This instructional module will help you to develop an understanding of the various consequences of alcohol abuse and of the research processes used to measure this. The rest of the module will provide you with approaches to preventing alcohol problems, ranging from policy and environmental changes to educational and rehabilitation programmes. Some of the readings were chosen to illustrate the main concepts of the module using the following themes: youth, women, and foetal alcohol syndrome.
Authors: Kirstie Rendall-Mkosi, Lucy Alexander, Nandipha Matshanda
Institution: University of the Western Cape
This resource is part of the African Health Open Educational Resources Network: http://www.oerafrica.org/healthoer. The original resource is also available from the authoring institution at http://freecourseware.uwc.ac.za/.
Creative Commons license: Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
Alcohol Problems: A Health Promotion Approach Module GuidePiLNAfrica
The module will help you to develop an understanding of the various consequences of alcohol abuse and of the research processes used to measure this. The rest of the module will provide you with approaches to preventing alcohol problems, ranging from policy and environmental changes to educational and rehabilitation programmes. Some of the readings were chosen to illustrate the main concepts of the module using the following themes: youth, women, and foetal alcohol syndrome.
This document provides information about an introductory epidemiology module, including its aims, outline, learning outcomes, and assessment requirements. The module consists of three units covering descriptive epidemiology, measuring health and disease, and health system applications. Students must complete two assignments, with the first being a critical literature review on the health problem identified in a provided dataset, and the second a report analyzing the dataset and making recommendations. The document outlines the assignments and provides guidance on completing them.
False Advertising in the Alcohol Beverage IndustryMichael Annis
This document discusses litigation trends surrounding accusations of false or misleading labeling and advertising in the alcohol beverage industry. There are three main types of claims - from competitors, consumers, and the government. Competitor claims focus on allegations of false advertising under the Lanham Act or through the National Advertising Division. Recent cases like POM Wonderful v. Coca Cola show that regulatory approval does not prevent false advertising claims. The document also discusses consumer class action lawsuits under state consumer protection laws and examples of ongoing lawsuits challenging terms like "handmade," "craft," and geographic claims on alcohol labels and advertisements.
Advertising provides consumers with information about products but is also meant to entice consumers to buy. Australian laws regulate advertising to ensure consumers are given correct information that is not false or misleading. These laws aim to protect consumers from deceptive advertising practices.
This document discusses deceptive advertising practices and provides examples. It begins by defining advertising and its common forms. It then defines deceptive advertising and explains ways companies deceive consumers, such as using vagueness, concealing facts, exaggeration, and bait-and-switch tactics. Motivations for deceptive advertising are to convince customers to buy products and get rid of defective goods. The document concludes by outlining some laws in India related to advertising and providing case studies where the advertising complaints were found valid or invalid.
No longer niche, the craft beer market is growing at a remarkable rate. Brands of all sizes can not only coexist, but prosper, by strategically tapping into an influential audience ready to purchase, drink,
and spread the word.
This document discusses false advertising and the ways companies engage in deceptive practices. It describes how advertisers use vagueness, conceal facts, and exaggerate claims to mislead consumers. Some advertisers also use "bait and switch" tactics where they advertise unavailable products to get customers to buy alternatives. The Federal Trade Commission works to prevent unfair business practices and deceptive ads through laws like the Pure Food and Drug Act, Federal Trade Commission Act, and Lanham Act.
10 Critical Strategies for Beer Marketing in the Digital Age
With information provided by beer strategy and marketing gurus: Lucas Herscovici, Vice President, Digital Marketing, Anheuser-Busch, Stacey Tank, Senior Vice President Heineken USA, Mariah Calagione, Vice President Dogfish Head, Craft Brewery.
This presentation covers shifting from paid media to 'earned' media through social media including Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest and LinkedIn.
Winning case studies from Anheuser-Busch Bud and Bud Light, Heineken Departure Roulette, Dos Equis "Most Interesting Man in the World", Dos De Mayo, Dogfish Head Brewery Local and Event marketing, Image Marketing, Facebook Advertising, Facebook Sponsored Stories and Facebook Promoted Posts.
Alcohol Problems: A Health Promotion Approach Module GuidePiLNAfrica
The module will help you to develop an understanding of the various consequences of alcohol abuse and of the research processes used to measure this. The rest of the module will provide you with approaches to preventing alcohol problems, ranging from policy and environmental changes to educational and rehabilitation programmes. Some of the readings were chosen to illustrate the main concepts of the module using the following themes: youth, women, and foetal alcohol syndrome.
This document provides information about an introductory epidemiology module, including its aims, outline, learning outcomes, and assessment requirements. The module consists of three units covering descriptive epidemiology, measuring health and disease, and health system applications. Students must complete two assignments, with the first being a critical literature review on the health problem identified in a provided dataset, and the second a report analyzing the dataset and making recommendations. The document outlines the assignments and provides guidance on completing them.
False Advertising in the Alcohol Beverage IndustryMichael Annis
This document discusses litigation trends surrounding accusations of false or misleading labeling and advertising in the alcohol beverage industry. There are three main types of claims - from competitors, consumers, and the government. Competitor claims focus on allegations of false advertising under the Lanham Act or through the National Advertising Division. Recent cases like POM Wonderful v. Coca Cola show that regulatory approval does not prevent false advertising claims. The document also discusses consumer class action lawsuits under state consumer protection laws and examples of ongoing lawsuits challenging terms like "handmade," "craft," and geographic claims on alcohol labels and advertisements.
Advertising provides consumers with information about products but is also meant to entice consumers to buy. Australian laws regulate advertising to ensure consumers are given correct information that is not false or misleading. These laws aim to protect consumers from deceptive advertising practices.
This document discusses deceptive advertising practices and provides examples. It begins by defining advertising and its common forms. It then defines deceptive advertising and explains ways companies deceive consumers, such as using vagueness, concealing facts, exaggeration, and bait-and-switch tactics. Motivations for deceptive advertising are to convince customers to buy products and get rid of defective goods. The document concludes by outlining some laws in India related to advertising and providing case studies where the advertising complaints were found valid or invalid.
No longer niche, the craft beer market is growing at a remarkable rate. Brands of all sizes can not only coexist, but prosper, by strategically tapping into an influential audience ready to purchase, drink,
and spread the word.
This document discusses false advertising and the ways companies engage in deceptive practices. It describes how advertisers use vagueness, conceal facts, and exaggerate claims to mislead consumers. Some advertisers also use "bait and switch" tactics where they advertise unavailable products to get customers to buy alternatives. The Federal Trade Commission works to prevent unfair business practices and deceptive ads through laws like the Pure Food and Drug Act, Federal Trade Commission Act, and Lanham Act.
10 Critical Strategies for Beer Marketing in the Digital Age
With information provided by beer strategy and marketing gurus: Lucas Herscovici, Vice President, Digital Marketing, Anheuser-Busch, Stacey Tank, Senior Vice President Heineken USA, Mariah Calagione, Vice President Dogfish Head, Craft Brewery.
This presentation covers shifting from paid media to 'earned' media through social media including Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest and LinkedIn.
Winning case studies from Anheuser-Busch Bud and Bud Light, Heineken Departure Roulette, Dos Equis "Most Interesting Man in the World", Dos De Mayo, Dogfish Head Brewery Local and Event marketing, Image Marketing, Facebook Advertising, Facebook Sponsored Stories and Facebook Promoted Posts.
Alcohol Problems: A Health Promotion Approach Module GuideSaide OER Africa
The module will help you to develop an understanding of the various consequences of alcohol abuse and of the research processes used to measure this. The rest of the module will provide you with approaches to preventing alcohol problems, ranging from policy and environmental changes to educational and rehabilitation programmes. Some of the readings were chosen to illustrate the main concepts of the module using the following themes: youth, women, and foetal alcohol syndrome.
Measuring Health and Disease I: Introduction to Epidemiology Module GuideSaide OER Africa
This module was developed at the School of Public Health, University for the Western Cape for the Postgraduate Certificate in Public Health which was offered as a distance learning module between 2001 and 2008. It was designed to meet the growing need for an applied course in the measurement of a variety of health indicators and outcomes. Whether you manage a health programme, a health facility, or simply have to interpret health data in the course of your work, this module sets out to increase your capacity to deal with health and disease information. It aims to assist you in applying epidemiological knowledge and skills to a variety of Public Health problems such as:
Is your DOTS programme succeeding?
What does it mean if a TB prevalence is 850/100 000?
Is this a Public Health problem or not?
What is the “burden of disease” in different communities?
This document describes an online addiction management diploma course offered through Edukite. The free 93-unit course, accredited by the University of Adelaide, provides an overview of addiction and recovery topics like the biology of addiction, treatment options, managing withdrawal, and promoting sustained recovery. To earn a certificate, students must complete five written assignments. The course uses case studies to explore screening and interventions, as well as inpatient and outpatient treatment approaches.
Ffch 6013 health promotion and disease prevention modulek007381
This document outlines a Master in Community Health Nursing module on health promotion and disease prevention. The module consists of 12 weekly topics that will be covered through lectures, seminars, presentations and independent study. Students will learn about key concepts of health, health promotion and disease prevention. They will analyze theories of health behavior and the social and psychological factors that influence health. Students will also evaluate current issues and research related to health promotion and disease prevention. Finally, they will examine the roles and challenges of advanced practice nurses in these areas. Student assessment will include class presentations, a seminar presentation, and an end of semester exam.
COMMUNITY EYE CARE, Community optometry.karthik47012
Primary eye care aims to prevent blindness through promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative activities delivered at the community level. It relies on community participation to be successful. Community participation can be improved through health education programs that raise awareness of blinding diseases and motivate individuals to utilize available eye care services. This helps ensure early detection and treatment of eye diseases as well as adoption of healthy behaviors and environmental changes that reduce blindness risk.
This module was developed at the School of Public Health, University for the Western Cape for the Postgraduate Certificate in Public Health which was offered as a distance learning module between 2001 and 2008. Health management is considered an important skill area for Public Health professionals. The module covers three key management areas: people management, planning and resource management. Through exploring these areas, the module aims to provide information and assistance at a practical level, continually referring the student to management issues within their own context. As management is cross-cutting in relation to other Public Health fields, the student is also expected to relate much of the management study material to the contexts of the other Certificate modules.
Authors: Wendy Venter, Kirstie Rendall-Mkosi, Lucy Alexander
Institution: University of the Western Cape
This resource is part of the African Health Open Educational Resources Network: http://www.oerafrica.org/healthoer. The original resource is also available from the authoring institution at http://freecourseware.uwc.ac.za/.
Creative Commons license: Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0
The document summarizes the objectives and activities of the FAR SEAS project, which aims to promote strategies to prevent fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder across EU member states. Key activities include:
- Identifying best practices in Europe for preventing alcohol-exposed pregnancies
- Developing guidelines to reduce alcohol consumption among women of child-bearing age
- Creating a training package for professionals on brief interventions
- Conducting a pilot study in Poland to test implementation of prevention strategies at the regional level
- Hosting workshops and a dissemination event to facilitate knowledge sharing on alcohol policy topics between member states.
21SFH19-SFH_Module 4 - Avoiding risks and harmful habits.pdfDr. Bhimsen Soragaon
The Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka, India has introduced a couple of courses for the enhancement students' knowledge in different domains. JSS Academy of Technical Education, Bengaluru is pioneer in disseminating the knowledge through strong learning materials.
The document announces a free members-only forum hosted by the National Eating Disorders Collaboration (NEDC) to be held on June 22nd, 2015 at the National Convention Centre in Canberra. The event will showcase knowledge building and research in eating disorders through presentations from experts, workshops, and networking opportunities. Attendees can participate in sessions on prevention and early intervention, treatment outcomes, responsible health messaging, lived experience of recovery, and workforce training. Registration is open online or via mail and accommodations have been reserved for attendees.
This document outlines a health education plan created by a group of students at Debre Brhan University to address alcohol abuse among students. It follows the PRECEDE-PROCEDE planning model in 9 phases: conducting social, epidemiological, behavioral, and educational assessments; developing objectives; planning implementation strategies like lectures and counseling; and planning process, impact, and outcome evaluations. The goal is to minimize alcohol abuse and its negative health and academic impacts through awareness campaigns, peer support, and improving the university's policies and environment.
Mpu3313 health and_wellness_2_c_dec17_(bookmark)Kalish Warren
This document provides an overview of the course MPU3313 Health and Wellness 2. It includes 8 topics that cover concepts of health, dimensions of wellness, nutrition, weight management, disease prevention, financial wellness, and medical insurance. The course guide outlines the intended learning outcomes, study schedule, text arrangement, and assessment methods. It aims to help learners understand the key concepts and apply their knowledge to improve health and financial wellness.
The New Blueprint: challenging the comfort zoneMedCouncilCan
This document outlines the progress of the Blueprint Project since 2013. It proposes common frameworks to assess physicians for high-stakes decision making at two points: entry into residency and independent practice. Stakeholder consultations provided feedback on proposed assessment dimensions and definitions. Gap analyses found MCC exams currently underrepresent chronic illness and psychosocial aspects. Future work includes developing additional assessments through opportunities like e-portfolios and item banks to fully address the blueprint. Workshops will discuss including various assessments in an e-portfolio and sharing assessment data between organizations. The project aims to ensure physicians are qualified for practice through a rigorous yet evolving assessment system.
This document outlines the progress of the Blueprint Project since 2013. It proposes common frameworks to assess physicians for high-stakes decision making at two points: entry into residency and independent practice. Stakeholder consultations provided feedback on proposed assessment dimensions and definitions. Gap analyses found MCC exams currently underrepresent chronic illness and psychosocial aspects. Future work includes developing additional assessments through opportunities like e-portfolios and item banks to fully address the blueprint. Workshops will discuss including various assessments in an e-portfolio and sharing assessment data between organizations. The project aims to ensure physicians are qualified for practice through a rigorous yet evolving assessment system.
Effects of Ethanol on metabolism
Ethanol within the human body is converted into acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase and then into acetic acid by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. The product of the first step of this breakdown, acetaldehyde, is more toxic than ethanol. Acetaldehyde is linked to most of the clinical effects of alcohol. It has been shown to increase the risk of developing cirrhosis of the liver, multiple forms of cancer, and alcoholism.
WHO Part III: Training for primary care providers: Brief tobacco intervention...Georgi Daskalov
This document provides training materials for primary care providers on delivering brief tobacco interventions. It contains a facilitator's guide and participant workbook with 9 modules. The modules are designed to train providers to: routinely identify tobacco users and help them quit using a 5A's model; motivate unwilling users to quit with a 5R's model; and educate non-users about avoiding secondhand smoke using 5A's. Providers will learn about tobacco use prevalence, health effects, dependence causes, and effective cessation methods including medications. The goal is for providers to competently deliver brief interventions to both help tobacco users quit and protect non-users from tobacco smoke.
This document discusses a distributed learning program in occupational medicine for family physicians. It aims to provide training to practicing physicians across large geographic areas without disrupting their practices. The program involves developing an occupational medicine training course with online modules and seminars to provide education, certification, and a peer network for handling work-related health issues. The founders have experience developing distributed learning programs and addressing the lack of occupational medicine training for physicians. Their goal is to sustain this program going forward to improve access to expertise in remote areas.
Substance Use Prevention Education Case Study: Unplugged [UNESCO Expert Meeti...Mentor
Presentation by Jamila Boughelaf, ADEPIS Project Manager at the International Expert Meeting on Substance Use among Children and Young People, held in Istanbul by UNESCO, UNODC and WHO in October 2015.
The document provides an overview of the Saudi Board in Community Medicine (SBCM) program in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah. The SBCM program is a joint postgraduate fellowship program in community medicine involving several participating institutions. The program aims to train medical graduates in community medicine principles and skills over 2 years of supervised training. Upon completion, graduates will be qualified as community medicine specialists equipped to work in public health and primary care roles.
The document provides guidelines for a course reflection assignment in an RN-BSN nursing course. Students are asked to reflect on how the course helped them develop competencies outlined in the BSN Essentials, including demonstrating professionalism, applying pathophysiology concepts, and implementing evidence-based care. The reflection should address 36 specific subcompetencies. Students will be evaluated on introducing their reflection, conducting a self-assessment with examples, and concluding by summarizing benefits of developing the competencies. The reflection must be 3-6 pages long and follow APA format.
This document outlines a presentation on applying systems thinking to health systems research and programme implementation. It includes an introduction to systems thinking methodologies, examples of how systems thinking has been applied in Options' programmes through stakeholder mapping, participatory approaches, embedded technical assistance, and process mapping. The document also discusses challenges of applying systems thinking like linear reporting mechanisms and limited programme timelines, and how these challenges have been addressed through theories of change.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Alcohol Problems: A Health Promotion Approach Module GuideSaide OER Africa
The module will help you to develop an understanding of the various consequences of alcohol abuse and of the research processes used to measure this. The rest of the module will provide you with approaches to preventing alcohol problems, ranging from policy and environmental changes to educational and rehabilitation programmes. Some of the readings were chosen to illustrate the main concepts of the module using the following themes: youth, women, and foetal alcohol syndrome.
Measuring Health and Disease I: Introduction to Epidemiology Module GuideSaide OER Africa
This module was developed at the School of Public Health, University for the Western Cape for the Postgraduate Certificate in Public Health which was offered as a distance learning module between 2001 and 2008. It was designed to meet the growing need for an applied course in the measurement of a variety of health indicators and outcomes. Whether you manage a health programme, a health facility, or simply have to interpret health data in the course of your work, this module sets out to increase your capacity to deal with health and disease information. It aims to assist you in applying epidemiological knowledge and skills to a variety of Public Health problems such as:
Is your DOTS programme succeeding?
What does it mean if a TB prevalence is 850/100 000?
Is this a Public Health problem or not?
What is the “burden of disease” in different communities?
This document describes an online addiction management diploma course offered through Edukite. The free 93-unit course, accredited by the University of Adelaide, provides an overview of addiction and recovery topics like the biology of addiction, treatment options, managing withdrawal, and promoting sustained recovery. To earn a certificate, students must complete five written assignments. The course uses case studies to explore screening and interventions, as well as inpatient and outpatient treatment approaches.
Ffch 6013 health promotion and disease prevention modulek007381
This document outlines a Master in Community Health Nursing module on health promotion and disease prevention. The module consists of 12 weekly topics that will be covered through lectures, seminars, presentations and independent study. Students will learn about key concepts of health, health promotion and disease prevention. They will analyze theories of health behavior and the social and psychological factors that influence health. Students will also evaluate current issues and research related to health promotion and disease prevention. Finally, they will examine the roles and challenges of advanced practice nurses in these areas. Student assessment will include class presentations, a seminar presentation, and an end of semester exam.
COMMUNITY EYE CARE, Community optometry.karthik47012
Primary eye care aims to prevent blindness through promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative activities delivered at the community level. It relies on community participation to be successful. Community participation can be improved through health education programs that raise awareness of blinding diseases and motivate individuals to utilize available eye care services. This helps ensure early detection and treatment of eye diseases as well as adoption of healthy behaviors and environmental changes that reduce blindness risk.
This module was developed at the School of Public Health, University for the Western Cape for the Postgraduate Certificate in Public Health which was offered as a distance learning module between 2001 and 2008. Health management is considered an important skill area for Public Health professionals. The module covers three key management areas: people management, planning and resource management. Through exploring these areas, the module aims to provide information and assistance at a practical level, continually referring the student to management issues within their own context. As management is cross-cutting in relation to other Public Health fields, the student is also expected to relate much of the management study material to the contexts of the other Certificate modules.
Authors: Wendy Venter, Kirstie Rendall-Mkosi, Lucy Alexander
Institution: University of the Western Cape
This resource is part of the African Health Open Educational Resources Network: http://www.oerafrica.org/healthoer. The original resource is also available from the authoring institution at http://freecourseware.uwc.ac.za/.
Creative Commons license: Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0
The document summarizes the objectives and activities of the FAR SEAS project, which aims to promote strategies to prevent fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder across EU member states. Key activities include:
- Identifying best practices in Europe for preventing alcohol-exposed pregnancies
- Developing guidelines to reduce alcohol consumption among women of child-bearing age
- Creating a training package for professionals on brief interventions
- Conducting a pilot study in Poland to test implementation of prevention strategies at the regional level
- Hosting workshops and a dissemination event to facilitate knowledge sharing on alcohol policy topics between member states.
21SFH19-SFH_Module 4 - Avoiding risks and harmful habits.pdfDr. Bhimsen Soragaon
The Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka, India has introduced a couple of courses for the enhancement students' knowledge in different domains. JSS Academy of Technical Education, Bengaluru is pioneer in disseminating the knowledge through strong learning materials.
The document announces a free members-only forum hosted by the National Eating Disorders Collaboration (NEDC) to be held on June 22nd, 2015 at the National Convention Centre in Canberra. The event will showcase knowledge building and research in eating disorders through presentations from experts, workshops, and networking opportunities. Attendees can participate in sessions on prevention and early intervention, treatment outcomes, responsible health messaging, lived experience of recovery, and workforce training. Registration is open online or via mail and accommodations have been reserved for attendees.
This document outlines a health education plan created by a group of students at Debre Brhan University to address alcohol abuse among students. It follows the PRECEDE-PROCEDE planning model in 9 phases: conducting social, epidemiological, behavioral, and educational assessments; developing objectives; planning implementation strategies like lectures and counseling; and planning process, impact, and outcome evaluations. The goal is to minimize alcohol abuse and its negative health and academic impacts through awareness campaigns, peer support, and improving the university's policies and environment.
Mpu3313 health and_wellness_2_c_dec17_(bookmark)Kalish Warren
This document provides an overview of the course MPU3313 Health and Wellness 2. It includes 8 topics that cover concepts of health, dimensions of wellness, nutrition, weight management, disease prevention, financial wellness, and medical insurance. The course guide outlines the intended learning outcomes, study schedule, text arrangement, and assessment methods. It aims to help learners understand the key concepts and apply their knowledge to improve health and financial wellness.
The New Blueprint: challenging the comfort zoneMedCouncilCan
This document outlines the progress of the Blueprint Project since 2013. It proposes common frameworks to assess physicians for high-stakes decision making at two points: entry into residency and independent practice. Stakeholder consultations provided feedback on proposed assessment dimensions and definitions. Gap analyses found MCC exams currently underrepresent chronic illness and psychosocial aspects. Future work includes developing additional assessments through opportunities like e-portfolios and item banks to fully address the blueprint. Workshops will discuss including various assessments in an e-portfolio and sharing assessment data between organizations. The project aims to ensure physicians are qualified for practice through a rigorous yet evolving assessment system.
This document outlines the progress of the Blueprint Project since 2013. It proposes common frameworks to assess physicians for high-stakes decision making at two points: entry into residency and independent practice. Stakeholder consultations provided feedback on proposed assessment dimensions and definitions. Gap analyses found MCC exams currently underrepresent chronic illness and psychosocial aspects. Future work includes developing additional assessments through opportunities like e-portfolios and item banks to fully address the blueprint. Workshops will discuss including various assessments in an e-portfolio and sharing assessment data between organizations. The project aims to ensure physicians are qualified for practice through a rigorous yet evolving assessment system.
Effects of Ethanol on metabolism
Ethanol within the human body is converted into acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase and then into acetic acid by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. The product of the first step of this breakdown, acetaldehyde, is more toxic than ethanol. Acetaldehyde is linked to most of the clinical effects of alcohol. It has been shown to increase the risk of developing cirrhosis of the liver, multiple forms of cancer, and alcoholism.
WHO Part III: Training for primary care providers: Brief tobacco intervention...Georgi Daskalov
This document provides training materials for primary care providers on delivering brief tobacco interventions. It contains a facilitator's guide and participant workbook with 9 modules. The modules are designed to train providers to: routinely identify tobacco users and help them quit using a 5A's model; motivate unwilling users to quit with a 5R's model; and educate non-users about avoiding secondhand smoke using 5A's. Providers will learn about tobacco use prevalence, health effects, dependence causes, and effective cessation methods including medications. The goal is for providers to competently deliver brief interventions to both help tobacco users quit and protect non-users from tobacco smoke.
This document discusses a distributed learning program in occupational medicine for family physicians. It aims to provide training to practicing physicians across large geographic areas without disrupting their practices. The program involves developing an occupational medicine training course with online modules and seminars to provide education, certification, and a peer network for handling work-related health issues. The founders have experience developing distributed learning programs and addressing the lack of occupational medicine training for physicians. Their goal is to sustain this program going forward to improve access to expertise in remote areas.
Substance Use Prevention Education Case Study: Unplugged [UNESCO Expert Meeti...Mentor
Presentation by Jamila Boughelaf, ADEPIS Project Manager at the International Expert Meeting on Substance Use among Children and Young People, held in Istanbul by UNESCO, UNODC and WHO in October 2015.
The document provides an overview of the Saudi Board in Community Medicine (SBCM) program in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah. The SBCM program is a joint postgraduate fellowship program in community medicine involving several participating institutions. The program aims to train medical graduates in community medicine principles and skills over 2 years of supervised training. Upon completion, graduates will be qualified as community medicine specialists equipped to work in public health and primary care roles.
The document provides guidelines for a course reflection assignment in an RN-BSN nursing course. Students are asked to reflect on how the course helped them develop competencies outlined in the BSN Essentials, including demonstrating professionalism, applying pathophysiology concepts, and implementing evidence-based care. The reflection should address 36 specific subcompetencies. Students will be evaluated on introducing their reflection, conducting a self-assessment with examples, and concluding by summarizing benefits of developing the competencies. The reflection must be 3-6 pages long and follow APA format.
This document outlines a presentation on applying systems thinking to health systems research and programme implementation. It includes an introduction to systems thinking methodologies, examples of how systems thinking has been applied in Options' programmes through stakeholder mapping, participatory approaches, embedded technical assistance, and process mapping. The document also discusses challenges of applying systems thinking like linear reporting mechanisms and limited programme timelines, and how these challenges have been addressed through theories of change.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
1. Masters in Public Health
Alcohol Problems: A Health Promotion
Approach
Module Guide
Kirstie Rendall-Mkosi
Lucy Alexander & Nandipha Matshanda
School of Public Health
University of the Western Cape
2.
3. Masters in Public Health
Alcohol Problems: A Health Promotion
Approach
Module Guide
School of Public Health
University of the Western Cape
Module Registration Number: 880111
Value of module: 20 credits
Study time required: 200 notional learning hours
Pre-requisites:
Postgraduate Diploma in Public Health or equivalent;
Core modules for the Masters in Public Health
Study Materials for this module:
Module Guide & Module Readings
Module convenor: Kirstie Rendall-Mkosi
4. School of Public Health
University of the Western Cape
Private Bag X17
Bellville
7535
E-mail: ccarolissen@uwc.ac.za
Fax: + 27 21 959-2872
Tel: +27 21 959-2166 or 959-2809
Copyright 2010, by the SOPH, University of the Western Cape. This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons License : Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0.
First published 2004.
This version 2008/2010 (Module Intro)
The vision of the School of Public Health at the University of the Western
Cape is to build the capacity of Public Health workers to transform the
health sector from a predominantly curative, hospital-based service to a
high quality, comprehensive, community-based, participatory and equitable
system. The aim of this module is to enhance the measurement skills
required to achieve these Public Health objectives.
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Design & layout: Cheryl Ontong
5. CONTENTS
I MODULE INTRODUCTION PAGE
1. LETTER OF WELCOME 1
2 INFORMATION ABOUT THIS MODULE 3
2.1 Module Aims and Rationale 3
2.2 Module Outline 3
2.3 Learning Outcomes 3
2.4 Texts and References 4
2.5 Module Evaluation 5
3 ASSESSMENT 5
3.1 Information about the Assignments 5
3.2 Assignments and assessment criteria for Alcohol 5
Problems: A Health Promotion Approach
II STUDY SESSIONS 13
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION: ALCOHOL ORIGINS AND USE 13
Session 1 Alcohol: Origins of Use, and Value as a 15
Commodity.
Session 2 Patterns of Consumption. 23
Session 3 The Theories of Alcohol Use and Addiction. 39
UNIT 2 CONSEQUENCES AND APPROACHES TO 47
ALCOHOL PROBLEMS
Session 1 The Consequences of Alcohol Use. 49
Session 2 Different Approaches to Alcohol Problems. 57
Session 3 The Range of Interventions. 63
UNIT 3 POLICY AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTIONS 69
Session 1 Control through Policy. 71
Session 2 Environmental Changes. 83
Session 3 Multifaceted Integrated Programmes. 91
UNIT 4 ALCOHOL AND THE INDIVIDUAL 103
Session 1 Alcohol Education. 105
Session 2 Early Intervention. 111
Session 3 Rehabilitation 117
6.
7. I MODULE INTRODUCTION
1 LETTER OF WELCOME
School of Public Health (SOPH)
University of the Western Cape
Private Bag X17
Bellville
7535
South Africa
Dear colleague,
Welcome to the ‘Alcohol Problems: A Health Promotion Approach’ module.
Since alcohol abuse can have negative consequences for individuals, families
and the wider society, it constitutes an important public health issue.
Unfortunately it is not as straightforward to deal with on a policy and
educational level as other tobacco, because alcohol can be used with no
harmful effect if used responsibly. In developing countries it is still a neglected
problem in terms of prevention and rehabilitation, with few resources allocated
to law enforcement, awareness raising, and training of service providers and
policy makers.
We have purposely introduced the history of the use of alcohol in Southern
Africa at the beginning of the module, as the history has important socio-
political, economic and behavioural influences on current patterns of alcohol
use.
The module will help you to develop an understanding of the various
consequences of alcohol abuse and of the research processes used to
measure this. The rest of the module will provide you with approaches to
preventing alcohol problems, ranging from policy and environmental changes
to educational and rehabilitation programmes. Some of the readings were
chosen to illustrate the main concepts of the module using the following
themes: youth, women, and foetal alcohol syndrome.
We hope that you will be equipped to assess alcohol problems in the
communities in which you work and live, and have some realistic ideas on
initiatives involving people in taking control of alcohol sales and consumption.
This is normally demonstrated through the two assignments that are required
to be done for this module.
We hope that you find the module interesting and that you will be an advocate
for putting alcohol problems higher on the public health agenda locally and
nationally.
SOPH, UWC: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach - Module Introduction 1
8. We would greatly value your feedback on how you found the experience of
completing the Module. You can let off steam and reflect on what you have
gained from this experience, while letting us know how we could have made
the study experience easier and more useful for you. For your convenience,
please use the Module Evaluation Form located on this site. We suggest you
complete the Evaluation Form soon after you complete the module.
Sincerely
Kirstie Rendall-Mkosi
Module Convenor
2 SOPH, UWC: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach - Module Introduction
9. 2 INFORMATION ABOUT THIS MODULE
2.1 Module Aims and Rationale
This module is designed to address the following issues:
The history of the use of alcohol, focusing on developing countries;
How the burden of disease/injury and social problems relates to alcohol;
The concepts of responsible drinking, risky drinking, and dependent
drinking;
The different approaches that can inform health promotion strategies to
reduce alcohol related problems;
Planning interventions on a policy, environmental and individual basis;
Community based programme planning and development using the
Ottawa Charter as a framework.
2.2 Module Outline
The module consists of four units, each of which is divided into three study
sessions.
Study sessions vary in length, and may take between five and six hours to
complete. The four units are as follows:
Unit 1 - Alcohol Origins and Use.
Unit 2 - Consequences and Approaches to Alcohol Problems.
Unit 3 - Policy and Environmental Interventions.
Unit 4 - Alcohol and the Individual.
2.3 Learning Outcomes
This module is intended to assist you in further developing the following skills
and knowledge.
By the end of this unit, you are expected to be able to:
Develop tools for planning, monitoring and evaluating alcohol interventions.
Discuss the shifts in patterns of alcohol use in South Africa, in relation to socio-
political and cultural factors.
Contrast the benefits and harmful effects of alcohol, particularly in developing
contexts.
Identify and interrogate measures used in collecting alcohol related data and the
factors which affect them.
SOPH, UWC: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach - Module Introduction 3
10. Use these measures critically to identify patterns of use.
Explain and apply different explanations and theories of alcohol use, addiction
and dependence, and how these theories influence prevention and treatment
approaches.
Describe and contrast the Harm Reduction and the traditional Preventive
approaches to alcohol problems and their range of relevant strategies.
Describe the range, requirements and uses of multifaceted integrated
programmes in the control of alcohol problems.
Show a critical understanding of the role of different agencies (such as
government, media and community involvement) in alcohol intervention.
Describe ways in which policy can be used to control the use, marketing, cost,
availability and contents of alcohol.
Describe and assess the concept and technique of the Brief Interventions
strategy to alcohol intervention and assess the requirements for making the
intervention succeed.
2.4 Texts and References
Parry, C.D.H., & Bennetts, A.L. (1998). Alcohol Policy and Public Health in South
Africa. Cape Town: Oxford University Press
You will also be expected to pursue relevant current literature and additional
resource material as required for your assignment tasks. The School of
Public Health provides students with a Reader of just over 400 pages, which
contains the required readings for the module, but not the readings listed
under Further Readings at the end of each session. SOPH pays for copyright
for these Readers per student and therefore cannot offer the Reader as an
OER.
Relevant websites
The following websites may be helpful to you in the course of this module:
Web Address Organisation / document
www.mrc.ac.za/adarg/adarg.ht Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Group –
m Medical Research Council. Can download recent
publications.
http://wn.apc.org/sanca/ South African National Council on Alcohol and
Drug Abuse. Resource centre in Milpark,
Johannesburg.
www.CDA.gov.za Central Drug Authority. Responsible for
implementation of National Drug Master Plan.
www.niaaa.nih.gov/ National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and
Alcoholism – part of the National Institutes of
Health in the USA. Range of resources.
www.adca.org.au/ Alcohol and other Drugs Council of Australia –
NGO representing alcohol and other drugs field.
www.alcohol.org.nz/ Alcohol Advisory Council of New Zealand
4 SOPH, UWC: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach - Module Introduction
11. www.ccsa.ca Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse
www.ias.org.uk Institute of Alcohol Studies
www.cad.org.za Christian Action for Dependents in South Africa
www.alcoholicsanonymous.or Alcoholics Anonymous in South Africa
g.za
www.fasworld.com National Organisation on FAS in Canada
2.5 Module Evaluation
When you come to end of the module, we would be grateful if you could
provide us with feedback on how you found the experience – what was good
about it, as well as things you would like to see changed. A link to the
evaluation form is located on the webpage menu. This feedback will assist us
in revising the module, planning future modules and providing students with
appropriate support.
3 ASSESSMENT
3.1 Information about Assessment
There are TWO compulsory assignments in the module.
The modules are weighted as follows:
Assignment 1: 40%
Assignment 2: 60%
To pass the module:
You are required to pass both assignments with a minimum of 50%.
You must have a minimum aggregate of 50% or more for the module.
If you get below 50% in Assignment 1, you may repeat it once only.
If you do not pass it second time around, you cannot proceed to
Assignment 2 and must repeat the module.
If you do not achieve 50% in Assignment 2, you repeat the entire module
the following year.
3.2 Assignments for Alcohol Problems: A Health Promotion Approach
ASSIGNMENT 1: A Comparison of Two Approaches to Alcohol Problems
(100 marks; length: 2 500 words) (40% of module result)
Compare “reduction in consumption” and “harm reduction” - the two main
approaches to reducing alcohol related problems at a population level.
Discuss the theoretical origins and main principles of the two approaches.
Describe a concrete example of each approach in action, from the literature.
SOPH, UWC: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach - Module Introduction 5
12. Then, briefly describe a local setting where drinking takes place and argue for
the use of either one of the two approaches in implementing one specific
strategy, giving reasons for the choice.
Marking Criteria: Assignment 1 Marks
Assignment has a logical structure & is written in an academic style. 10
The approaches and their theoretical origins are clearly distinguished. 30
Appropriate examples are presented. 10
Reasons for choice of approach and strategy are convincingly argued. 30
Insight and creativity is evident. 10
Referencing and Reference List/Bibliography are presented in a recognised
10
academic format.
Total 100
ASSIGNMENT 2: Plan an Intervention for Alcohol Problems
(100 marks; length: 2 500 words) (60% of module result)
Plan a range of appropriate interventions to reduce alcohol related harm for a
specific target group or risky setting in the area where you live or work.
Address the following issues in the discussion of your plan:
a) The community group or setting.
b) Evidence of alcohol related problem/s in terms of patterns of alcohol use,
the social dynamics involved, and the consequences of alcohol abuse.
c) Describe and justify key interventions at a policy, environmental and
personal level that could realistically reduce the risks in this setting.
Assignment 2: Marking Criteria
Marking Criteria: Assignment 2 Marks
Assignment has a logical structure & is written in an academic style. 10
Sound description and analysis of drinking patterns and consequences. 20
Scope, appropriateness to setting and creativity of interventions is evident. 30
Rationale for choices of interventions convincingly argued. 20
Appropriate structures and role players are included in the intervention
10
strategies.
Referencing and Reference List/Bibliography are presented in a recognised
10
academic format.
Total 100
6 SOPH, UWC: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach - Module Introduction
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Masters in Public Health: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach: U n it 1 13
16. INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES OF UNIT 1
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17. Unit 1 - Session 1
Alcohol: Origins of Use, &
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Introduction
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Masters in Public Health: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach: U n it 1 15
18. 1 LEARNING OUTCOMES OF THIS SESSION
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Alcohol and Public Health in 8 Developing
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16 Masters in Public Health: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach: U n it 1
19. 3 THE ORIGINS OF THE USE OF ALCOHOL
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Masters in Public Health: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach: U n it 1 17
23. 6 FURTHER READING
!
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:*,+%3?!<)#!9(3(#1!()#!Z,#2#,-!3/0!()#!M,+/8+/5!G.4$+%1!AaUFJeF. Journal of
African History,!SQ?!HUeJHPP;!!
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AHTJATU;!
Masters in Public Health: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach: U n it 1 21
24. 22 Masters in Public Health: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach: U n it 1
25. Unit 1 - Session 2
Patterns of Consumption
Introduction
!
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Contents
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1 LEARNING OUTCOMES OF THIS SESSION
Masters in Public Health: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach: U n it 1 23
26. By the end of this session, you should be able to:
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Z#//#((1!R;!:;1! ^AaaH_;!Z&./03,+#-!Z#(2##/!c&,'3$!3/0! 39-46
X3/%31!:;1![,3/(1!Z;! G3()&$&5+%3$!M,+/8+/5?!:!E,&--JE.$(.,3$!
V;!`!93,(&,+.-1!c; E&'63,+-&/;!Alcohol Health & Research
World, Ae^H_?!AaQJAaT;!
24 Masters in Public Health: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach: U n it 1
27. O#3()1!M;!Z; ^FQQQ_;!Drinking Occasions: Comparative 149-154
Perspectives on Alcohol and Culture.!C9:;!
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3 CONCEPTS AND MEASURES OF CONSUMPTION
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Masters in Public Health: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach: U n it 1 25
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2+()!0#6#/0#/(-!3/0!6#&6$#!+/!&.($=+/5!3,#3-!3,#!$+8#$=!(&!#76#,+#/%#!
6,&4$#'-!+/!3%%#--+/5!()#-#!-#,K+%#-;!9&!353+/1!()#!(,#/0-!-)&.$0!4#!
K+#2#0!2+()!%3.(+&/!3-!()#=!0&!/&(!,#6,#-#/(!3$$!()&-#!who may!need!
(,#3('#/(1!4.(!&/$=!those who!have accessed!(,#3('#/(;!!
!
")3(!0+0!=&.!%&/%$.0#!34&.(!()#!9:ENcMC!+/+(+3(+K#i!!
I/!()#!34-#/%#!&*!03(3!()3(!+-!%&$$#%(#0!+/!3!-=-(#'3(+%!3/0!-(3/03,0+-#0!23=1!
3/0!4#3,+/5!+/!'+/0!()#!$+'+(3(+&/-!&*!#3%)!&*!()#!03(3!-&.,%#-!%&/(,+4.(#0!3(!
9:ENcMC!'##(+/5-1!()#!+/*&,'3(+&/!%3/!4#!.-#0!(&!./0#,-(3/0!&/$=!some!
(,#/0-1!3/0!+/*&,'!6&$+%=!&/!some specific problems;!!
!
3.4 Screening for Alcohol Problems and Alcohol Dependence
!
Z=!/&2!=&.!2+$$!)3K#!,#3$+-#0!()3(!3!6#,-&/!%3/!)3K#!6,&4$#'-!3-!3!,#-.$(!&*!
.-+/5!3$%&)&$!2+()&.(!/#%#--3,+$=!4#+/5!0#6#/0#/(!&/!+(!^&,!4#+/5!%$3--+*+#0!3-!
3/!f3$%&)&$+%h_;!!
<)#!E:[N!-%,##/+/5!(&&$!^2)+%)!-(3/0-!*&,!C.((+/5!0&2/1!A//&=3/%#!3(!
%,+(+%+-'1!G.+$(=!*##$+/5-!3/0!.-#!&*!E=#J&6#/#,-_!+-!%&''&/$=!.-#0!+/!()#!
-%,##/+/5!&*!6#&6$#!(&!0#(#%(!6&--+4$#!3$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-!&,!0#6#/0#/%#;!:-!
%3/!4#!-##/!+/!()#!3,(+%$#!4=!E$33-#/!^Aaaa_1!()#!(&&$!%3/!3$-&!4#!.-#0!3-!63,(!
&*!3!-.,K#=!(&!53()#,!+/*&,'3(+&/!3(!()#!$#K#$!&*!3$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-!+/!3!
63,(+%.$3,!%&''./+(=;!
Masters in Public Health: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach: U n it 1 31
34. READING:!E$33-#/1!X;!c;!^9#6(;!Aaaa_;!<)#!Z#/#*+(-!&*!()#!E:[N!3-!3!9%,##/+/5!
<&&$!*&,!:$%&)&$+-'!+/!3!E$&-#0!>.,3$!9&.()!:*,+%3/!E&''./+(=;!South African
Medical Journal,!Pa!^a_?!aeUJaea;!9##!66!TeJUF!+/!()#!>#30#,;!
")#/!%&'4+/#0!2+()!3!*#2!&()#,!@.#-(+&/-1!()#!E:[N!-%,##/+/5!(&&$!%3/!
6,&K+0#!3!%$#3,#,!6+%(.,#!&*!()#!6$3%#1!(+'#1!3'&./(1!3$%&)&$!&*!%)&+%#!3/0!
%&'63/=!+/!2)+%)!6#&6$#!0,+/8;!<)#-#!63((#,/-1!3-!2#$$!3-!()#!#7(#/(!&*!
6,&4$#'3(+%!0,+/8+/51!%&.$0!4#!#-(34$+-)#0!(),&.5)!()+-!-&,(!&*!%,&--!-#%(+&/3$!
-.,K#=1!4#3,+/5!+/!'+/0!()#!0+**+%.$(=!&*!5#((+/5!)&/#-(!3/-2#,-!*,&'!6#&6$#;!!
!
B()#,!%&''&/$=!.-#0!-%,##/+/5!(&&$-!3,#!()#!Y:9<!^Y+%)+53/!:$%&)&$+-'!
9%,##/+/5!<#-(_!3/0!()#!:CMI<!^:$%&)&$!C-#!M+-&,0#,-!I0#/(+*+%3(+&/!<#-(_;!
Z&()!&*!()#-#!.-#!,#-6&/-#-!(&!3!/.'4#,!&*!@.#-(+&/-!,#$3(#0!(&!3!6#,-&/L-!
0,+/8+/5!63((#,/-;!<)#!-%&,+/5!+-!0#-+5/#0!(&!5+K#!()#!%$+/+%+3/!&,!,#-#3,%)#,!3!
-#/-#!&*!()#!$#K#$!&*!.-#!&*!3$%&)&$!+/!(#,'-!&*!6&(#/(+3$!)3,'!(&!()#!+/0+K+0.3$!
&,!&()#,-!3,&./0!()#';!<)#!Y:9<!+-!'&,#!.-#*.$!+/!+0#/(+*=+/5!0#6#/0#/(!
0,+/8#,-!2)+$#!()#!:CMI<!+-!.-#0!*&,!%3(#5&,+-+/5!$#K#$-!&*!6,&4$#'!0,+/8+/5;
4 IDENTIFYING PATTERNS OF DRINKING
:!%,+(+%3$!63,(!&*!./0#,-(3/0+/5!3$%&)&$!.-#!+-!3/3$=-+/5!03(3!43-#0!&/!-6#%+*+%!
5,&.6-!&*!6#&6$#!2)&!$+K#1!2&,8!&,!/3(.,3$$=!%&/5,#53(#!(&5#()#,;!Y&-(!-.%)!
-(.0+#-1!*&%.-+/5!&/!+/0+K+0.3$!4#$+#*-!3/0!4#)3K+&.,!,#53,0+/5!3$%&)&$1!
#/535#!-6#%+*+%!35#!5,&.6-!&,!()&-#!+/!63,(+%.$3,!-#((+/5-1!3/0!+/K&$K#!()#!
-.,K#+$$3/%#!&*!3$%&)&$!63((#,/-!3/0!%&/-#@.#/%#-;!!
!
I/!()+-!-#%(+&/1!2#!2+$$!#76$&,#!(2&!-(.0+#-1!&/#!&*!2)+%)!*&%.-#-!&/!0,+/8+/5!
63((#,/-!2+()+/!3!63,(+%.$3,!35#!%&)&,(!^V$+-)#,!#(!3$1!FQQA_1!2)+$#!()#!&()#,!
^R&/0&/!#(!3$1!FQQA_!%&/%#/(,3(#-!&/!3!63,(+%.$3,!-#((+/51!3!*,.+(!*3,'!+/!()#!
"#-(#,/!E36#;!
!
I*!()#!=&./5!6#&6$#!+/!()#!V$+-)#,!-(.0=!3/0!()#!*3,'!2&,8#,-!+/!()#!R&/0&/!
-(.0=!)30!&/$=!4##/!3-8#0!34&.(!()#+,!3K#,35#!2##8$=!%&/-.'6(+&/1!+(!+-!$+8#$=!
()3(!/&!6,&4$#'3(+%!0,+/8+/5!2&.$0!)3K#!4##/!+0#/(+*+#0;!I(!+-!()#!4+/5#!/3(.,#!
&*!0,+/8+/5!6,3%(+-#0!4=!4&()!()#-#!5,&.6-!()3(!,#-.$(-!+/!)+5)!$#K#$-!&*!,+-8=!
0,+/8+/5;!I(!+-!()#,#*&,#!/#%#--3,=!(&!%&$$#%(!+/*&,'3(+&/!()3(!0#-%,+4#-!how
much is drunk in one occasion!3/0!how frequent these occasions are;!<)#!
factors encouraging more risky drinking!3,#!3$-&!&*!+/(#,#-(!+*!'#3/+/5*.$!
6,#K#/(+K#!+/(#,K#/(+&/-!3,#!(&!4#!'30#;!
!
4.1 Measuring Usage by Age Group
!
I/!0#K#$&6+/5!%&./(,+#-1!2#!3,#!63,(+%.$3,$=!%&/%#,/#0!34&.(!()#!4#$+#*-!3/0!
4#)3K+&.,-!&*!=&./5!6#&6$#!,#53,0+/5!3$%&)&$;!<)#!*3%(&,-!+/*$.#/%+/5!()#!
32 Masters in Public Health: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach: U n it 1
35. #76#,+'#/(3(+&/!3/0!,#5.$3,!.-#!&*!3$%&)&$!3'&/5-(!=&.()!3,#!%&'6$#7!3/0!
/##0!(&!4#!#73'+/#0!*,&'!K3,+&.-!3/5$#-;!
!
<)#!636#,!4=!V$+-)#,!#(!3$!^FQQA_!0#'&/-(,3(#-!)&2!%$3--,&&'!43-#0!-.,K#=-!
%3/!4#!.-#0!(&!53.5#!()#!8/&2$#05#1!4#$+#*-!3/0!6,3%(+%#-!&*!-%)&&$J5&+/5!
=&.();!I*!,#6#3(#0!#K#,=!*#2!=#3,-1!()#!(,#/0-!&*!age of first use of
substances1!*,#@.#/%=1!3'&./(!%&/-.'#0!3/0!5#/0#,!0+**#,#/%#-!%3/!()#/!
%&/(,+4.(#!(&!()#!0#-+5/!&*!#0.%3(+&/3$!3/0!$+*#!-8+$$-!6,&5,3''#-;!:66,&6,+3(#!
6&$+%+#-!3,&./0!3%%#--!(&!3/0!%&/(,&$!&*!()#!3'&./(!&*!3$%&)&$!%&/-.'#01!3/0!
()#!#/*&,%#'#/(!()#,#&*1!%&.$0!3$-&!4#!'30#!'&,#!,#3$+-(+%;!
!
V3%(&,-!-.%)!3-!3%%#--!(&!'&/#=1!,#$+5+&.-!/&,'-!3/0!()#!-(35#!&*!-&%+#(3$!
0#K#$&6'#/(!3,#!3$$!.-#0!(&!#76$3+/!()#!0+**#,#/%#-!4#(2##/!()#!,3(#-!&*!.-#!
&*!-.4-(3/%#-!+/!()#!(),##!%+(+#-!+/!V$+-)#,!#(!3$L-!636#,1!+;#;!E36#!<&2/1!
O3,3,#1!3/0!M3,!#-!93$33'1!3/0!()#!0+**#,#/%#!&*!.-#!4#(2##/!()#!-#7#-;!I(!
'.-(!4#!/&(#01!)&2#K#,1!()3(!-+/%#!()#!-(.0+#-!*&,!#3%)!%+(=!2#,#!/&(!+0#/(+%3$1!
3/0!()#!3/3$=-+-!*&,!()+-!636#,!+-!43-#0!&/!#7(,36&$3(+&/1!()#!,#-.$(-!3,#!
0+**+%.$(!(&!5#/#,3$+-#!4#=&/0!()#-#!63,(+%.$3,!%+(+#-!&,!.,43/!3,#3-;!
READING:!V$+-)#,1!:;!X;!#(!3$;!^FQQA_;!9.4-(3/%#!C-#!4=!9(.0#/(-!+/!9&.()!:*,+%31!
!<3/b3/+3!3/0!d+'4342#;!African Journal of Drug & Alcohol Studies, A!^F_?!PAJae;!
9##!66!AFAJAHQ!+/!()#!>#30#,;
!
TASK 4 – Measures of alcohol consumption
:*(#,!,#30+/5!()+-!636#,!&/!-.4-(3/%#!.-#!4=!-(.0#/(-1!3/-2#,!()#!*&$$&2+/5!
@.#-(+&/-?!
! FEEDBACK
3_! ")3(!3,#!()#!'3+/!'#3-.,#-!&*!-.4-(3/%#!.-#!+/!()#!@.#-(+&//3+,#-i
4_! ")3(!0&!()#!0+**#,#/(!(+'#!6#,+&0-!+'6$=i
%_! ")3(!3,#!()#!'3+/!%&/%$.-+&/-!&*!()#!-(.0=!3/0!)&2!2&.$0!()+-!+/*&,'!
6,#K#/(+&/!6,&5,3''#-!+/!()&-#!6$3%#-i
4.2 Measuring Usage in Relation to Setting
!
:/&()#,!+'6&,(3/(!23=!(&!%&/0.%(!,#-#3,%)!&/!6#&6$#!2)&!0,+/8!+-!(),&.5)!3!
*&%.-!&/!()#!&%%.63(+&/3$!-#((+/5;!<)+-!3,(+%$#!4=!R&/0&/!#(!3$!^FQQA_!
0#-%,+4#-!3!-(.0=!3--#--+/5!()#!&%%.63(+&/3$!)3b3,0-!*&,!3!5,&.6!&*!'3$#!*,.+(!
*3,'!2&,8#,-!+/!()#!"#-(#,/!E36#;!:$%&)&$!%&/-.'6(+&/!23-!*&./0!(&!4#!3/!
+'6&,(3/(!%&J*3%(&,!+/!6&&,!/.(,+(+&/1!,3(#!&*!)#30!+/.,+#-!3/0!#76&-.,#!(&!
6#-(+%+0#-;!V&%.-!&/!<3-8!T!2)+$#!=&.!,#30!+(;!!
!
READING:!R&/0&/1!R;1!c#$$1!D;1!<)&'6-&/1!YJR!`!Y=#,-1!X;N;!^AaaP_;!O#3$()!
! 9(3(.-!:'&/5!V3,'!"&,8#,-!+/!()#!"#-(#,/!E36#!l!E&$$3(#,3$!NK+0#/%#!*,&'!3!
9(.0=!&*!B%%.63(+&/3$!O3b3,0-;!South African Medical Journal,!PP!^a_?!AQaUJAAQA;!
9##!66!APeJAaS!+/!()#!>#30#,;!
Masters in Public Health: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach: U n it 1 33
36. !
!
!
TASK 5 – Assessing further measures of alcohol consumption
")+$#!,#30+/5!()+-!636#,1!2)+%)!+/%$.0#-!3!*&%.-!&/!3$%&)&$!.-#!4=!'3$#!*3,'!
2&,8#,-1!3/-2#,!()#!*&$$&2+/5!@.#-(+&/-?!
3_! ")3(!3,#!()#!'3+/!'#3-.,#-!&*!3$%&)&$!.-#!+/!()#!-(.0=i!
4_! :,#!()#!03(3!%&$$#%(+&/!(&&$-!'&,#!,#$+34$#!()3/!()#!@.#-(+&//3+,#-!.-#0!+/!()#!
! 6,#K+&.-!-(.0=i!")=i
!%_! ")3(!0&#-!()#!+/*&,'3(+&/!34&.(!()#!$#/5()!&*!(+'#!-6#/(!2&,8+/5!+/!()#!
VNNMZ:E]!
35,+%.$(.,3$!-#((+/5!(#$$!.-i!
>#-6&/0!(&!^0_i!
0_! ")3(!,&$#!%&.$0!()#!63((#,/-!,#K#3$#0!+/!()+-!-(.0=!6$3=!+/!5.+0+/5!3!O#3$()!
!
G,&'&(+&/!+/(#,K#/(+&/!+/!()+-!%&/(#7(i!
!
4.3 Measuring Drinking Patterns with Surveys & Self-reported Habits
!
<)#!3,(+%$#!4=!E,&7*&,0!`!D+$&#/!+/(,&0.%#-!=&.!(&!3!-.,K#=!'#()&0!&*!
3--#--+/5!0,+/8+/5!63((#,/-1!43-#0!#/(+,#$=!&/!-#$*J,#6&,(#0!03(3n!+(!3$-&!
+/(,&0.%#-!()#!6)#/&'#/&/!&*!*&#(3$!3$%&)&$!-=/0,&'#!^V:9_;!!
!
!
! READING:!E,&7*&,01!X;!`!D+$&#/1!M;!^9#6(;!Aaaa_;!:$%&)&$!E&/-.'6(+&/!4=!
G,#5/3/(!"&'#/!+/!"#-(#,/!E36#;!South African Medical Journal,!Pa?!aUFJaUT;!
! 9##!66!UHJUP!+/!()#!>#30#,;!
!
!
<)#!-(.0=!,#6&,(#0!+/!()#!3,(+%$#!3+'#0!(&!3--#--!3$%&)&$!.-#!4=!6,#5/3/(!
2&'#/!+/!(),##!./0#,J,#-&.,%#0!3,#3-!&*!()#!"#-(#,/!E36#!l!(2&!&*!()#'!
-'3$$!(&2/-!3/0!&/#!2+()+/!()#!E36#!Y#(,&6&$#;!<)#!-3'6$#!&*!UHU!2&'#/!
23-!0,32/!*,&'!Ae!3/(#/3(3$!%$+/+%-!3%,&--!()#!(),##!3,#3-1!3/0!#3%)!2&'3/!
23-!+/(#,K+#2#0!&/%#!&/$=;!I/!()+-!-(.0=1!()#!%&$$#%(+&/!&*!0#'&5,36)+%!
+/*&,'3(+&/!23-!+'6&,(3/(!+/!&,0#,!(&!#-(34$+-)!2)#()#,1!3'&/5-(!()#-#!
6,#5/3/(!2&'#/1!()#,#!3,#!-.45,&.6-!^*&,!#73'6$#!43-#0!&/!35#1!-&%+&J
#%&/&'+%-!&,!5#&5,36)+%3$!$&%3(+&/_!()3(!0,+/8!'&,#!)#3K+$=!()3/!&()#,-;!
!
<)#!,#-.$(-!6,&K+0#!3!.-#*.$!0#-%,+6(+&/!&*!2&'#/!3((#/0+/5!%$+/+%-!+/!
6,#0&'+/3/($=!coloured 3,#3-;!<)#!0&'+/3/(!%)3,3%(#,+-(+%-!&*!()#!5,&.6!
2#,#?!4#(2##/!FQ!J!HQ!=#3,-!&*!35#n!-+/5$#!^Teo_n!E),+-(+3/!^eF;Po_n!2+()!
*&,'3$!#0.%3(+&/!4#(2##/!PJAQ!=#3,-;!:-!)+5)!3-!SF;Po!30'+((#0!(&!K3,=+/5!
0#5,##-!&*!3$%&)&$!+/5#-(+&/!0.,+/5!6,#5/3/%=!2+()!4##,!4#+/5!()#!0,+/8!&*!
%)&+%#!^aA;To_n!()#!0,+/8+/5!63((#,/!23-!&*!3!f4+/5#h!/3(.,#;!9'&8+/5!23-!
,#6&,(#0!4=!ST;Uo!3$(&5#()#,1!3/0!Fa;Uo!30'+((#0!(&!-'&8+/5!3/0!0,+/8+/5;!
<)+-!$#*(!&/$=!SA;F!o!&*!2&'#/!.-+/5!/#+()#,!3$%&)&$!/&,!%+53,#((#-;!
!
<)+-!+-!+'6&,(3/(!03(3!&/!2)+%)!(&!43-#!+/(#,K#/(+&/-!(&!,#0.%#!0,+/8+/5!+/!
6,#5/3/%=1!3/0!%3/!3$-&!-#,K#!3-!3!43-#$+/#!(&!%&'63,#!(&!3*(#,!3!*#2!=#3,-;!
34 Masters in Public Health: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach: U n it 1
37. I(!+-!3$-&!3$3,'+/5!(&!,#3$+-#!*,&'!()#!03(3!()3(!.6!(&!a;To!&*!()#!2&'#/!2#,#!
3(!,+-8!&*!)3K+/5!3!%)+$0!2+()!V:9!&,!3!'+$0#,!K#,-+&/!()#,#&*!^:>cM!l!3$%&)&$!
,#$3(#0!/#.,&$&5+%3$!0#*#%(-_;!
NK#/!()&.5)!)&/#-(=!+-!3/!+--.#!2)#/!+(!%&'#-!(&!-#$*J,#6&,(#0!03(3!,#$3(+/5!
(&!3$%&)&$!.-#!3/0!-'&8+/51!()#!3.()&,-!,#6&,(!()3(!+(!-##'#0!/&(!(&!4#!3!
%&/%#,/!+/!()+-!-(.0=;!
!
!
5 NORMS FOR DRINKING
!
B/#!&*!()#!+--.#-!()3(!#K#,=!,#-#3,%)#,!-)&.$0!4#!323,#!&*!2)#/!'#3-.,+/5!
3$%&)&$!%&/-.'6(+&/!+-!()#!%&/%#6(!&*!2)3(!+-!,#53,0#0!3-!normal drinking in
a particular community;!<)#!,#$3(+&/-)+6!4#(2##/!3$%&)&$!3/0!%.$(.,#1!3/0!
-6#%+*+%3$$=!2)3(!+-!K+#2#0!3-!normal!3/0!not-normal!0,+/8+/51!0+**#,-!2+0#$=!+/!
0+**#,#/(!3,#3-!&*!()#!2&,$0;!I(!+-!3$-&!+'6&,(3/(!(&!,#%&5/+-#!()3(!6#&6$#!3,#!
-(,&/5$=!+/*$.#/%#0!4=!-.%)!/&,'-1!#;5. We keep spirits for special occasions
like dances, and people get very drunk.
<)#!,#30+/5!4=!Z#//#((!#(!3$!^AaaH_!6,&K+0#-!3/!+/-+5)(!+/(&!f)&2!6#&6$#!*,&'!
0+**#,#/(!%.$(.,#-!0+**#,#/(+3(#!4#(2##/!/&,'3$!3/0!63()&$&5+%3$!0,+/8+/5h!
^Z#//#((1!AaaH?!AaQ_1!2)+%)!+-!+/!+(-#$*!3!'3&,!+/*$.#/%#!&/!0,+/8+/5!63((#,/-;!!
READING:!Z#//#((1!R;!:;1!X3/%31!:;1![,3/(1!Z;!V;!`!93,(&,+.-1!c;!^AaaH_;!
Z&./03,+#-!Z#(2##/!c&,'3$!3/0!G3()&$&5+%3$!M,+/8+/5?!:!E,&--JE.$(.,3$!
E&'63,+-&/;!Alcohol Health & Research World, Ae!^H_?!AaQJAaT;!9##!66!HaJSU!+/!
()#!,#30#,;!
!
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0,+/8+/5!63((#,/-!*&,!3/=!%&''./+(=1!()#!3.()&,!5+K#-!-&'#!'#3/-!(&!
3/-2#,+/5!()#!when, where, who, how, what!3/0!why!&*!3$%&)&$!.-#;!:-!=&.!
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TASK 6 – The effects of alcohol: descriptors used in your community.
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Masters in Public Health: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach: U n it 1 35
38. FEEDBACK
")#/!0&+/5!3!-+(.3(+&/3$!3/3$=-+-!+/!&,0#,!(&!6$3/!3/=!+/(#,K#/(+&/!,#$3(#0!(&!
3$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-1!+(!+-!#--#/(+3$!(&!)3K#!3!-#/-#!&*!()#!6,#K3+$+/5!/&,'-!
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+/!,#$3(+&/!(&!who drinks where!3/0!how much!&/!3/=!&%%3-+&/;!
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6 SESSION SUMMARY
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3$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-!)3-!&/!&.,!6,#K#/(+&/!3/0!(,#3('#/(!366,&3%)#-;!
36 Masters in Public Health: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach: U n it 1
39. 7 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
!
! :'#,+%3/!G-=%)+3(,+%!:--&%+3(+&/;!^AaaS_;!Diagnostic and statistical
manual mental disorders1!*&.,()!#0+(+&/;!"3-)+/5(&/1!ME?!:'#,+%3/!
G-=%)+3(,+%!:--&%+3(+&/;!
! The Public Health Bush Book: A Resource for Working in Community
Settings in the Northern Territory.!^Aaaa_;!M3,2+/?!c&,()#,/!<#,,+(&,=!
O#3$()!9#,K+%#-;!
! G3,,=1!M;!O;!E;!`!Z#//#((-1!:;!R;!^AaaP_;!Alcohol Policy and Public Health
in South Africa;!E36#!<&2/?!B7*&,0!C/+K#,-+(=!G,#--;!!
! "OB;!^Aaaa_;!Global Status Report on Alcohol.![#/#K3?!9.4-(3/%#!:4.-#!
M#63,('#/(1!9&%+3$!E)3/5#!`!Y#/(3$!O#3$()1!"OB;
Masters in Public Health: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach: U n it 1 37
40. 38 Masters in Public Health: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach: U n it 1
41. Unit 1 - Session 3
Theories of Alcohol Use and
Addiction
Introduction
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23-!6$3%#0!&/!&()#,!%&/-.'#,-;!Z#*&,#!=&.!,#30!3/=!*.,()#,1!%)&&-#!()#!
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+/(#,,#$3(+&/-)+6!&*!K3,+&.-!*3%(&,-!+/!()#!0#%+-+&/!(&!0,+/8!3/0!()#!$#K#$!&*!
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Contents
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T! 9#--+&/!-.''3,=!
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Timing of this session
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300,#--+/5!+--.#-!+/!=&.,!$&%3$!%&/(#7(;!<)#,#!3,#!3$-&!*&.,!*3+,$=!$&/5!
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Masters in Public Health: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach: U n it 1 39
42. 1 LEARNING OUTCOMES OF THIS SESSION
By the end of this session, you should be able to:
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'#0+%3$1!6-=%)&$&5+%3$!3/0!-&%+&%.$(.,3$!()#&,+#-;
! M#-%,+4#!)&2!()#-#!()#&,+#-!+/*$.#/%#!6,#K#/(+&/!3/0!(,#3('#/(!366,&3%)#-;!
! :66$=!-#$#%(#0!()#&,+#-!&*!O#3$()!Z#)3K+&.,!(&!3$%&)&$!.-#;
! M#'&/-(,3(#!+/-+5)(!+/(&!6&--+4$#!#76$3/3(+&/-!*&,!3$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-;
2 READINGS
!
!
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Author/s Publication details Page numbers in the
Reader
V+/53,#((#1!O; ^AaPP_;!E)!H!J!")3(!E3.-#-!:$%&)&$+-'i!I/!! 95-108
Heavy Drinking: The Myth of Alcoholism as a
Disease.!Z#,8#$#=1!E3$+*&,/+3?!C/+K#,-+(=!&*!
E3$+*&,/+3!G,#--?!SPJUa;
N023,0-1![;1! ^Aaae_;!E)!AA!J!M,+/8+/5!G,&4$#'-!3/0!()#! 79-86
Y3,-)3$$1!N;!X;!`! R+*#!E&.,-#;!I/!Treatment of Drinking
E&&81!E;!E;!O; Problems: A Guide for the Helping
Professions.!E3'4,+05#1!C]?!E3'4,+05#!
C/+K#,-+(=!G,#--?!AeTJAPT;!
<&/#-1!Z;!];!`! !^FQQA_;!E)!F!J!9#$#%(+/5!I/0+%3(&,-!&*! 437-446
<+$*&,01!9; 9.%%#--?!<)#!I'6&,(3/%#!&*!<)#&,+#-!&*!
E)3/5#;!I/!Health Promotion: Effectiveness,
Efficiency and Equity.!E)#$(#/)3'1!C]?!
c#$-&/!<)&,/#-?!eSJaH;!!
Y&,&#$#1!c; ^Aaae_;!E)!AF!J!:0&$#-%#/(!:$%&)&$!Y+-.-#;!I/! 257-270
E;!0#!$3!>#=1!c;!M./%3/!`!<;9)#*#,!`!:;!K3/!
c+#8#,8!^#0-_;!Contemporary Issues in
Human Development. A South African Focus.!
X&)3//#-4.,5?!I/(#,/3(+&/3$!<)&'-&/?!FQeJ
FHF;
3 MODELS FOR UNDERSTANDING ALCOHOL PROBLEMS
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2#!)3K#!6.,6&-#$=!%&K#,#0!()#!environmental approach!^'#3/+/5!-&%+&J
40 Masters in Public Health: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach: U n it 1