The document discusses various design for X (DFX) strategies including design for manufacturing (DFM), design for assembly (DFA), design for environment, and design for robustness. DFX aims to consider factors beyond functionality and cost throughout the design process, such as manufacturability, reliability, and environmental impact. Key aspects of DFX covered include concurrent engineering, guidelines for DFA and DFM to reduce costs and improve quality, methods for robust design to minimize performance variations, and strategies for design for environment and the product lifecycle.
This document discusses design for disassembly (DFD), which involves designing products to be easily taken apart at the end of their life so components can be reused or recycled. DFD is part of design for the environment and sustainable product design. It reduces production costs and increases technical efficiency and flexibility. Active disassembly uses smart materials like shape memory polymers and alloys to allow components to self-disassemble through stimuli like heat. Principles for DFD include selecting recyclable materials, using standardized fasteners, and avoiding permanent fixes. DFD benefits the environment by facilitating recycling and reuse.
This document summarizes a research paper on producing compressed plastic blocks as an alternative to traditional concrete blocks. The researchers collected waste plastic, specifically high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and used it to cast plastic blocks in standard solid block dimensions. They produced plastic blocks of 4-inch, 6-inch, and 8-inch thicknesses and tested their compressive strength through laboratory tests. On average, the compressive strength of the plastic blocks was 4.2 MPa for 4-inch blocks, 5.5 MPa for 6-inch blocks, and 6 MPa for 8-inch blocks. While the plastic blocks cannot fully replace concrete blocks, the researchers concluded they could partially replace blocks for non-load bearing walls due
Experimental Investigation of Compressive Strength of Concrete using Waste Ma...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the use of waste materials like saw dust ash, glass powder, and rubber tire pieces to partially replace cement, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate in concrete. Concrete cubes were cast with varying replacement percentages and tested for compressive strength at 7 days. Replacement of up to 4% of each material resulted in higher strength compared to conventional concrete. Further tests found an optimum mix with 4% cement replacement and 8% fine aggregate and 2% coarse aggregate replacement achieved the maximum compressive strength. The study concludes these waste materials can be utilized in concrete production to improve sustainability.
IRJET- Black Cotton Soil Stabilization using Plastic and Glass FibresIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses stabilizing black cotton soil by mixing plastic and glass fibers at various percentages.
2) Tests were conducted to determine the effect on properties like maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, specific gravity, and California bearing ratio.
3) The results showed that with 20% glass fiber and 6% plastic fiber, the optimum moisture content and compressive strength decreased while the maximum dry density, specific gravity, and CBR value increased, improving the engineering properties of the black cotton soil.
This document summarizes a presentation about using UV-curable powder coatings on MDF substrates. UV powder coatings can finish MDF faster than liquid or thermally-cured coatings, in as little as 20 minutes. They use less energy and plant space, increase productivity, and provide environmental benefits like being solvent-free. UV powder coatings produce a durable finish that seals in formaldehydes and allows MDF products to meet CARB emissions standards. The presentation provides examples of MDF applications that benefit from UV powder coating and concludes it is a high-speed, high-quality, and environmentally friendly finishing option.
The effect of product design on supply chain costsRichard Faint
The document summarizes the launch of a special interest group (SIG) focused on the impact of product design decisions on supply chains. The SIG aims to [1] advance knowledge in this area by sharing research ideas between practitioners and academics, [2] develop frameworks to evaluate how design impacts supply chain costs and complexity, and [3] provide industry collaboration and knowledge sharing opportunities for members. The goals are to better inform design and supply chain planning and help companies realize competitive advantages through their supply chain operations.
IRJET- Improvement of Recently Constructed PavementIRJET Journal
This document discusses using waste plastic in road construction. It begins with an introduction explaining the types of roads and materials typically used. It then discusses using waste plastic by coating aggregates or mixing plastic into hot bitumen. The methodology section describes the wet and dry processes for incorporating plastic. Graphs show how plastic improves properties like stability. Current plastic waste in India is discussed and the conclusion restates that plastic enhances road properties while providing an environmentally friendly use of waste.
The document discusses the future of mass finishing and centrifugal barrel finishing technology. It describes traditional finishing methods like wire wheels and vibratory bowls as inconsistent and costly. Centrifugal barrel finishing offers superior performance at significantly lower costs. It can maintain tight tolerances, produce smooth finishes, and efficiently remove burrs. The technology uses rotating barrels to impart precise forces on media and parts, offering more control and flexibility than other methods. It is effective for a wide range of materials, part sizes, and surface finishing needs.
This document discusses design for disassembly (DFD), which involves designing products to be easily taken apart at the end of their life so components can be reused or recycled. DFD is part of design for the environment and sustainable product design. It reduces production costs and increases technical efficiency and flexibility. Active disassembly uses smart materials like shape memory polymers and alloys to allow components to self-disassemble through stimuli like heat. Principles for DFD include selecting recyclable materials, using standardized fasteners, and avoiding permanent fixes. DFD benefits the environment by facilitating recycling and reuse.
This document summarizes a research paper on producing compressed plastic blocks as an alternative to traditional concrete blocks. The researchers collected waste plastic, specifically high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and used it to cast plastic blocks in standard solid block dimensions. They produced plastic blocks of 4-inch, 6-inch, and 8-inch thicknesses and tested their compressive strength through laboratory tests. On average, the compressive strength of the plastic blocks was 4.2 MPa for 4-inch blocks, 5.5 MPa for 6-inch blocks, and 6 MPa for 8-inch blocks. While the plastic blocks cannot fully replace concrete blocks, the researchers concluded they could partially replace blocks for non-load bearing walls due
Experimental Investigation of Compressive Strength of Concrete using Waste Ma...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the use of waste materials like saw dust ash, glass powder, and rubber tire pieces to partially replace cement, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate in concrete. Concrete cubes were cast with varying replacement percentages and tested for compressive strength at 7 days. Replacement of up to 4% of each material resulted in higher strength compared to conventional concrete. Further tests found an optimum mix with 4% cement replacement and 8% fine aggregate and 2% coarse aggregate replacement achieved the maximum compressive strength. The study concludes these waste materials can be utilized in concrete production to improve sustainability.
IRJET- Black Cotton Soil Stabilization using Plastic and Glass FibresIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses stabilizing black cotton soil by mixing plastic and glass fibers at various percentages.
2) Tests were conducted to determine the effect on properties like maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, specific gravity, and California bearing ratio.
3) The results showed that with 20% glass fiber and 6% plastic fiber, the optimum moisture content and compressive strength decreased while the maximum dry density, specific gravity, and CBR value increased, improving the engineering properties of the black cotton soil.
This document summarizes a presentation about using UV-curable powder coatings on MDF substrates. UV powder coatings can finish MDF faster than liquid or thermally-cured coatings, in as little as 20 minutes. They use less energy and plant space, increase productivity, and provide environmental benefits like being solvent-free. UV powder coatings produce a durable finish that seals in formaldehydes and allows MDF products to meet CARB emissions standards. The presentation provides examples of MDF applications that benefit from UV powder coating and concludes it is a high-speed, high-quality, and environmentally friendly finishing option.
The effect of product design on supply chain costsRichard Faint
The document summarizes the launch of a special interest group (SIG) focused on the impact of product design decisions on supply chains. The SIG aims to [1] advance knowledge in this area by sharing research ideas between practitioners and academics, [2] develop frameworks to evaluate how design impacts supply chain costs and complexity, and [3] provide industry collaboration and knowledge sharing opportunities for members. The goals are to better inform design and supply chain planning and help companies realize competitive advantages through their supply chain operations.
IRJET- Improvement of Recently Constructed PavementIRJET Journal
This document discusses using waste plastic in road construction. It begins with an introduction explaining the types of roads and materials typically used. It then discusses using waste plastic by coating aggregates or mixing plastic into hot bitumen. The methodology section describes the wet and dry processes for incorporating plastic. Graphs show how plastic improves properties like stability. Current plastic waste in India is discussed and the conclusion restates that plastic enhances road properties while providing an environmentally friendly use of waste.
The document discusses the future of mass finishing and centrifugal barrel finishing technology. It describes traditional finishing methods like wire wheels and vibratory bowls as inconsistent and costly. Centrifugal barrel finishing offers superior performance at significantly lower costs. It can maintain tight tolerances, produce smooth finishes, and efficiently remove burrs. The technology uses rotating barrels to impart precise forces on media and parts, offering more control and flexibility than other methods. It is effective for a wide range of materials, part sizes, and surface finishing needs.
This presentation contain different design consideration for manufacturing of product such as design of Environment, Design for Assembly, Design for Disassembly, Design for Recyclabilities & remanufacture, Energy Effficieny, Environmental Regulatory, Important Acts
This report is a research on how to use DFM (Design For Manufacturing) engineering method to reduce the cost and time of manufacturing. Additionally it is describing (how to choose/which is the best) production(manufacturing) technology.
This document provides information about product design, including ways that good product design can increase organizational efficiencies, the relationship between product design and customer service/internal efficiencies, reasons why Henry Ford's message about efficiencies may have been lost, merits and demerits of using plastic materials in products, how design for manufacturing (DFM) relates to value engineering (VE), and the importance of ease of disassembling in product design. It also includes sample questions about topics like concurrent engineering, design for reliability, life cycle costs, and incorporating customer requirements into design.
This document provides information about product design, including ways that good product design can increase organizational efficiencies, the relationship between product design and customer service/internal efficiencies, reasons why Henry Ford's message about efficiencies may have been lost, merits and demerits of using plastic materials in products, how design for manufacturing (DFM) relates to value engineering (VE), and objectives of concurrent engineering and cross-functional teams. It also includes sample questions about topics like design for assembly/reliability, the "over the wall" syndrome, and incorporating quality into design.
This document discusses design for X (DFX), which refers to designing products to meet a wide range of criteria beyond just functionality and cost. It covers key aspects of DFX including design for manufacturability (DFM), design for assembly (DFA), and design for reliability. The document provides guidelines for DFM and DFA such as reducing part count, designing for modularity, using standard components, and designing for ease of handling and assembly. It also discusses error-proofing techniques like poka-yoke and snap-fit joints that can improve the manufacturing and assembly process. Overall, the document outlines how considering factors like quality, safety, manufacturing, and life cycle from the early design stages can help optimize a product
1) Design for X (DFX) principles aim to reduce errors and improve quality and cost efficiency of medical products by considering factors like manufacturing, assembly, maintenance, and end-of-life processing from the early design stages.
2) Applying DFX techniques like design for manufacturing and assembly (DFMA) and design for production can significantly reduce costs by catching issues early rather than requiring expensive redesigns later.
3) Other DFX aspects to consider include design for use and ergonomics to ensure safe and intuitive use, as well as design for end-of-life processing to allow for proper disposal or recycling of medical devices.
The document discusses various Design for X (DFX) methodologies that can be implemented in product design to optimize aspects like manufacturing, procurement, supply chain management, testability, flexibility, portability, reusability, repairability, regulatory compliance, reliability, safety, quality, cost, and assembly. Key DFX approaches covered include designing for deployment, developing thorough product design specifications and engineering drawings, considering multiple suppliers, adding testability features, making the design scalable and modular, enabling reuse of components, easing repairs, meeting regulations, performing reliability tests, ensuring safety, using quality tools and processes, reducing costs, and simplifying assembly.
This project aims to redesign a baby stroller to reduce its assembly time and costs by applying the Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) methodology. Specifically, the project seeks to reduce the stroller's part count, assembly time, and cost while improving its manufacturability. The original stroller's design efficiency is 14%. After applying DFA and DFM tools to simplify the design, combine parts, and select optimal materials and processes, the redesign achieves an 18% design efficiency and reduces assembly time from 1345 seconds to 883 seconds per stroller. The results demonstrate that DFMA improves the design's efficiency, time, and cost.
This document discusses product design and process selection. It begins by defining product design as determining the characteristics of a company's products, such as appearance, materials and performance standards. Reasons for redesign include market changes, costs and regulations. The main objectives of design are customer satisfaction and functional requirements. The product design process involves idea generation, screening, preliminary and final design. Issues in design addressed include concurrent engineering, standardization, mass customization, and environmentally friendly design. The document then defines process as activities that transform inputs into more valuable outputs. Process selection considers type of process, integration, flexibility and resources. Process types range from intermittent to continuous production.
IRJET- Application of Decision Making Tool in Sustainable ConstructionIRJET Journal
This document discusses applying decision making tools to sustainable construction. It begins by defining sustainable construction and discussing challenges. It then discusses various decision making approaches that can be used, including decision analysis, value management, cost-benefit analysis, and life cycle assessment. These tools can help evaluate alternatives and assess impacts. Value management follows specific steps like defining functions, generating ideas, and evaluating alternatives. The document recommends implementing sustainability workshops using a value management methodology during project planning to optimize resources and train workers. Overall, using decision making tools can help increase sustainability in construction projects by systematically evaluating alternatives.
This document provides an overview of the Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) course. It begins with the course details, outcomes, and units. It then discusses key DFMA principles like minimizing part count, designing for ease of assembly, and involving assembly engineers. It covers Design for Manufacture (DFM) principles like selecting cost-effective materials and processes. It also discusses tolerances, clarity of design, and ease of manufacturing. The document provides examples of different classification systems for engineering materials and guidelines for material selection. Finally, it discusses various machining processes like turning, milling, and different types of milling machines and operations.
This document discusses design for manufacturing (DFM) which emphasizes manufacturing considerations throughout the product development process. It aims to lower production costs without compromising quality. The document outlines DFM objectives like reducing component, assembly and support costs. It describes a 5-step DFM process including estimating manufacturing costs, reducing costs at each stage, and considering impacts. An example of a GM engine redesign that achieved major cost savings through DFM is provided. Finally, the document lists numerous design principles for various stages of manufacturing like assembly, fastening, automation, quality testing, and maintenance.
Difference between DFM, DFA, DFMA with good explanationManiKandan214178
The document discusses design for manufacturing and assembly (DFMA). It describes how Boothroyd and Dewhurst pioneered work on DFMA in the 1970s by analyzing existing product designs and developing guidelines to improve designs based on manufacturing and assembly ease. Their methods evaluate assembly efficiency and identify opportunities to reduce part count, simplify assembly operations, and make designs more amenable to different assembly methods like manual, robotic, or high-speed automated assembly. The document provides examples of applying DFMA principles and guidelines to redesign products for improved assembly efficiency.
The document discusses several green design strategies including design for manufacture, optimization of resource utilization through reuse, repair, recycling and reconditioning, and design for disassembly. It provides examples of applying these strategies for various products like disposable cameras, vacuum cleaners, car tires, and televisions to facilitate their disassembly and recycling at end of life.
Purpose Statement:
To provide an overview of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) techniques, which are used to minimize product cost through design and process improvements.
This document summarizes a technical paper about design for manufacture (DFM) and design for assembly (DFA) tools. It discusses how DFM and DFA principles were developed to improve manufacturability and reduce costs. Software tools that integrate DFM and DFA analysis are presented, including the Boothroyd-Dewhurst software. The paper concludes by examining decision models for selecting DFM/DFA software based on required functions, supported processes, interfaces, and operating systems.
Concurrent Engineering- for Environment & SustainabilityIRJET Journal
This document discusses concurrent engineering and its benefits for sustainability and the environment. Concurrent engineering involves simultaneous development of products and processes through cross-functional team collaboration. It aims to shorten development timelines while improving quality. The document outlines the key elements and implementation of concurrent engineering. It discusses how concurrent engineering supports sustainability through immediate response to demands, reduced environmental impacts, and improved material efficiency. The document argues concurrent engineering is needed to quickly respond to changing environments through continuous improvement and inclusion of environmental constraints in decision making.
The document discusses lean construction and ways to improve productivity and reduce waste in the construction industry. It explains that lean construction aims to maximize value and minimize waste through techniques like just-in-time delivery and information sharing. Other key points include identifying sources of waste at various stages, emphasizing teamwork and standardization to improve efficiency and reduce costs from materials waste.
The document discusses lean construction and ways to improve productivity and reduce waste in the construction industry. It explains that lean construction aims to maximize value and minimize waste through techniques like just-in-time delivery and information sharing. Other key points include identifying sources of waste at various stages, emphasizing teamwork and standardization to improve efficiency and reduce off-cuts. Overall waste reduction requires careful planning and management of materials, work processes, and the supply chain.
Design for Environment by Waqas Ali Tunio
Presented by me in subject of Pollution Analysis & Control, in my 7th semester of Mechanical Engineering of 2007-Mechanical Batch in year 2010.
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nawabshah - Pakistan
www.aliwaqas.tk
This document discusses frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM) signals. It defines FM and PM signals mathematically and describes their properties in the time and frequency domains. Key points covered include:
- FM signals have constant envelope but varying frequency, while PM signals have constant envelope but varying phase.
- The bandwidth of an FM signal is determined by the modulation index and increases as the index increases, following the formula BW = 2(b+1)fm.
- PM signals have similar properties to FM signals but their bandwidth is more strongly affected by increases in modulation frequency.
Unit no 06 discusses product lifecycle management (PLM) and product data management. It describes the typical phases of a product's lifecycle from conception through development, production, launch, and decline. Key phases include idea generation, concept development, prototype development, testing, and product launch. PLM integrates people, processes, business systems and information across the extended enterprise from concept to end of life. It consists of three main subsystems: product data management (PDM), manufacturing process management (MPM), and customer relationship management (CRM). PDM provides control over design databases and manages engineering changes. MPM bridges product design and production. CRM supports marketing, sales, and customer service functions. The document provides examples
This presentation contain different design consideration for manufacturing of product such as design of Environment, Design for Assembly, Design for Disassembly, Design for Recyclabilities & remanufacture, Energy Effficieny, Environmental Regulatory, Important Acts
This report is a research on how to use DFM (Design For Manufacturing) engineering method to reduce the cost and time of manufacturing. Additionally it is describing (how to choose/which is the best) production(manufacturing) technology.
This document provides information about product design, including ways that good product design can increase organizational efficiencies, the relationship between product design and customer service/internal efficiencies, reasons why Henry Ford's message about efficiencies may have been lost, merits and demerits of using plastic materials in products, how design for manufacturing (DFM) relates to value engineering (VE), and the importance of ease of disassembling in product design. It also includes sample questions about topics like concurrent engineering, design for reliability, life cycle costs, and incorporating customer requirements into design.
This document provides information about product design, including ways that good product design can increase organizational efficiencies, the relationship between product design and customer service/internal efficiencies, reasons why Henry Ford's message about efficiencies may have been lost, merits and demerits of using plastic materials in products, how design for manufacturing (DFM) relates to value engineering (VE), and objectives of concurrent engineering and cross-functional teams. It also includes sample questions about topics like design for assembly/reliability, the "over the wall" syndrome, and incorporating quality into design.
This document discusses design for X (DFX), which refers to designing products to meet a wide range of criteria beyond just functionality and cost. It covers key aspects of DFX including design for manufacturability (DFM), design for assembly (DFA), and design for reliability. The document provides guidelines for DFM and DFA such as reducing part count, designing for modularity, using standard components, and designing for ease of handling and assembly. It also discusses error-proofing techniques like poka-yoke and snap-fit joints that can improve the manufacturing and assembly process. Overall, the document outlines how considering factors like quality, safety, manufacturing, and life cycle from the early design stages can help optimize a product
1) Design for X (DFX) principles aim to reduce errors and improve quality and cost efficiency of medical products by considering factors like manufacturing, assembly, maintenance, and end-of-life processing from the early design stages.
2) Applying DFX techniques like design for manufacturing and assembly (DFMA) and design for production can significantly reduce costs by catching issues early rather than requiring expensive redesigns later.
3) Other DFX aspects to consider include design for use and ergonomics to ensure safe and intuitive use, as well as design for end-of-life processing to allow for proper disposal or recycling of medical devices.
The document discusses various Design for X (DFX) methodologies that can be implemented in product design to optimize aspects like manufacturing, procurement, supply chain management, testability, flexibility, portability, reusability, repairability, regulatory compliance, reliability, safety, quality, cost, and assembly. Key DFX approaches covered include designing for deployment, developing thorough product design specifications and engineering drawings, considering multiple suppliers, adding testability features, making the design scalable and modular, enabling reuse of components, easing repairs, meeting regulations, performing reliability tests, ensuring safety, using quality tools and processes, reducing costs, and simplifying assembly.
This project aims to redesign a baby stroller to reduce its assembly time and costs by applying the Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) methodology. Specifically, the project seeks to reduce the stroller's part count, assembly time, and cost while improving its manufacturability. The original stroller's design efficiency is 14%. After applying DFA and DFM tools to simplify the design, combine parts, and select optimal materials and processes, the redesign achieves an 18% design efficiency and reduces assembly time from 1345 seconds to 883 seconds per stroller. The results demonstrate that DFMA improves the design's efficiency, time, and cost.
This document discusses product design and process selection. It begins by defining product design as determining the characteristics of a company's products, such as appearance, materials and performance standards. Reasons for redesign include market changes, costs and regulations. The main objectives of design are customer satisfaction and functional requirements. The product design process involves idea generation, screening, preliminary and final design. Issues in design addressed include concurrent engineering, standardization, mass customization, and environmentally friendly design. The document then defines process as activities that transform inputs into more valuable outputs. Process selection considers type of process, integration, flexibility and resources. Process types range from intermittent to continuous production.
IRJET- Application of Decision Making Tool in Sustainable ConstructionIRJET Journal
This document discusses applying decision making tools to sustainable construction. It begins by defining sustainable construction and discussing challenges. It then discusses various decision making approaches that can be used, including decision analysis, value management, cost-benefit analysis, and life cycle assessment. These tools can help evaluate alternatives and assess impacts. Value management follows specific steps like defining functions, generating ideas, and evaluating alternatives. The document recommends implementing sustainability workshops using a value management methodology during project planning to optimize resources and train workers. Overall, using decision making tools can help increase sustainability in construction projects by systematically evaluating alternatives.
This document provides an overview of the Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) course. It begins with the course details, outcomes, and units. It then discusses key DFMA principles like minimizing part count, designing for ease of assembly, and involving assembly engineers. It covers Design for Manufacture (DFM) principles like selecting cost-effective materials and processes. It also discusses tolerances, clarity of design, and ease of manufacturing. The document provides examples of different classification systems for engineering materials and guidelines for material selection. Finally, it discusses various machining processes like turning, milling, and different types of milling machines and operations.
This document discusses design for manufacturing (DFM) which emphasizes manufacturing considerations throughout the product development process. It aims to lower production costs without compromising quality. The document outlines DFM objectives like reducing component, assembly and support costs. It describes a 5-step DFM process including estimating manufacturing costs, reducing costs at each stage, and considering impacts. An example of a GM engine redesign that achieved major cost savings through DFM is provided. Finally, the document lists numerous design principles for various stages of manufacturing like assembly, fastening, automation, quality testing, and maintenance.
Difference between DFM, DFA, DFMA with good explanationManiKandan214178
The document discusses design for manufacturing and assembly (DFMA). It describes how Boothroyd and Dewhurst pioneered work on DFMA in the 1970s by analyzing existing product designs and developing guidelines to improve designs based on manufacturing and assembly ease. Their methods evaluate assembly efficiency and identify opportunities to reduce part count, simplify assembly operations, and make designs more amenable to different assembly methods like manual, robotic, or high-speed automated assembly. The document provides examples of applying DFMA principles and guidelines to redesign products for improved assembly efficiency.
The document discusses several green design strategies including design for manufacture, optimization of resource utilization through reuse, repair, recycling and reconditioning, and design for disassembly. It provides examples of applying these strategies for various products like disposable cameras, vacuum cleaners, car tires, and televisions to facilitate their disassembly and recycling at end of life.
Purpose Statement:
To provide an overview of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) techniques, which are used to minimize product cost through design and process improvements.
This document summarizes a technical paper about design for manufacture (DFM) and design for assembly (DFA) tools. It discusses how DFM and DFA principles were developed to improve manufacturability and reduce costs. Software tools that integrate DFM and DFA analysis are presented, including the Boothroyd-Dewhurst software. The paper concludes by examining decision models for selecting DFM/DFA software based on required functions, supported processes, interfaces, and operating systems.
Concurrent Engineering- for Environment & SustainabilityIRJET Journal
This document discusses concurrent engineering and its benefits for sustainability and the environment. Concurrent engineering involves simultaneous development of products and processes through cross-functional team collaboration. It aims to shorten development timelines while improving quality. The document outlines the key elements and implementation of concurrent engineering. It discusses how concurrent engineering supports sustainability through immediate response to demands, reduced environmental impacts, and improved material efficiency. The document argues concurrent engineering is needed to quickly respond to changing environments through continuous improvement and inclusion of environmental constraints in decision making.
The document discusses lean construction and ways to improve productivity and reduce waste in the construction industry. It explains that lean construction aims to maximize value and minimize waste through techniques like just-in-time delivery and information sharing. Other key points include identifying sources of waste at various stages, emphasizing teamwork and standardization to improve efficiency and reduce costs from materials waste.
The document discusses lean construction and ways to improve productivity and reduce waste in the construction industry. It explains that lean construction aims to maximize value and minimize waste through techniques like just-in-time delivery and information sharing. Other key points include identifying sources of waste at various stages, emphasizing teamwork and standardization to improve efficiency and reduce off-cuts. Overall waste reduction requires careful planning and management of materials, work processes, and the supply chain.
Design for Environment by Waqas Ali Tunio
Presented by me in subject of Pollution Analysis & Control, in my 7th semester of Mechanical Engineering of 2007-Mechanical Batch in year 2010.
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nawabshah - Pakistan
www.aliwaqas.tk
This document discusses frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM) signals. It defines FM and PM signals mathematically and describes their properties in the time and frequency domains. Key points covered include:
- FM signals have constant envelope but varying frequency, while PM signals have constant envelope but varying phase.
- The bandwidth of an FM signal is determined by the modulation index and increases as the index increases, following the formula BW = 2(b+1)fm.
- PM signals have similar properties to FM signals but their bandwidth is more strongly affected by increases in modulation frequency.
Unit no 06 discusses product lifecycle management (PLM) and product data management. It describes the typical phases of a product's lifecycle from conception through development, production, launch, and decline. Key phases include idea generation, concept development, prototype development, testing, and product launch. PLM integrates people, processes, business systems and information across the extended enterprise from concept to end of life. It consists of three main subsystems: product data management (PDM), manufacturing process management (MPM), and customer relationship management (CRM). PDM provides control over design databases and manages engineering changes. MPM bridges product design and production. CRM supports marketing, sales, and customer service functions. The document provides examples
The document discusses various techniques for reverse engineering products, including teardown analysis and benchmarking. It describes the process of reverse engineering as examining how other designers have combined parts to meet customer needs. The key steps are listed as: 1) examining design issues and limitations, 2) disassembling and analyzing parts, 3) creating a bill of materials. Benchmarking competitors allows learning from their solutions and establishing best practices. Measurement and specification are important for quantifying customer needs and benchmarking performance.
Embodiment design or preliminary design is the phase where the design concept is given physical form. It involves three main activities: product architecture, configuration design, and parametric design. Product architecture determines the arrangement of physical elements into modules. Configuration design focuses on special-purpose parts and standard components. Parametric design sets exact dimensions and tolerances. System modeling and functional modeling help structure the design problem and identify inputs and outputs. Tools like FAST and subtract-and-operate are used to develop the functional decomposition of the design. Simulation allows testing designs virtually before validation.
Unit 2 product development-technicalconcernsAtul Joshi
1) The document discusses the importance of developing a clear mission statement and asking technical questions to focus product design efforts. It provides examples of a mission statement and technical questions for designing a fingernail clipper.
2) It also covers topics like developing a business case analysis, using technology forecasting to understand product life cycles, identifying customer needs, using quality function deployment (QFD) to prioritize engineering characteristics, creating a product design specification (PDS), and understanding market segmentation.
3) The document provides information to guide a new product development process, from initially defining goals and requirements through technical development and understanding markets.
The document discusses product design and development. It describes the six phases of the product development process: product planning, concept development, system-level design, detail design, testing and refinement, and production ramp-up. Key aspects of each phase are identified. The document also discusses product verification, validation, testing, and the roles involved in product development teams. Product development involves a range of technical, marketing, and financial activities, while product design focuses specifically on meeting technical requirements.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
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1. Unit 5: Design for X
A successful design must satisfy requirements other than functionality, appearance and cost.
Durability and reliability have been recognized as needed attributes for many years. In term
DFX “X” represents the performance measure of design, as in Design for
Manufacturing(DFM),Design for Assembly(DFA),Design for Environment(DFE),Design for
safety, Design for reliability.
The development of DFX methodologies was accelerated by growing emphasis on concurrent
engineering. Concurrent engineering involves cross functional teams, parallel design, vendor
partnering. It also emphasis on consideration of all aspects of product life cycle from outset
of product design efforts. The ability to do this has been greatly facilitated by creation and
use of computer software design tools. These DFX tools sometimes referred as concurrent
engineering tools.
Steps in Implementing DFX strategies are:
1)Determine the issues (X) targeted for consideration
2)Determine where to give your focus
3)Identify the methods for measurement of “x” characteristics and techniques may include
mathematical and experimental methods, computer modeling.
4)The DFX strategy is implemented by insisting the product development team focus on “x”,
and by using parametric measurement and improvement techniques as early in design process
as possible.
A)Design for Manufacture(DFM) and Design for Assembly(DFA)
A common failure in product development is making product that work but that are also very
difficult to build. Difficulty in manufacturing will make product expensive.
Design for manufacturing entails making piece parts easier to produce from raw stalk. It
involves application of part forming models, whether they are basic rules , analytical
formulas or complex finite element process simulations.
Design for assembly entails making attachment direction and methods simpler.
DFA guidelines:
1)Minimize part count by incorporating multiple functions in to single part.
2)Modularize multiple part into single subassembly.
3)Assemble in open space and avoid confinement.
4)Make part to identify how to orient them for insertion
5)Standardize and reduce variety.
6)Maximize part summery
2. 7)Design geometric or weight polar properties if non symmetric assembly.
8) Eliminate tangle part
9) Color code parts that are different but shaped similarly
10 )Prevent nesting of parts
11) Provide orientation features on non symmetries.
12)Design mating features for assembly installation
13)Provide alignment feature
14)Insert new parts into an assembly from above
15)Never require the assembly to be turned over.
16)Eliminate fastener
17)Place fastener away from obstructions
18)Provide access to fastening tools
19)Providing flats for uniform fastening and fastening ease.
20)Proper spacing ensures allowance for fastening tools.
Application of DFA and DFM guidelines can reduce manufacturing cost and increase quality.
However the guidelines does not necessary always do this like if to improve the functionality
of part sometimes design of part become unnecessarily complex.
B)Design for Robustness:
There are many inherent causes of variations in process of product manufacturing, under such
situation, maintaining product specification such that it satisfies the customer requirements is
challenge. To achieve the target specifications consistently, we need to explore causes of
deviation from specification. The task of robust design is then to select a best set of nominal
configuration parameters that satisfies the performance specification with minimum deviation
due to manufacture, material or use of variations. This viewpoint of robust design conforms
to the ideas of customer and engineering quality. The product designer must make
configuration and parametric choices to specify the product configuration as a complete
dimensional, material and manufacturing description. These choices are called as design
variables.
The set of variables causing variations is called as noise variables.
Product configurationacts like
transfer function
Material and
manufacturing
variation
Performance variation
Designconfigurationselection
Differentusesand settings
3. The task of robust design is then to construct a product model including performance, design
and noise variables and then use the model to improve the design by selecting design
configuration that provides low performance deviations when noise variables are free to vary.
The performance, noise and design variables must be identified then the performance
variation must be measured as a noise variable. This step must be repeated at different design
configurations to determine which design configuration has less performance variation ,this
task involves taking a set of performance measurements and reducing them to a single rating
for design configuration.
Lastly most robust configuration must be selected based upon robust rating.
C) Design For Environment
Humans can no longer think of technical and industrial society as independent sub entity of a
much larger system that can extract materials from and dump waste into environment.
Design for Environment is a product design approach for reducing the impact of products on
the environment.
Products can have their adverse impact on the environment during their manufacture through
the use of highly polluting process and the consumption of large quantities of raw materials.
They can also have adverse impact through the consumption of large amount of energy and
long half lives during their disposal. Because of this entire life cycle of product should be
designed with opportunity to recycle, remanufacture and reuse and process waste to reduce
environmental impact.
DFE has objectives like protect the biosphere, sustainable use of resources, reduction and
disposal of waste, wise use of energy, risk reduction, compensation to environmental damage
Basic DFE methods
1)Design guidelines-These guidelines are effective method to implement which has product
structure guidelines and material selection guidelines, Labeling and finishing guidelines
Structural guidelines-
i)Design product to be multifunctional
ii)Minimize number of parts
iii)Design reusable modules
iv)Locate unrecyclable parts and remove them
v)Design parts for stability during disassembly
vi)Lump individual parts with same material
vii)specify remanufactured parts
4. Material selection guidelines-
i)Avoid regulated and restricted materials
ii) Minimize different type of materials
iii)Use of recyclable materials
iv) High strength to weight ratio materials for moving parts.
v)Avoid use of composite and high alloy materials
Labeling and finishing process-
i)Eliminate incompatible painted parts
ii)Use electronic part documentation instead of papers
Fastening guidelines
i)Minimize number of and easy to remove fasteners
ii)eliminate adhesives unless compatible with both parts joined
iii)Minimize number of interconnecting wires and cables
iv)If two parts are not compatible, make them easy to separate
Design for Recycling
1)Use of commonly recyclable material
2)Design system to accommodate recycled products
3)Avoid using materials which has high impact on environment
Enforcement of environmental law as and energy efficient standards:
International Organization for Standardization(ISO) has developed ISO14000 standards on
environmental Impact management. A company certifies under ISO 14000 must establish and
maintain procedure to identify and access all environmental regulations. Regular Audit
procedures should be enforced for compliance.
Home appliances having BEE ratings in India are designed for low energy consumption.
Some voluntary actions like Green lighting,, Using energy efficient heating and air
conditioning systems(HVAC) ,waste water treatment and recycling water material during
construction of residential building or manufacturing plants are desired.
5. Design for Environment Process
Local, Global and Regional issues while designing:
While designing a product, many environmental issues occur at local level
Local issues like availability of resources, skilled labor, demography of customers and
culture around the manufacturing environment affects quality and profitability of
organization.
Regional issues like balance of ecological system around the plant area, air, water, soil and
noise pollutions because of manufacturing process are key issues to be addressed in design
stage itself.
6. Global issues like Climate change, depletion of ozone layer and minimizing biodiversity loss
need to be considered while designing. These issue are being taken care by Paris agreement.
Paris Agreement: is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC), dealing with greenhouse-gas-emissions mitigation, adaptation,
and finance, signed in 2016. The agreement's language was negotiated by representatives of
196 countries at the 21st Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC in Le Bourget, near Paris,
France, and adopted by consensus on 12 December 2015.
Under the Paris Agreement, each country must determine, plan, and regularly report on the
contribution that it undertakes to mitigate global warming. a country to set a specific
emissions target by a specific date, but each target should go beyond previously set targets. In
June 2017.It has target of restricting increase in global warming below 2 degree Celsius.
Basic lifecycle assessment-
Greater concern for environment places emphasis on life-cycle design in the product
development process. Life cycle design emphasizes giving attention in embodiment design to
those issues that impact a long , useful service life to the product. It means designing for long
service, and eventually replacement or disposal.
Design strategies for extending life of product are as follows.
1)Design for durability 2)Design for reliability 3)Create an adaptive design
4)Repair 5)Remanufacture 6)Reuse 7)Recycling 8)Disposal
7. Life cycle assessment has three stages-
1) Inventory analysis-The flows of energy and materials to and from product during its life
are determined quantitatively.
2) Impact analysis-Consideration of all potential environmental consequences of the flows
determined in above stages
3) Improvement analysis-Result of above two steps are translated into specific actions that
reduce the impact of product or process on environment.
Framework for developing lifecycle analysis
8. D)Design for safety:
If users suffer from an accident during the normal usage of product, he would expect a
compensation from manufacturer. Engineers and designers are always concern with legal
aspects of safety.
Products are required to function in real life situations allowing for human errors as permitted
by ergonomic factors.
Real life situations may include ignorance, negligence, and abuse. Wherever possible, safety
warnings should be placed on product and emphasis fool proof designs .
If possible safety standards or guidelines must be formed for individual part and assembly
system functioning as like in case of automobile.
Some common examples for design for safety are.
i)Automobile windshields are engineered to prevent shattering
ii)Keys for a car with an automatic transmission can not be removed unless the shift is in park
position
iii)Automatic tripping of electrical devices to get protected from voltage surge
Workplace Environmental safety Laws or Occupational Health and safety
Administration (OSHA) –
Material safety and datasheet (MSDS) for hazardous material should be maintained by
manufacturer by which work safety is ensured and all associated employees of manufacturer
must be trained for case of emergency.
E)Design for Reliability-
Reliability is the probability that a system , component or device will perform without failure
for specific period of time under specified operating conditions.
Provision for reliability must be established during design concept stage, carried through
detail design development and maintained during many steps in manufacturing.
Once the system becomes operational, it is imperative that provision be made for its
continued maintenance during its service period.
Causes of unreliability in engineering systems are
1) Design mistakes
2) Manufacturing defects
3) Neglecting maintenance aspect
4) Exceed design limits
5) Environmental factors
The design strategy used to ensure reliability can fall between two broad extremes
9. 1) Fail-safe design Approach
2) Absolute worst Approach
1)Fail safe design approach-It is weak spot in a system is identifies and monitored. The object
is to design all components to have equal life so the system will fail apart at end of useful
time.
e.g- fail safe is the attribute of the structure that permits it to retain its required residual
strength for a period of unrepaired use after the failure or partial failure of a principal
structural element like wings of airplane
2) Absolute worst case approach-Worst combination of parameters is identifies and the
design is based on the premise that all can go wrong at same time .This is very conservative
approach and often lead to overdesign.
e.g- the worst-case scenario is a useful device when low probability events may result in a
catastrophe that must be avoided even at great cost like design of dams.
Reliability is ensured in different design stages through different design activities as follows
Design stage Design Activity
Conceptual Design Problem definition:
1)Estimate reliability requirements
2)Determine likely service environments
Embodiment Design Configuration Design
1)Investigating redundancies
2)Provide accessibility for maintenance
Parametric Design
1)Select highly reliable components
2)Build and test physical components
3)Full environmental test
4)Establish Failure modes/FMEA
5)Establish MTBF(Mean time Between
Failures)
6)Use trails and modifications
Detail design 1)Produce and test production prototype
2)Final estimate of reliability.
10. Influence of reliability on product cost:
Below curve shows relation of failure rate with service period for electronic component
Below curve shows impact of reliability on product cost.
11. Manufacturing cost Analysis:
Understanding the cost structure designed into product is important for deciding what portion
of design is more appropriate for detailed cost reducing activity and for comparing different
design concepts.
80% cost reduction can occur in top 20% of relatively high cost components by using
techniques of assembly simplification.
Production cost analysis breakdown shown in figure
To simplify cost estimation, normal ratios are established between example:
Material cost: Direct cost: Selling cost=1:3:9
Direct cost includes power, labor, equipment, packaging, machine maintenance, material cost
Indirect cost includes Administrative cost, sales cost, commissioning cost, rent utilities,
employee benefits, Research and development cost, warranty, patent and royalty, interest
paid on borrowed capital
Total cost=variable cost*Quantity+ Fixed cost
Unit cost=variable cost+ (Fixed cost/quantity)
Some aspects which will lower the cost of manufacturing, if they are considered during stage
of design are
1) Standardization 2)Modular design 3)Group Technology 4)Automation
5)Assembly line 6)Specification & tolerance 7)Compact design 8)Foldable or telescopic
design 9)Complementary product planning 10)Use of available stock
sellingcost
Manufacturing
cost
assembly
Labour Tooling
Piece part
OEM parts custom parts
overhead
Distribution
cost
Retail cost
13. References:
1)Product design book by Kevin Otto and Kristin woods
2)Engineering Design by George E Dieter
3)Product Design and development by Karl T Ulrich and Steven Eppinger
4) Various Web sources
Note-These notes are prepared for subject of Product DesignDevelopment (PDD) as
per syllabus of University of Pune .
These are for private circulation and not for any commercial use.