This document lists 49 novel drugs that were approved by the FDA in 2021. It provides the drug name, active ingredient, month of approval, and intended use for each drug. Some of the drugs approved were used to treat cancers like lung cancer and lymphoma, chronic diseases like heart failure and asthma, and infectious diseases like HIV and COVID-19. The last section briefly describes two oral antiviral drugs, Paxlovid and Molnupiravir, that were approved for emergency use to treat mild to moderate cases of COVID-19 in high-risk adults.
Drug absorption by the human intestine
Models of intestinal absorption of pharmaceutical compounds.
Characteristics of Caco-2 cells
Permeability assessment
Cultivation of Caco-2 cell monolayers
Trans Epithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER) measurement
LY rejection
Caco-2 permeability assay procedure
Apparent permeability, Papp(cm/s) & Efflux Ratio
1. Introduction
2. Phases of metabolism
3. Phase-I Metabolism
4. Cytochrome P family
5. Phase –II Metabolism
6. First pass metabolism
7. Ante Drugs
8. Microsomal Enzymes induction
Role of metabolism in drug discovery
1. INTRODUCTION TO CELL CULTURE
2. SOURCES & TYPES OF CONTAMINATION
3. MONITORING OF CONTAMINATION IN CELL CULTURE
4. CROSS CONTAMINATION
5. ANTIBIOTIC USE
1. History of Cell Culture
2. Introduction to cell culture
3. types of cell lines
4. culture media
5. serum in culture media
6. Applications of cell & tissue culture
7. Adherence
8. Cell line evolution
9. Passaging, revival and cryopreservation
10. cell culture laboratory layout
Introduction to cell culture- concepts of cell culture part-1PHARMA IQ EDUCATION
Introduction to Cell Culture
What is Cell Culture?
Finite vs Continuous Cell Line
Culture Conditions
Cryopreservation
Morphology of Cells in Culture
Applications of Cell Culture
This document contains the mostly asked questions for the job interviews of drug regulatory affairs which will help the candidate ace the interview with ease
Thank me later for this :*)
1. What are hypersensitivity reactions
2. Types of hypersensitivity reactions
3. Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction
4. Type 2 Hypersensitivity reaction
5. Type 3 Hypersensitivity reaction
6. Type 4 Hypersensitivity reaction
7. Summary
1. Introduction & Pathophysiology of Liver fibrosis
2. Experimental Models of Hepatic fibrosis
3. Timeline of development of Fibrotic models
4. Surgically developed models for Fibrosis
5. Chemically Induced Models for Fibrosis
6. Diet Induced Models for Fibrosis
7. Infection based models
8. Extra points
9. Conclusion
10. References
1. WHAT IS HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS
2. STAGES OF HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS
3. HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS ASSOCIATED COMORBIDITIES
4. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS
5. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN LIVER FIBROGENESIS
6. FREE RADICALS
7. HOW DO FREE RADICALS CAUSE HEPATIC FIBROSIS/ CIRRHOSIS
8. POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC COMPOUNDS BASED ON ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Drug absorption by the human intestine
Models of intestinal absorption of pharmaceutical compounds.
Characteristics of Caco-2 cells
Permeability assessment
Cultivation of Caco-2 cell monolayers
Trans Epithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER) measurement
LY rejection
Caco-2 permeability assay procedure
Apparent permeability, Papp(cm/s) & Efflux Ratio
1. Introduction
2. Phases of metabolism
3. Phase-I Metabolism
4. Cytochrome P family
5. Phase –II Metabolism
6. First pass metabolism
7. Ante Drugs
8. Microsomal Enzymes induction
Role of metabolism in drug discovery
1. INTRODUCTION TO CELL CULTURE
2. SOURCES & TYPES OF CONTAMINATION
3. MONITORING OF CONTAMINATION IN CELL CULTURE
4. CROSS CONTAMINATION
5. ANTIBIOTIC USE
1. History of Cell Culture
2. Introduction to cell culture
3. types of cell lines
4. culture media
5. serum in culture media
6. Applications of cell & tissue culture
7. Adherence
8. Cell line evolution
9. Passaging, revival and cryopreservation
10. cell culture laboratory layout
Introduction to cell culture- concepts of cell culture part-1PHARMA IQ EDUCATION
Introduction to Cell Culture
What is Cell Culture?
Finite vs Continuous Cell Line
Culture Conditions
Cryopreservation
Morphology of Cells in Culture
Applications of Cell Culture
This document contains the mostly asked questions for the job interviews of drug regulatory affairs which will help the candidate ace the interview with ease
Thank me later for this :*)
1. What are hypersensitivity reactions
2. Types of hypersensitivity reactions
3. Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction
4. Type 2 Hypersensitivity reaction
5. Type 3 Hypersensitivity reaction
6. Type 4 Hypersensitivity reaction
7. Summary
1. Introduction & Pathophysiology of Liver fibrosis
2. Experimental Models of Hepatic fibrosis
3. Timeline of development of Fibrotic models
4. Surgically developed models for Fibrosis
5. Chemically Induced Models for Fibrosis
6. Diet Induced Models for Fibrosis
7. Infection based models
8. Extra points
9. Conclusion
10. References
1. WHAT IS HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS
2. STAGES OF HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS
3. HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS ASSOCIATED COMORBIDITIES
4. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS
5. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN LIVER FIBROGENESIS
6. FREE RADICALS
7. HOW DO FREE RADICALS CAUSE HEPATIC FIBROSIS/ CIRRHOSIS
8. POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC COMPOUNDS BASED ON ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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2. Sr.
No.
DRUG
NAME
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
MONTH
(2021)
USES
1. Verquvo Vericiguat January To mitigate the risk of cardiovascular death and
hospitalization for chronic heart failure
2. Cabenuva Cabotegravir and
Rilpivirine (co-
packaged)
January To treat HIV
3. Lupkynis Voclosporin January To treat lupus nephritis
4. Tepmetko Tepotinib February To treat non-small cell lung cancer
5. Ukoniq Umbralisib February To treat marginal zone lymphoma and follicular
lymphoma
6.
7.
Evkeeza
Cosela
Evinacumab-dgnb
Trilacicilib
February
February
To treat homozygous familial
hypercholesterolemia
To mitigate chemotherapy-induced
myelosuppression in small cell lung cancer
3. Sr.
No.
DRUG
NAME
ACTIVE INGREDIENT MONTH
(2021)
USES
8. Amondys
45
Casimersen February To treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy
9. Nulibry Fosdenopterin February To reduce the risk of mortality in
cofactor deficiency Type A
10. Pepaxto Melphalan
flufenamide
February To treat relapsed or refractory multiple
myeloma
11. Azstarys Serdexmethylphenida
e and
Dexmethylphenidate
March To treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
12. Fotivda Tivozanib March To treat renal cell carcinoma
13. Ponvory Ponesimod March To treat relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis
14. Zegalogue Dasiglucagon March To treat severe hypoglycemia
4. Sr.
No.
DRUG
NAME
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
MONTH
(2021)
USES
15. Qelbree Viloxazine April To treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
16. Nextstellis Drospirenone
and Estetrol
April To prevent pregnancy
17. Jemperli Dostarlimab-
gxly
April To treat endometrial cancer
18. Zynlonta Loncastuximab
tesirine-lpyl
April To treat certain types of relapsed or refractory large
B-cell lymphoma
19. Empaveli Pegcetacoplan May To treat paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
20. Rybrevant Amivantamab-
vmjw
May To treat a subset of non-small cell lung cancer
21. Pylarify Piflufolastat F
18
May To identify prostate-specific membrane antigen-
positive lesions in prostate cancer
5. Sr.
No.
DRUG
NAME
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
MONTH
(2021)
USES
22. Lumacras Sotorasib May To treat types of non-small cell lung cancer
23. Truseltiq Infigratinib May To treat cholangiocarcinoma whose disease meets
certain criteria
24. Lybalvi Olanzapine
and
Samidorphan
May To treat schizophrenia and certain aspects of bipolar I
disorder
25. Brexafemme Ibrexafunger June To treat vulvovaginal candidiasis
26. Aduhelm Aducanumab
avwa
June To treat Alzheimer’s disease
27. Rylase Asparaginase
erwinia
chrysanthemi
(recombinant
-rywn
June To treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia and
lymphoblastic lymphoma in patients who are allergic
to E. coli-derived asparaginase products, as a
component of a chemotherapy regimen
28. Kerendia Finerenone July To reduce the risk of kidney and heart complications
in chronic kidney disease associated with type 2
diabetes
6. Sr.
No.
DRUG
NAME
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
MONTH
(2021)
USES
29. Fexinidazol
e
Fexinidazole July To treat human African trypanosomiasis caused by
the parasite Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
30. Rezurock Belumosudil July To treat chronic graft-versus-host disease after
failure of at least two prior lines of systemic therapy
31. Bylvay Odevixibat July To treat pruritus
32. Saphnelo Anifrolumab-
fnia
July To treat moderate-to severe systemic lupus
erythematousus along with standard therapy
33. Nexviazym
e
Avalglucosidase
alfa-ngpt
August To treat late-onset Pompe disease
34. Welireg Belzutifan August To treat von Hippel-Lindau disease under certain
conditions
35. Korsuva Difelikefalin August To treat moderate-to-severe pruritus associated
chronic kidney disease in certain populations
7. Sr.
No.
DRUG
NAME
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
MONTH
(2021)
USES
36. Skytrofa Lonapegsomatro
in-tcgd
August To treat short stature due to inadequate
of endogenous growth hormone
37. Exkivity Mobocertinib Septembe
r
To treat locally advanced or metastatic non-
cell lung cancer with epidermal growth factor
receptor exon 20 insertion mutations
38. Tivdak Tisotumab
vedotin-tftv
Septembe
r
To treat recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer
with disease progression on or after
chemotherapy
39. Qulipta Atogepant Septembe
r
To prevent episodic migraines
40. Livmarli Maralixibat Septembe
r
To treat cholestatic pruritus associated with
Alagille syndrome
41. Tavneos Avacopan October To treat severe active anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic
autoantibody-associated vasculitis (granulomatosis
polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis) in
combination with standard therapy, including
glucocorticoids
42. Scemblix Asciminib October To treat Philadelphia chromosome-positive
chronic myeloid leukemia with disease that
8. Sr.
No.
DRUG
NAME
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
MONTH
(2021)
USES
43. Besremi Ropeginterferon
alfa-2b-njft
Novembe To treat polycythemia vera, a blood disease that
causes the overproduction of red blood cells
44. Voxzogo Vosoritide Novembe To improve growth in children five years of age
and older with achondroplasia and open
epiphyses
45. Livtencity Maribavir Novembe To treat post-transplant cytomegalovirus (CMV)
infection/disease that does not respond (with or
without genetic mutations that cause resistance)
to available antiviral treatment for CMV
46. Cytalux Pafolacianine Novembe To help identify ovarian cancer lesions
47. Tezspire Tezepelumab-
ekko
December To treat severe asthma as an add-on
maintenance therapy
48. Vyvgart Efgartigimod
alfa-fcab
December To treat generalized myasthenia gravis
49. Leqvio Inclisiran December To treat heterozygous familial
hypercholesterolemia or clinical atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease as an add-on therapy
9. ORAL ANTIVIRAL DRUGS FOR COVID-
19 APPROVED BY USFDA
• 1. Paxlovid (Pfizer)- it consists of Nirmatevir tablets & Ritonavir tablets co packaged to
treat mild to moderate COVID- 19 in adults & pediatric patients with COVID +vity.
• 2. Molnupiravir (Merck & Ridgeback) for emergency use for treatment of mild to
moderate COVID- 19 infections in adults who are at a high risk of progression to
severe disease.