Upper atmosphere air movements
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The document discusses the cell model of global air circulation. It explains that air rises near the equator and descends around 30 degrees north and south latitude, creating zones of high and low pressure. Variations in upper-level jet streams and Rossby waves influence surface weather patterns, such as bringing low pressure systems to the UK. The lesson aims to explain how upper-atmosphere movements cause changes in surface air pressure globally.
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There are two types of currents in the ocean:
1) surface currents move the water above the pycnocline
a) ≈ 10% of the ocean
b) horizontal motion
c) wind powered = solar powered
2) thermohaline = deep currents move the water below the pycnoline (zone of rapid change of water density)
a) ≈ 90% of the ocean
b) horizontal and vertical motion
c) density driven
density depends temperature and salinity
these are also solar powered
3) these two sets of current are interconnected
Chapter 7 – Ocean Circulation
Surface currents are moved by friction between the surface winds and the water surface = wind driven.
max speed is 3% of wind speed
Since winds are solar powered,
surface currents are solar powered.
The overall pattern of surface currents is controlled by the Coriolis effect, gravity, and the shape of the ocean basin.
Like Fig 7.7, p. 205
Ekman Transport – the net (or average) motion of wind driven water, is 90° to the direction of the wind. In a perfect world, this movement is:
90° to the right in the Northern Hemisphere,
90° to the left in the Southern Hemisphere, WHY?...........the Coriolis Effect
Fig. 9-, p. 236
In the northern hemisphere, the Westerlies tends to move water southeast, while the Trade winds move water northwest!
wind direction
wind-driven water movement (Ekman Transport)
The Westerlies (30° - 60°) and the Trade Winds (0° – 30°) are the strongest winds,* and are the
main winds causing ocean currents!
Largest change in temperature causes the strongest wind!
Remember, according to Ekman Transport, wind - driven water moves 90° to the wind direction.
In the northern hemisphere, the Westerlies tends to move water southeast, while the Trade winds move water northwest!
The movement of wind-driven water can be described with a vector = an arrow pointing in the direction of travel and scaled to the speed.
This vector can be broken up into a component moving toward the edge of the ocean and a component moving toward the center of the ocean.
wind direction water movement
vectors of water movement
The water moving east or west (toward the edge of the basin) bounces
off of the land.
In the northern hemisphere,
the water
current
turns right!
Current bounces off land
Current bounces off land
Subtropical Convergence = a short (≈ 6.5 feet tall) hill of water formed when part of the wind blow water moves to the center of the ocean basin.
Can water stand in a hill?
No!
Gravity works to move the water back downhill.
BUT the wind is still working to push water uphill again
So – The winds build the hill taller, and
The taller the hill the more gravity pulls the water back downhill
The hill continues to grow until wind driven Coriolis deflected motion in = gravity driven motion out.
Then – only the circular movement around the edge of the hill is left.
THIS IS THE SURFACE CURRENT!
Garrison, 2009, Essentials of Oceanography
Under the hill of wa ...
Weather basics
1) Earth's climate system is driven by solar radiation and the interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, and their circulation patterns.
2) The atmosphere consists mostly of nitrogen and oxygen and varies in temperature, humidity, and pressure with latitude and altitude. Uneven heating from the sun causes variations in these factors across Earth's surface.
3) Oceans are made of water and dissolved salts. Ocean circulation is driven by winds, temperature/salinity differences, and upwelling, and helps redistribute heat globally.
Meteorology -Weather acloutier 2011 power point
The document summarizes key concepts in meteorology, including:
1) Weather is the current state of the atmosphere, while climate is average weather over time. Air mass movement and the Coriolis effect influence wind patterns.
2) Convection currents cause warm air to rise at the equator and cold air to sink at the poles, driving global wind systems like the Hadley cells and jet streams.
3) Fronts occur when differing air masses meet, bringing changes in weather, and are symbolized on maps using lines and shapes indicating the direction of motion. Thunderstorms result from uneven heating of the atmosphere.
QUARTER 4 IN THE HEAT OF THE SUN LESSON.pdf
1. The document discusses different types of winds including sea breezes, land breezes, monsoons, prevailing surface winds, trade winds, and westerlies. It explains how they are caused by convection currents and differences in atmospheric pressure.
2. Three major convection cells - Hadley cells, Ferrel cells, and polar cells - power the prevailing winds and are responsible for weather patterns. They move air between the ITCZ, horse latitudes, and polar fronts.
3. Human activities like increased greenhouse gas emissions are affecting the global climate and causing changes to the prevailing wind patterns, like slowing trade winds and shifting westerlies southward.
Wind
Wind is caused by differences in air pressure and is responsible for weather patterns globally. The main drivers of wind include solar heating of the atmosphere creating pressure differences, the Coriolis effect which causes winds to bend, and pressure gradient force pushing air from high to low pressure areas. Global wind systems include the trade winds near the equator, the prevailing westerlies in mid-latitudes, and polar easterlies near the poles. Local winds are also influenced by differences in land and sea temperatures.
Air pressure
Air pressure is caused by the weight of the atmosphere and the continuous collision of gas molecules. It can be measured using instruments like a mercury barometer, aneroid barometer, and barograph. Global wind patterns are caused by differences in air pressure and the Coriolis effect. Winds move from high to low pressure areas and are deflected right in the Northern Hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere. The general circulation of the atmosphere involves global convection cells and prevailing wind patterns like the trade winds and westerlies that transfer heat around Earth. Local winds also occur due to topographic and surface temperature variations.
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Upper atmosphere air movements
- 3. The weather
- 7. Jet Streams and Rossby Waves These jet streams travel inside larger air movements known as Rossby Waves 6km above our heads at speeds of upto 250 mph. Wild Weather – Jet Streams
- 10. As air converges it slows down As air diverges it speeds up.
- 13. What does it look like?
- 14. Draw a diagram to show the relationship between upper-air currents and surface weather. As the upper westerlies loop poleward about a ridge, the air speeds up and diverges. This allows air beneath to rise and makes for low pressure near the surface. As the air turns equatorward and slows, it converges and piles up, which causes air to descend and creates high pressure below.
- 17. The weather LOW HIGH As the upper-westerly dips equatorward the air slows forcing it to converge in the upper atmosphere. Air then descends forming high pressure at the surface. An ANTICYCLONE. Trough Ridge LOW
- 18. What is the forecast in an anticyclone? Describe the weather across the UK here. How does today’s lesson help you explain why we sometimes experience weather such as this in the UK in winter?