The document discusses the anatomical and physiological features of the urinary tract in children. It describes the development and structure of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Key details include the multi-stage development of the kidneys, from the pronephros to the mesonephros to the metanephros. The document also outlines differences in renal anatomy and function between children and adults, such as smaller kidney size and lower glomerular filtration rate in infants. Clinical signs of urinary disorders are categorized as renal symptoms like flank pain, dysuria, and urine abnormalities or extrarenal symptoms including edema and hypertension.
The urinary tract includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. In children, the kidneys are lobed and have fewer nephrons than adults. The kidneys help regulate water, salt, and waste removal. The ureters are wider in children and the bladder holds less volume. Development of urinary control occurs between 5-6 months and 1 year of age. Common urinary symptoms in children include intoxication, dyspepsia, pain, and dysuria.
Difference between child and adult is totally different by system of body. It includes blood circulation, growth and development, neurological, digestive changes, etc..
This document describes the anatomical and physiological features of the gastrointestinal tract and urinary system in children. It notes that the mucosa is thin and delicate in children. The stomach is smaller in newborns and increases in size with age. The liver is large at birth and occupies half the abdominal cavity. Examination of the gastrointestinal tract involves inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. Laboratory tests include blood tests, urine analysis, and radiological exams. The kidneys are larger relative to body size in children and continue developing structurally until age 5. Urinary bladder capacity increases with age.
Development of kidney, its function and kftAshikMajumder1
This document discusses the development and functional anatomy of the kidney. It begins by describing the embryonic development of the kidney through the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros stages. It then discusses the structure and function of the nephron, including filtration in the glomerulus and reabsorption/secretion in the tubules. Finally, it covers kidney function tests such as creatinine clearance and serum creatinine levels, which are used to evaluate kidney function.
Difference between the child and the adultAbhijit Bhoyar
This document summarizes the key differences between child and adult care. It discusses anatomical and physiological differences like size, weight, height, and development of organ systems. Children have higher fluid needs, faster metabolic rates, and less developed organs like kidneys. It also covers psychological differences as social, emotional and cognitive development continues into adulthood. Specialized pediatric training is important since children present and respond to illness differently than adults.
SYSTEMIC CHANGES DURING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ( ALL SYSTEEMS)Sarda Laishram
SYSTEMIC CHANGES O0CCURING DURING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CIRCULATORY CHANGES
NERVOUS SYSTEM
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
INTEGFUMENTARY SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
RENAL SYSTEM
The document discusses the anatomical and physiological features of the urinary tract in children. It describes the development and structure of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Key details include the multi-stage development of the kidneys, from the pronephros to the mesonephros to the metanephros. The document also outlines differences in renal anatomy and function between children and adults, such as smaller kidney size and lower glomerular filtration rate in infants. Clinical signs of urinary disorders are categorized as renal symptoms like flank pain, dysuria, and urine abnormalities or extrarenal symptoms including edema and hypertension.
The urinary tract includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. In children, the kidneys are lobed and have fewer nephrons than adults. The kidneys help regulate water, salt, and waste removal. The ureters are wider in children and the bladder holds less volume. Development of urinary control occurs between 5-6 months and 1 year of age. Common urinary symptoms in children include intoxication, dyspepsia, pain, and dysuria.
Difference between child and adult is totally different by system of body. It includes blood circulation, growth and development, neurological, digestive changes, etc..
This document describes the anatomical and physiological features of the gastrointestinal tract and urinary system in children. It notes that the mucosa is thin and delicate in children. The stomach is smaller in newborns and increases in size with age. The liver is large at birth and occupies half the abdominal cavity. Examination of the gastrointestinal tract involves inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. Laboratory tests include blood tests, urine analysis, and radiological exams. The kidneys are larger relative to body size in children and continue developing structurally until age 5. Urinary bladder capacity increases with age.
Development of kidney, its function and kftAshikMajumder1
This document discusses the development and functional anatomy of the kidney. It begins by describing the embryonic development of the kidney through the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros stages. It then discusses the structure and function of the nephron, including filtration in the glomerulus and reabsorption/secretion in the tubules. Finally, it covers kidney function tests such as creatinine clearance and serum creatinine levels, which are used to evaluate kidney function.
Difference between the child and the adultAbhijit Bhoyar
This document summarizes the key differences between child and adult care. It discusses anatomical and physiological differences like size, weight, height, and development of organ systems. Children have higher fluid needs, faster metabolic rates, and less developed organs like kidneys. It also covers psychological differences as social, emotional and cognitive development continues into adulthood. Specialized pediatric training is important since children present and respond to illness differently than adults.
SYSTEMIC CHANGES DURING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ( ALL SYSTEEMS)Sarda Laishram
SYSTEMIC CHANGES O0CCURING DURING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CIRCULATORY CHANGES
NERVOUS SYSTEM
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
INTEGFUMENTARY SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
RENAL SYSTEM
The document describes various classifications and immediate changes that occur in newborns. It classifies newborns based on size, mortality, and gestational age. It discusses the physiological and environmental changes newborns experience at birth including respiratory, circulatory, neurological, and other body system changes. The fetal circulation system is also described. The document provides details on assessing a newborn including a head to toe examination process.
There are many physiological, anatomical, cognitive, social and emotional differences between children and adults that impact disease presentation and healthcare provision. Children have proportionately larger heads, thinner skin, more rapidly dividing cells, and less developed organ systems. Their immune, endocrine, cardiovascular and neurological systems are immature. Children also experience different psychological development stages and social/emotional needs than adults. These developmental factors must be considered to appropriately manage pediatric illnesses and plan future healthcare needs.
Difference between adulty and child (For B.Sc Nursing)PranavSahu8
The document discusses several key differences between adults and children that are important for nurses to understand. Physiologically, children have thinner skin, more rapidly dividing cells, and different circulatory and organ systems compared to adults. Psychologically, children progress through different developmental stages and have less developed social and emotional capabilities. Pathologically, children are more susceptible to dehydration and have different disease presentations. Cognitively, children demonstrate increasing but maturing abilities with age unlike adults. Understanding these developmental differences is crucial for nurses to provide appropriate care for children.
Children and adults differ physically and mentally.
As a nurses it is necessary to learn the differences to deliver the care accordingly.
CLASSIFICATION:
Anatomical differences
Physiological differences
Psychological differences
Children are more prone to dehydration than adults. At the same time, exposure to many chemical agents and some biological agents leads to vomiting and diarrhea.
As a result, children may be more symptomatic and show symptoms earlier than adults.
Children have a higher proportion of rapidly growing tissues than adults, and some agents, including ionizing radiation and mustard gas, significantly affect rapidly growing tissues.
As a result, children are more prone to ionizing radiation and other agents that affect rapidly growing tissue than adults.
Children have relatively small airways compared with adults. The smaller the caliber of the airway, the greater the reduction in airflow as a result of increased pulmonary secretions that occur following exposure to chemicals or edema from inhalation of hot gases
As a result, children suffer more pulmonary pathology than adults at the same level of exposure.
There are several key anatomical and physiological differences between children and adults. Children have proportionately larger heads, thinner skin that is more susceptible to infections, and less developed respiratory, circulatory, immune, and other systems. For example, the lungs are less developed in neonates and children are more prone to respiratory infections. Additionally, children are more susceptible to fluid and electrolyte imbalances and can more easily become dehydrated. Their bodies and organ systems also continue developing over time as they grow into adulthood.
1) Growth and development is a continuous process from fetal life through adulthood that follows general patterns and principles.
2) Key periods of growth include fetal development, infancy, childhood, puberty and adolescence, with the greatest growth rates during fetal life and the first years after birth.
3) Different tissues grow at different rates, and growth is influenced by genetic, nutritional, hormonal and environmental factors.
This document provides information about the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It describes the structures of the upper urinary tract including the kidneys and nephrons, and lower urinary tract including the ureters, bladder, and urethra. It discusses urine formation in the kidneys and the process of urination. It also covers factors that can affect urinary elimination such as development, medications, diseases, and diagnostic tests used to evaluate the urinary system.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid levels. They develop fully by age 5. Assessment of the urinary system involves medical history, physical exam checking for edema and blood pressure, and lab tests like urinalysis to check for cells, proteins, and bacteria. Imaging tools like ultrasound can detect abnormalities of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
The document summarizes fetal development from the third month until birth. It describes how the fetus grows rapidly during this period, with significant increases in length during months 3-5 and weight during the last 2 months. The head grows more slowly relative to the rest of the body. Key developments include the emergence of reflexes by month 4, eye and ear positioning by month 5, and fat accumulation reaching 16% of body weight by month 8. The placenta also develops further to facilitate greater nutrient exchange between mother and fetus as its demands increase.
This document discusses several key anatomical and physiological differences between pediatric patients and adults that are important for anesthesiologists to consider. It covers differences in the respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and thermoregulatory systems between infants/children and adults. It also discusses how these developmental differences can impact a child's response to medications and their pharmacokinetics. Special attention is needed for neonates due to their underdeveloped organ systems and immature metabolism. Careful preoperative evaluation of a child's medical history is important for anticipating potential anesthetic implications.
Disorders of kidney and urinary tract are commonly seen in pediatric units as medical and surgical problems. Congenital malformations, neoplasms, infections, inflammations and progressive impairment of renal functions are common conditions found in children.
This document discusses growth and development from prenatal stages through adolescence. It defines growth as a quantitative increase in size, while development refers to qualitative improvements in skills and functions. The prenatal period involves rapid somatic and neurological development, with organs forming and body proportions changing. After birth, newborns experience weight loss followed by weight gain, and their senses and motor skills develop over the first month. During infancy from 1 month to 1 year, growth is rapid as weight doubles or triples and length increases steadily. Key milestones in motor, cognitive, social, and emotional development also occur.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal system in infants and children. It describes how the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver and gallbladder develop and function differently in children compared to adults. For example, the stomach is initially horizontal and increases in size with age, digestive enzyme production is lower in infants, and the liver has incomplete differentiation and functionality in newborns. It also lists some common GI symptoms in children and potential diagnostic tests.
The document discusses human growth and development from conception through adulthood. It begins by defining key terms like growth, development, and the differences between the two. It then outlines the major phases of prenatal and postnatal development from conception through adolescence. Some of the factors that can impact growth are also mentioned, as well as theories of growth. The document provides clinical implications of understanding prenatal development, such as the risks associated with advanced or young maternal age, and the effects of various drugs and stress on infant health outcomes.
Children differ from adults both physically and mentally in several key ways important for nurses to understand. Physically, children have proportionately larger body surfaces, thinner skin, smaller airways, less developed organs and excretory systems. Mentally, children's brains develop rapidly, their cognition and behaviors change with age, and they rely more on social bonding and are prone to separation anxiety. Understanding these anatomical, physiological, cognitive and social differences is necessary for nurses to appropriately care for children of all ages.
The document discusses the development of the female reproductive system from embryological development through adulthood. It covers stages from the neonatal period through puberty and adolescence, describing the anatomical changes that occur at each stage. The focus is on providing guidance for evaluating and examining pediatric and adolescent patients, including what to assess, techniques to use, and important considerations for each age group.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
The document describes various classifications and immediate changes that occur in newborns. It classifies newborns based on size, mortality, and gestational age. It discusses the physiological and environmental changes newborns experience at birth including respiratory, circulatory, neurological, and other body system changes. The fetal circulation system is also described. The document provides details on assessing a newborn including a head to toe examination process.
There are many physiological, anatomical, cognitive, social and emotional differences between children and adults that impact disease presentation and healthcare provision. Children have proportionately larger heads, thinner skin, more rapidly dividing cells, and less developed organ systems. Their immune, endocrine, cardiovascular and neurological systems are immature. Children also experience different psychological development stages and social/emotional needs than adults. These developmental factors must be considered to appropriately manage pediatric illnesses and plan future healthcare needs.
Difference between adulty and child (For B.Sc Nursing)PranavSahu8
The document discusses several key differences between adults and children that are important for nurses to understand. Physiologically, children have thinner skin, more rapidly dividing cells, and different circulatory and organ systems compared to adults. Psychologically, children progress through different developmental stages and have less developed social and emotional capabilities. Pathologically, children are more susceptible to dehydration and have different disease presentations. Cognitively, children demonstrate increasing but maturing abilities with age unlike adults. Understanding these developmental differences is crucial for nurses to provide appropriate care for children.
Children and adults differ physically and mentally.
As a nurses it is necessary to learn the differences to deliver the care accordingly.
CLASSIFICATION:
Anatomical differences
Physiological differences
Psychological differences
Children are more prone to dehydration than adults. At the same time, exposure to many chemical agents and some biological agents leads to vomiting and diarrhea.
As a result, children may be more symptomatic and show symptoms earlier than adults.
Children have a higher proportion of rapidly growing tissues than adults, and some agents, including ionizing radiation and mustard gas, significantly affect rapidly growing tissues.
As a result, children are more prone to ionizing radiation and other agents that affect rapidly growing tissue than adults.
Children have relatively small airways compared with adults. The smaller the caliber of the airway, the greater the reduction in airflow as a result of increased pulmonary secretions that occur following exposure to chemicals or edema from inhalation of hot gases
As a result, children suffer more pulmonary pathology than adults at the same level of exposure.
There are several key anatomical and physiological differences between children and adults. Children have proportionately larger heads, thinner skin that is more susceptible to infections, and less developed respiratory, circulatory, immune, and other systems. For example, the lungs are less developed in neonates and children are more prone to respiratory infections. Additionally, children are more susceptible to fluid and electrolyte imbalances and can more easily become dehydrated. Their bodies and organ systems also continue developing over time as they grow into adulthood.
1) Growth and development is a continuous process from fetal life through adulthood that follows general patterns and principles.
2) Key periods of growth include fetal development, infancy, childhood, puberty and adolescence, with the greatest growth rates during fetal life and the first years after birth.
3) Different tissues grow at different rates, and growth is influenced by genetic, nutritional, hormonal and environmental factors.
This document provides information about the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It describes the structures of the upper urinary tract including the kidneys and nephrons, and lower urinary tract including the ureters, bladder, and urethra. It discusses urine formation in the kidneys and the process of urination. It also covers factors that can affect urinary elimination such as development, medications, diseases, and diagnostic tests used to evaluate the urinary system.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid levels. They develop fully by age 5. Assessment of the urinary system involves medical history, physical exam checking for edema and blood pressure, and lab tests like urinalysis to check for cells, proteins, and bacteria. Imaging tools like ultrasound can detect abnormalities of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
The document summarizes fetal development from the third month until birth. It describes how the fetus grows rapidly during this period, with significant increases in length during months 3-5 and weight during the last 2 months. The head grows more slowly relative to the rest of the body. Key developments include the emergence of reflexes by month 4, eye and ear positioning by month 5, and fat accumulation reaching 16% of body weight by month 8. The placenta also develops further to facilitate greater nutrient exchange between mother and fetus as its demands increase.
This document discusses several key anatomical and physiological differences between pediatric patients and adults that are important for anesthesiologists to consider. It covers differences in the respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and thermoregulatory systems between infants/children and adults. It also discusses how these developmental differences can impact a child's response to medications and their pharmacokinetics. Special attention is needed for neonates due to their underdeveloped organ systems and immature metabolism. Careful preoperative evaluation of a child's medical history is important for anticipating potential anesthetic implications.
Disorders of kidney and urinary tract are commonly seen in pediatric units as medical and surgical problems. Congenital malformations, neoplasms, infections, inflammations and progressive impairment of renal functions are common conditions found in children.
This document discusses growth and development from prenatal stages through adolescence. It defines growth as a quantitative increase in size, while development refers to qualitative improvements in skills and functions. The prenatal period involves rapid somatic and neurological development, with organs forming and body proportions changing. After birth, newborns experience weight loss followed by weight gain, and their senses and motor skills develop over the first month. During infancy from 1 month to 1 year, growth is rapid as weight doubles or triples and length increases steadily. Key milestones in motor, cognitive, social, and emotional development also occur.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal system in infants and children. It describes how the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver and gallbladder develop and function differently in children compared to adults. For example, the stomach is initially horizontal and increases in size with age, digestive enzyme production is lower in infants, and the liver has incomplete differentiation and functionality in newborns. It also lists some common GI symptoms in children and potential diagnostic tests.
The document discusses human growth and development from conception through adulthood. It begins by defining key terms like growth, development, and the differences between the two. It then outlines the major phases of prenatal and postnatal development from conception through adolescence. Some of the factors that can impact growth are also mentioned, as well as theories of growth. The document provides clinical implications of understanding prenatal development, such as the risks associated with advanced or young maternal age, and the effects of various drugs and stress on infant health outcomes.
Children differ from adults both physically and mentally in several key ways important for nurses to understand. Physically, children have proportionately larger body surfaces, thinner skin, smaller airways, less developed organs and excretory systems. Mentally, children's brains develop rapidly, their cognition and behaviors change with age, and they rely more on social bonding and are prone to separation anxiety. Understanding these anatomical, physiological, cognitive and social differences is necessary for nurses to appropriately care for children of all ages.
The document discusses the development of the female reproductive system from embryological development through adulthood. It covers stages from the neonatal period through puberty and adolescence, describing the anatomical changes that occur at each stage. The focus is on providing guidance for evaluating and examining pediatric and adolescent patients, including what to assess, techniques to use, and important considerations for each age group.
Similar to Urinary System international university of Kyrgyzstan (20)
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
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Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
3. Some anatomical and structural features of the
components of the urinary system of children are as
follows:
1.1 Kidney /The position of the kidney in young children is lower than in older
children and adults. The lower pole of the kidney is at the level of the IV-V lumbar
vertebrae.
Shape: The kidneys in young children are bean-shaped
Weight: The weight of the kidney increases gradually with age, like a newborn
baby, the kidney weighs about 11 -12g; 6 months 24-25g; 1 year old 36-37g;
Puberty weighs about 115-120g.
4. Structure: The kidney consists of the cortex and the medulla, the ratio between
the cortex and the medulla is 1: 4 in infants, 1: 3 in breastfed infants, and 1: 2 in
adults.
5. The structure of the nephron renal unit is similar to that of an adult, including the
glomerulus, the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal tubule, the collecting
duct.
6. Ureterus
The ureter in children is
relatively large and long,
so it is easier to bend.
The ureter connects to
the kidney and exits to
form a right angle, while
in older children and
adults, it is an obtuse
angle, so urine is easy.
7. Bladder
The bladder in children is located high above
the pelvis, so when it is filled with urine, the
bladder bridge is easy to feel.
Bladder capacity: This capacity increases with
age.
● Newborns: 30 - 60 ml
● Breastfed babies: 60 - 100 ml
● Children over 5 years old: 100 - 200 ml
● Children over 10 years old: 150 - 350 ml
● Children 15 years old: 200 - 400 ml
8. Urethra
The urethra is the passageway urine from the
bladder out of the body, in young children the
size of the urethra depends on age and sex.
❏ Girls: The urethra is wide but short, about
2 - 4 cm. Because of their short and wide
structure, they are more susceptible to
infection upstream than boys.
❏ Boys: The urethra is narrow but about
6-15 cm long.
9. 2. Functional characteristics of the urinary system in
children
1. Glomerular Filtration
2. Reabsorption function
3. Excretion function
4. Endocrine function
10. 1.Glomerular Filtration is the most important function of the
glomerulus and the first step in urine formation. Through the
membrane at the glomerulus, the substances with large molecular
weight are retained and the substances of low weight are eliminated.
The glomerular filtration rate in newborns is still low, only reaching
about 25% of the average value of older children and increasing with
age until about 2-3 years old, the index is similar to that of adults.
11. 2.Reabsorption function of the renal tubules
After the blood is filtered in the glomerulus, the first urine is formed and then followed
by the renal tubules to the renal calyces. However, the composition of the first urine is
full of substances such as amino acids, glucose, salts Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cl... Therefore,
when the first urine passes through the renal tubules, it will be reabsorbed.
❏ Children < 2 years old: The renal tubular reabsorption function is still poor, so the
urine density is low. Due to the poor concentration, if the child is dehydrated, the
body is not able to retain water.
❏ Children > 2 years old: The reabsorption function is similar to that of adults.
12. Excretion function of renal tubules
Substances that are not necessary for the body, but have a large molecular weight
or have a structure that links molecules together to form a network that will not be
able to be eliminated through the membrane through the filter. They will be
eliminated via secretion in the distal tubule and part of the collecting duct.
The renal tubular secretion
function in children under 2
years old is worse than in
children over 2 years old
and adults.
13. Endocrine function
Endocrine function is an important function of the paraglomerular organization.
The paraglomerular organization works well from the moment the baby is born and
produces two substances:
Erythropoietin: A substance that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood
cells.
Renin: Has the effect of activating vasoconstrictor chemicals, causing an increase
in blood pressure.
14. Examination of the child's uropoietic system :
➢ anamnesis,(Family history)
➢ Perinatal history
➢ Personal anamnesis(frequency of urination in 24 hours; fluid intake in 24
hours;The nature of the urine flow,)
➢ physical exam,(Inspection,Palpation,Tapotement, Blood pressure)
➢ laboratory examination,(bacteriological examination of urine,chemical examination of urine)
➢ imaging methods,(Ultrasonography, Ascending pyelography, CT)
15. Palpation
The kidneys and urinary tract are not normally visible or palpable, they are not painful .
Physiologically, the kidneys are felt only in neonatal age (they are relatively large and
relatively higher)
The patient lies on his back; with one hand we lift the kidney at a costvertebral angle,
with the other we palpate the lower pole of the kidney under the rib arch in deep
inspiration,
positive in hydronephrosis, polycystosis, solitary cyst, kidney tumor,
16. Tapotement
It is performed by
striking the fist of
one hand against the
dorsal surface of the
other hand,.
Normally, percussion
should not elicit
tenderness.
can be reliably
assessed only at
preschool age.
17. Laboratory examination
Observing urine:
❖ Smell that is strongly ammoniacal may be the sign of infection;
❖ Appearance should be straw coloured(соломенно желтый)
❖ Children normally void urine five or six times per day depending on their
drinking volumes and environment conditions
18. GLOMERULAR DISEASES
❖ Synonyms :
- Glomerulonephritis (GN)
- Glomerulopathy
❖ Definition
- A group of conditions in which glomerular injury occurs
19. Pathogenesis:
Glomerular injury includes several mechanisms:
- Damage by immune complexes
- Damage by autoantibodies
- Cell-mediated immune injury
- Damage by complement and proinflammatory mediators
20. Classification according to etiology
(Gold is used most often to treat rheumatoid arthritis.)
(A substance made from morphine).
is a rare
inherited
disorder that
damages
the tiny
blood
vessels in
the kidneys.
