits short messages of a maximum of 140 characters which can
be sent to followers which are called Tweets. In the health field Tweets have already been
utilized by researchers to demonstrate patterns of flulike symptoms in communities prior to an
outbreak, allowing health systems to become more aware (Scanfeld, Scanfeld, & Larson, 2010).
Twitter can be used for direct messaging which is useful for health communications
which may be sensitive in nature. For example a lactation professional could moderate content
11. USING WEB TECHNOLOGIES IN LACTATION HEALTHCARE 11
and intervene in the case of inappropriate or potentially hurtful messages. The lactation
professional could also utilize Twitter as a source for motivation and inspiration by providing
reinforcement for positive changes, motivation during weak moments or frustration with feeding
practices, and in celebration of successes. As an intervention a lactation professional could
provide structured Tweet messages or reminders to influence positive breastfeeding health
behaviors.
Pod Cast, YouTube
Lactation professionals can use audio or video presentations on the Web as another form
of breastfeeding health education. YouTube was created by three former PayPal employees in
2005 and was named Invention of the Year by Time magazine in 2007 (Hopkins, 2006).
YouTube provides incredible technology which allows for inexpensively produced short length
videos to become available on the Web. Many large health organizations are already utilizing the
power of social media sites such as YouTube, in response to economic pressure and competition,
there are already more than 421 hospital YouTube channels (Bennett, 2010). The beauty of this
social media is that it doesn’t need to be restricted to just the large corporation. Smaller and
private practices could utilize the power of a video to make a considerable contribution to the
already vast amount of information available on the Internet. By placing evidence based
information promoting the lactation professional and breastfeeding, these messages could
provide just the information someone needed to get through a tuff spot. Finding patients willing
to participate in a video which would be posted on the Internet could be a challenge, but
according to Ruth Ann Hale, Director of Media and Community Relations at Methodist
University, “most patients asked are quite willing to participate in events that will help educate
others with their medical condition.” (“Are you Twittering, getting friends on Facebook, and
12. USING WEB TECHNOLOGIES IN LACTATION HEALTHCARE 12
YouTube? “, 2009). Of course it is important to take measures to protect the patient’s privacy
before positing a video on the Internet. It is also important to make sure the patient was fully
engaged and positively on board. There are also companies such as InJoy video productions that
can provide short video productions specifically tailored to individual needs (Personal
Conversation, 2010). Imagine videoing a snippet, a test weight for example, from a
consultation--this might be just what a mother needed to see to make the decision to actually
follow-up with a consultation. This is a great way to get across messages to the Xers and
Millennials.
Second Life
Second Life (SL) is an online virtual reality world created by Linden Research in 2003.
Users are called residents and can create their own virtual selves which are called avatars and can
interact within a simulated 3-D environment in their virtual “Second Life.” The residents can
explore their virtual world by visiting islands or virtual lands. The content of Second Life is all
user generated. In 2008 there were over 15 million registered users and over 1 million are active
users (Linden Research, Inc., 2009). The average age of the user is 32 (Beard, Wilson, Morra, &
Keelan, 2009). Anonymity and interactivity is encouraged by SL and because of this many
different health care agencies, organizations, companies and private groups have chosen SL for
one of their Web 2.0 communication strategies (Beard, Wilson, Morra, & Keelan, 2009). The
health related activities on SL are focused in education and awareness sites, support sites, health
training sites, marketing and promotion of health services sites and research. For lactation
establishing a presence in the education and awareness sites could provide an approach to
disseminating information through prepared messaged, bulletin boards, broadcast multi-media
productions including health videos, slideshows and presentations with links to Web pages.
13. USING WEB TECHNOLOGIES IN LACTATION HEALTHCARE 13
An example can be found in the Women’s Health Center at the Ann Myers Medial Center
(http://slhealthy.wetpaint.com/page/Ann+Myers+Medical+Center). This was founded by Dr.
Ann Buchanan in honor of her mother Ann Myers. The site was originally developed to support
the education for medical students through virtual learning and has operated in SL since 2007.
The virtual hospital later added simulations open to the SL community, and is moderated by real
life physicians and nurses who donate their time. The open access areas provide information on
some medical equipment, conditions, procedures or departments. The Women’s Health Center
offers women who have or are worried about breast cancer, the possibility to experience some of
the diagnostics associated with breast cancer in a virtual environment. They offer a pink chair,
that guides a woman through a breast self exam. There are numbered question marks which the
client can click to ask the resident on duty for more information. This type of technology could
be applied toward the delivery of lactation information in a virtual world. A mother could
observe a virtual lactation consultation and click on questions that she might have that require
more personal attention or to gain a possible referral to a professional in her area.
In 2007 Second Health (SH) was established for public engagement research by the
Imperial College London. SH is spread out over 8 islands within SL as an experiment to provide
people with a vision for future healthcare delivery. Some sites within SL actually offer one-on-
one appointments with doctors, nurses, medical librarians, therapists, and other health care
professionals (Beard et al., 2009). Because of the anonymity this platform encourages, SL
provides an excellent forum for the discussion of health related materials through support groups
and moderated discussions.
The transfer of behaviors from SL to real life has implications for further advancing
breastfeeding rates in the future. As pointed out by in an article in Time Magazine our self
14. USING WEB TECHNOLOGIES IN LACTATION HEALTHCARE 14
confidence is reflected into our Avatar, but having anonymity allows our confidence to flourish
and this can be reflected in our real world encounters (Dell, 2008). According to Dell, our
Avatar’s health behaviors in the virtual world transcend to real-life behaviors in the real world.
Research has shown that patients “primed” for health procedures through participation in virtual
experiences help to reduce anxiety and provide a better understanding of the health care system
prior to a clinic or hospital visit (Gustafson, Shaw, Isham, Dillon, & Spartz, 2008). One of the
major problems with promoting breastfeeding is its lack of visibility (therefore acceptance),
especially in Western cultures. Making it more visible even in a virtual world could increase and
promote its acceptability in the real world.
The Downside of Web Technologies
Despite the many positive aspects of Social Media for the promotion of breastfeeding
information, there is also a downside. For example a Google search of the keyword
“breastfeeding” on November 14, 2001, yielded over one million hits. Links could direct the
user to not only traditional Websites, but also images, videos, and breastfeeding blogs. The
advice available can range from credible to misleading and even dangerous. Although many
adults state that they would trust their doctors (or other health professional) more than they trust
the Internet, often the Internet is consulted first. When actually queried, only eleven percent of
patients actually went to their doctors, but a huge forty-eight percent consulted the Internet first
over their health question or need (Eysenbach, 2008). Most adults are aware that the credibility
of health information found on the Internet is important. According to the Pew Internet Survey
Report, health information seekers were shown to be vigilant in checking the source of the
information, and were concerned about getting unreliable information from an online source
(Eysenbach, 2008).
15. USING WEB TECHNOLOGIES IN LACTATION HEALTHCARE 15
Günther Eysenbach has coined the phrase Apomediation which he feels characterizes the
way in which the Web 2.0 technologies allow its users to identify trustworthy and credible
information and services (Eysenbach, 2008). He feels that through the use of apomediation, that
there are tools for example: eBay feedback, or consumer ratings, which can help the user to
judge the credibility of the information being viewed. Through apomediation the user is
influenced by how others view the information as creditable, it also helps the user navigate
through an onslaught of information available today through digital medial. One problem with
apomediation is that mass opinion may be regarded as fact; however, it is still an open question
as to how much these “opinions” and “experiences” conflict with researched evidence, and in
how they may be misleading or helpful to the information seeker.
Health professionals are also using apomediation to guide them towards relevant
information on the Web according to Eysenbach (2008). Through the use of devices such as
shared bookmarks, and bookmarking tools lie CiteULike, Connotea or WebCite professionals
can share information or receive pointers to recently published relevant literature with other
professionals in pursuit of the same information. In the end, caveat emptor as all Web based
media is liable to fraud and scams.
Recommendations
According to the literature new mothers are consulting the Internet and utilizing the
social media obtainable through Web 2.0 technologies on a regular basis to gather information
on breastfeeding, and feeding choices. Promoting breastfeeding information on the platforms
most used by this age group can allow this information wider dissemination to the target
population. There needs to be more research into how these new technologies are currently
16. USING WEB TECHNOLOGIES IN LACTATION HEALTHCARE 16
utilized and can be utilized in the future. We also need to look at the effectiveness of these
interactive Web technologies in impacting the numbers of women that exclusively breastfeed,
and in breastfeeding for a longer duration.
Summary
As developed in this paper various forms of Internet social media presents different
opportunities for health education and communication, this is particularly true for the lactation
professional. As health information of all kinds becomes increasingly accessible over the
Internet and as the mother-to-be or new mother seeks information on infant feeding choices, and
continued duration of breastfeeding increases; the likeliness increases that these mothers will
turn to the Internet as they seek and expect to receive more information about breastfeeding with
explicit instructions about the next steps in their care. About one-third of the existing sites on the
Internet are devoted to health care, and there already are many sites devoted to breastfeeding
information (Sandrich, 2000). This survey of social media available through Web 2.0 interactive
technology shows there is a significant potential in these social medias to improve the
communication of breastfeeding information to the expecting and new mothers. The role of the
lactation professional in providing quality information to this captive audience has been largely
unexplored, and there is a need to make a highly visible and credible presence, as well as study
the impact.
When considering novel applications, it is important to consider the target audience and
their fondness for the use of technology. Are we as the lactation professional harnessing the
ability to educate our population of mothers about the issues and problems that are relevant to
them? Are we engaging them in positive and meaningful ways? Is there any entertainment
value in what we offer? Have we empowered this mother-to-be or new mother as a result of
17. USING WEB TECHNOLOGIES IN LACTATION HEALTHCARE 17
their experiences with our programs, products or services? Finally, are we taking advantage of
our now empowered consumer to become our web spokesperson or evangelist? These are the
five E’s (education, engagement, entertainment, empowerment and evangelist) needed for
adapting breastfeeding promotion to the next generations of consumers (Lefebvre, 2007).
Programs designed to utilize the emerging social media technologies are needed to increase
breastfeeding education through positive media messages. This might be the best new approach
for increasing breastfeeding rates among women in the United States.
Final Class Summary
I expected to learn a lot from this paper and I did. Up until this class I had heard all the
buzz words for Wiki, YouTube, Social Networking sites and Blogs, but never had really
explored content or possibilities that these types of media would be useful as a form of health
education. My use of the internet was primarily for shopping, school and research. Through the
research conducted for this project I realized the importance of Web 2.0 technologies, and how
these social medias are impacting every environment of our lives and are influencing our
learning preferences and how the delivery of information is changing.
Through my learning experiences in class discussions and reading I have received a
better knowledge of how information is acquired, processed and disseminated, which is the
foundation of informatics. I first only thought of computers, when I thought of nursing
informatics. I now have a better understanding of how informatics does include computer
technology, but it is more than just an understanding of the use of software and interpretation of
data obtained from computers. Informatics is the interpretation of information from data into
usable information from all sources of information including technology and research based data.
18. USING WEB TECHNOLOGIES IN LACTATION HEALTHCARE 18
I was able to understand more fully how I can utilize informatics and technology in my current
role as a lactation consultant, and in my current track as a Clinical Nurse Leader.
Through our discussions I have learned that we need to become more competent in
informatics as a part of our practice. With the governmental goal that all medical records will be
electronic by the year 2014 and nurses will need to be ready and competent in working with
electronically based media. Not only do we need to plan for computer competency by providing
these components as a foundation of nursing education, practicing nurses will need to assess
their current competencies and seek improvements in their overall information literacy skills. As
we are mastering these skills we become more fluent with technology and are able to understand
the underlying concepts and apply problem solving and critical thinking (ACRL: Information
Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education, 2000).
As nurses we need to find our voice and take more initiative in the development and
design of systems which we are going to utilize in day to day practice. Tools should be useful
and not cumbersome or awkward, they also should be efficient and cost effective. As a class we
discussed what happens when provided with new equipment which is inefficient to our duties as
nurses. We provide workarounds, which may be more dangerous to our patient’s care. As
nurses we should be engaged in the process of planning, design and implementation. We should
also be more vocal when clearly the product is not producing the desired outcome. This may
require us as nurses to be more personally involved in research which can support our thesis and
provide a plan based on facts and evidence and not just on feelings, or the way something has
always been done. One suggestion brought up in our weekly forums by a classmate was the
development of an IT nursing council. I agree that involving nurses in a hospital IT council
would give nurses a larger voice in the decision process over IT policies initiatives, development,
19. USING WEB TECHNOLOGIES IN LACTATION HEALTHCARE 19
system designs and selection. Since nurses are fundamental in the utilization of this equipment,
they should be actively involved in decisions concerning IT in nursing applications.
One key learning experience was our discussions and reading about telehealth nursing. I
never really realized the impact of this medium to our nursing profession. It became clear
through our discussions and readings that as health care becomes more and more expensive to
deliver, telehealth options will become more available and reimbursable. In my CNL track and
as a stakeholder in improved patient outcomes, I feel that telehealth is vital for patient care
management. For acute care management, having telephone support may enable the patient to be
discharged sooner, for chronic care continued follow-up with patients may help a patient to be
more compliant in their health care activities. Monitoring equipment which provides real time
data will allow for more timely and accurate decisions. Then care plans can be designed to help
the patient with optimizing their health situation. Because this can be done remotely, telehealth
can not only be cost effective but also a tremendous time saver for quality outcomes.
There are several future learning objectives identified within this course. One of the
largest is our need for continued nursing science. We discussed how many of us utilize
workarounds; however, we are not completing research which could provide data that could
change the practice. As nurses we need to discover the best and most effective uses of
technology for promoting our various nursing missions. As a CNL research is integral to our
leadership role. As a CNL we need to provide evidence through research in continued support of
evidenced based practice as our foundation of practice. The use of evidence based factual data
allows us to advance practice based on knowledge generated from research.
Utilization of informatics is considered one of the five core competencies for health
professionals (Greiner & Knebel, 2003). This competency needs to be addressed in nursing
20. USING WEB TECHNOLOGIES IN LACTATION HEALTHCARE 20
educational program. Curriculums must be constantly evaluated to see if they foster the use of
information literacy skills. Nurses should not wait until they are in the workplace to acquire
these critical skills. Likewise, nurses in practice need to maintain a competency in the
technology they utilize on a day to day basis. This competency should be continually assessed
and remediated when the needs arise. As professionals we should all strive to advance our skill
levels beyond the baseline competency levels. We are stakeholders and as such we should
actively participate in becoming fluent in the information technologies that we come in contact
with and remain current with the ideas presented in nursing and scientific literature towards
incorporating this information into practice.
21. USING WEB TECHNOLOGIES IN LACTATION HEALTHCARE 21
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