SlideShare a Scribd company logo
So you think you know embryology?
Unit 1 Embryology
Clinically Oriented Anatomy (COA)
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
Created by Boone Coleman, Fall 2019
Boone.Coleman@ttuhsc.edu
Solutions
1. D
2. A
3. E
4. E
5. C
6. D
7. B
8. A
9. D
10. E
11. A
12. A
13. C
14. C
15. A
16. D
17. A
18. C
19. E
20. G
21. C
22. D
23. D
24. B
25. B
26. D
27. B
28. D
29. C
30. D
31. D
32. A
33. C
34. C
Overview of weeks 1-4
• Week 1: Fertilization and Implantation
• Week 2: The Week of Twos
• Week 3: Gastrulation and Notochord Formation
• Weeks 3-4: Neurulation and Germ Layer Derivatives, Somite
formation, Cardiac looping
Week 1
1. Where does fertilization of the egg occur?
A. Ovary
B. Internal Os of the Uterus
C. Fimbriae
D. Ampulla
E. Isthmus
Question #1
A. Ovary: releases the egg
B. Internal Os of the Uterus: opening from vagina into the uterus
C. Fimbriae: grab released egg from ovary
D. Ampulla: Fertilization occurs in the ampulla of the oviduct
E. Isthmus: caudal end of the oviduct, is jointed to the uterus.
2. What implants into the nutrient-rich
endometrium (i.e. decidua) about 8-9 days
after ovulation?
A. Blastocyst
B. Morula
C. Epiblast
D. Hypoblast
E. Bilaminar disk
Question #2
A. Blastocyst: The term decidua refers to nutrient-rich endometrium
and is where the blastocyst implants usually about 9 days after
ovulation with the inner cell mass facing the uterine wall.
B. Morula: 16 cell embryo. Morula enters uterus and becomes the
blastocyst
C. Epiblast
D. Hypoblast
E. Bilaminar disk: embryo differentiates into the hypoblast and
epiblast forming the bilaminar disk
3. What structure has to degenerate so that
implantation can occur?
A. Syncytiotrophoblast
B. Functional layer of the endometrium
C. Basal layer of the endometrium
D. Cytotrophoblast
E. Zona Pellucida
Question #3
A. Syncytiotrophoblast
B. Functional layer of the endometrium
C. Basal layer of the endometrium
D. Cytotrophoblast
E. Zona Pellucida
4. How soon after fertilization does
implantation take place?
A. By 12 hours
B. By 30 hours
C. Day 3
D. Day 4
E. Day 6
Question #4
A. By 12 hours
B. By 30 hours
C. Day 3
D. Day 4
E. Day 6
5. A 23-year-old woman presents at the emergency department
with moderately severe abdominal pain on her right side. She is
showing some signs of internal bleeding. She is sexually active but
does not use any form of contraception and missed her last
menstrual period. Based on this information, which of the following
disorders should be included as an option in the diagnosis?
A. Ovarian cancer
B. Appendicitis
C. Ectopic pregnancy
D. Normal pregnancy
E. HIV
Question #5
A. Ovarian cancer
B. Appendicitis
C. Ectopic pregnancy: Ectopic tubal pregnancy must always be an option in
the diagnosis when a woman in her reproductive years presents with
such symptoms. About ten percent of ectopic implantations occur in the
uterine tube. Ectopic tubal pregnancies result in rupture of the uterine
tube and internal hemorrhage, which presents a major threat to the
woman’s life. The uterine tube and embryo must be surgically removed.
The symptoms may sometimes be confused with appendicitis.
D. Normal pregnancy
E. HIV
Week 2
6. The second week of development is
referred to as the week of two’s because…?
A. The embryoblast divides into two layers
B. Two cavities form, the amniotic cavity and yolk sac
C. The trophoblast organizes into two layers, the cytotrophoblast and
syncytiotrophoblast
D. All of the above
E. A & C
Question #6
A. The embryoblast divides into two layers
B. Two cavities form, the amniotic cavity and yolk sac
C. The trophoblast organizes into two layers, the cytotrophoblast and
syncytiotrophoblast
D. All of the above: All of these occur in the week of two’s, hence the
name
E. A & C
7. Which two embryological structures
together form the bilaminar disk?
A. Cytotrophoblast and Hypoblast
B. Hypoblast and Epiblast
C. Epiblast and Cytotrophoblast
D. Syncytiotrophoblast and Inner cell mass
E. Epiblast and Embryoblast
Question #7
A. Cytotrophoblast and Hypoblast
B. Hypoblast and Epiblast: The inner cell mass or embryoblast
differentiates into: 1) the hypoblast and the epiblast (together these
form a bilaminar disk).
C. Epiblast and Cytotrophoblast
D. Syncytiotrophoblast and Inner cell mass
E. Epiblast and Embryoblast
8. Chemotherapy treatment often targets mitotically active cells.
Although this treatment is beneficial for cancer, it can negatively
effect implantation and embryonic growth. Which of the following
layers would be most affected by a slowed cell division rate?
A. Cytotrophoblast
B. Epiblast
C. Amnioblast
D. Syncytiotrophoblast
E. Hypoblast
Question #8
A. Cytotrophoblast: The trophoblast forms the fetal part of the placenta and is involved with
implantation. The cytotrophoblast is the mitotically active inner part of the trophoblast, and
provides the cells that migrate into the syncytiotrophoblast to allow it to expand. Thus,
chemotherapy may directly affect mitotic activity in the cytotrophoblast possibly hindering
implantation.
B. Epiblast: The epiblast is not involved in implantation, it is the dorsal cell layer of the bilaminar
germ disc which contributes to the formation of the embryo proper
C. Amnioblast: Amnioblasts are not involved in implantation. Amnioblasts are Epiblast cells that
line the amniotic cavity adjacent to the cytotrophoblast and are mitotically active in the
growth of the amniotic membrane.
D. Syncytiotrophoblast: The syncytiotrophoblast is a mitotically inactive outer, multinucleated
part of the trophoblast that erodes the maternal endometrium and contributes to primitive
uteroplacental circulation.
E. Hypoblast: The hypoblast is the ventral cell layer of the bilaminar germ disc which contributes
to the formation of the embryo proper
9. Which of the following develops from the multi-
nucleated syncytium, the syncytiotrophoblast and
serves as the beginnings of gas exchange between
mother and embryo?
A. Bilaminar disk
B. Cytotrophoblast
C. Amniotic cavity
D. Lacunae
Question #9
A. Bilaminar disk: made of the epiblast and hypoblast
B. Cytotrophoblast: inner layer of mononucleated proliferative cells of
the trophoblast and is not involved in gas exchange
C. Amniotic cavity: a small cavity appears within the epiblast, which
enlarges to become the amniotic cavity. Contains the amniotic fluid.
D. Lacunae: part of the syncytiotrophoblast and are spaces that fill
with maternal blood. Site of exchange of nutrients and gases.
10. The placenta is part of the chorion. The
chorion consists of which of the following?
A. Extraembryonic mesoderm
B. Cytotrophoblast
C. Hypoblast
D. All of the above
E. A & B
Question #10
A. Extraembryonic mesoderm
B. Cytotrophoblast
C. Hypoblast
D. All of the above
E. A & B: The chorion consists of extraembryonic mesoderm,
cytotrophoblast, and syncytiotrophoblast.
11. The amniotic cavity forms during the process
of implantation of the blastocyst. The amniotic
cavity forms within which of the following
structures?
A. Epiblast
B. Cytotrophoblast
C. Syncytiotrophoblast
D. Maternal endometrium
E. Hypoblast
Question #11
A. Epiblast
B. Cytotrophoblast
C. Syncytiotrophoblast
D. Maternal endometrium
E. Hypoblast
Week 3
12. Which of the following cells form
endoderm and mesoderm?
A. Migrating epiblast cells
B. Migrating hypoblast cells
C. Non-migrating epiblast cells
D. Non-migrating hypoblast cells
E. Neural crest cells
Question #12
A. Migrating epiblast cells: Epiblast cells move into the primitive streak
and primitive node to form endoderm and mesoderm. Non-
migrating epiblast cells form ectoderm.
B. Migrating hypoblast cells: hypoblast cells do not migrate
C. Non-migrating epiblast cells
D. Non-migrating hypoblast cells: are separated by epiblast cells to
form endoderm
E. Neural crest cells
13. The notochord develops from which of
the following embryonic germ layers?
A. Endoderm
B. Ectoderm
C. Mesoderm
D. Neuroectoderm
E. Neural crest cells
Question #13
A. Endoderm
B. Ectoderm
C. Mesoderm: In addition to gastrulation, the notochord develops
from the newly acquired mesoderm. This structure will induce the
formation of the neural plate (neuroectoderm).
D. Neuroectoderm
E. Neural crest cells
14. Which week of embryonic development
usually corresponds to the first missed
menstrual period?
A. Week one
B. Week two
C. Week three
D. Week four
E. None of the Above
Question #14
A. Week one
B. Week two
C. Week three: High yield fact sheet - “During the third week of
development, the process of gastrulation beginning with the
formation of the primitive streak and primitive node at the cephalic
(head) end of the embryo. Third week usually corresponds to first
missed menstrual period.”
D. Week four
E. None of the Above
Week 4
15. Neural crest cells develop during a
process known as neurulation. These cells can
ultimately form which of the following?
A. Melanocytes
B. Lymphocytes
C. Somites
D. All of the above
Question #15
A. Melanocytes: During neurulation, neural crest cells develop. These
cells will ultimately form melanocytes (pigmenting cells of the skin),
sensory ganglia, Schwann’s cells, and others
B. Lymphocytes: hematopoietic stem cells
C. Somites: comes from paraxial mesoderm
D. All of the above
16. The neural tube and plate forms from:
A. Intermediate mesoderm
B. Paraxial mesoderm
C. Neural crest cells
D. Neuroectoderm
E. Endoderm
Question #16
A. Intermediate mesoderm
B. Paraxial mesoderm
C. Neural crest cells
D. Neuroectoderm
E. Endoderm
17. Somites form from which of the following
embryological derivations?
A. Paraxial mesoderm
B. Lateral plate mesoderm
C. Neural crest cells
D. Endoderm
E. Ectoderm
Question #17
A. Paraxial mesoderm: will become segmented into sclerotomes (head
region) & somites (from occipital region onwards)
B. Lateral plate mesoderm: bones of the shoulder and pelvic girdles
and limbs come from parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm),
myotomes (muscle), and dermatomes (skin).
C. Neural crest cells
D. Endoderm
E. Ectoderm
18. In a growing embryo, the vertebrae encase
notochord and neural tube in a solid bone like
structure. Vertebrae are formed from which of the
following embryological structures?
A. Dermatomes
B. Myotomes
C. Sclerotomes
D. Primaxial domain
E. Abaxial domain
Question #18
A. Dermatomes
B. Myotomes
C. Sclerotomes: Vertebrae form from sclerotomes to encase the
notochord and the neural tube in a solid-bone like structure.
D. Primaxial domain
E. Abaxial domain
19. The nucleus pulposus is the embryological
remnant of which of the following?
A. Neural plate
B. Neural tube
C. Neural crest cells
D. Sclerotomes
E. Notochord
Question #19
A. Neural plate: In addition to gastrulation, the notochord develops from the
newly acquired mesoderm. This structure will induce the formation of the
neural plate (neuroectoderm)
B. Neural tube: Neural folds fuse at the midline to become the neural tube, which
is the precursor to the brain and spinal cord
C. Neural crest cells: During neurulation, neural crest cells develop. These cells
will ultimately form melanocytes (pigmenting cells of the skin), sensory ganglia,
Schwann’s cells, and others
D. Sclerotomes: Somites become sclerotomes (becomes cartilage and bone;
bones of the shoulder and pelvic girdles and limbs come from parietal layer of
lateral plate mesoderm)
E. Notochord: The notochord eventually becomes the nucleus pulposus of the
intervertebral discs
20. The lateral somatic frontier is a well defined border between
each somite and the parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm, and
this creates 2 domains of cells (the primaxial domain and abaxial
domain). In the abaxial domain, the muscle precursor cells form
which of the following adult structures in humans?
A. Shoulder girdle
B. Back
C. Intercostal muscles
D. Limb muscles
E. Abdominal wall
F. A and C
G. D and E
Question #20
A. Shoulder girdle
B. Back
C. Intercostal muscles
D. Limb muscles
E. Abdominal wall
F. A and C
G. D and E: Muscle precursor cells in the primaxial domain give rise to
back, shoulder girdle and intercostal muscles. Muscle precursor
cells in the abaxial domain give rise to abdominal wall and limb
muscles.
21. What are the innervations for the epaxial
muscles and hypaxial muscles, respectively?
A. C1-C3; C4-C7
B. C4-C7: C1-C3
C. Dorsal rami; Ventral rami
D. Ventral rami; Dorsal rami
Question #21
A. C1-C3; C4-C7
B. C4-C7: C1-C3
C. Dorsal rami; Ventral ramià Innervation- Epaxial (deep back muscles
associate these with primaxial muscle cells) are innervated by
dorsal/posterior rami. Hypaxial (body wall and limbs associate these
with abaxial muscle cells) are innervated by ventral/anterior rami
i.e. virtually all muscle, excluding the deep muscles of the back.
D. Ventral rami; Dorsal rami
22. Which of the following sets are derived
from lateral plate mesoderm?
A. Nerves, arteries and connective tissue of limbs
B. Nerves, arteries and connective tissue of abdomen
C. Nerves, arteries and connective tissue of thorax
D. Bones, joints and connective tissue of limbs
E. Bones, joints and connective tissue of thorax
Question #22
A. Nerves, arteries and connective tissue of limbs
B. Nerves, arteries and connective tissue of abdomen
C. Nerves, arteries and connective tissue of thorax
D. Bones, joints and connective tissue of limbs: Bones, joints and
connective tissue of limbs come from parietal layer of lateral plate
mesoderm.
E. Bones, joints and connective tissue of thorax
23. What type of genes direct body pattern
formation (cranial-caudal axis)?
A. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
B. Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)
C. CHORDIN
D. HOX
E. NOGGIN
Question #23
A. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
B. Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)
C. CHORDIN
D. HOX: genes direct body pattern formation (cranial-caudal axis).
E. NOGGIN
24. The diaphragm receives its innervation(s)
from which of the following nerves or nerve
roots?
A. C1-C2
B. C3-C5
C. C6-C7
D. Vagus nerve (CNX)
E. Spinal accessory nerve (CNXI)
Question #24
A. C1-C2
B. C3-C5: The diaphragm receives it innervation from the phrenic
nerve (C3-C5) during week 4. “ 3, 4, 5 keep the diaphragm alive”
C. C6-C7
D. Vagus nerve (CNX)
E. Spinal accessory nerve (CNXI)
25. Which of the following types of hernia can
hinder lung development resulting in
hypoplastic lungs?
A. Esophageal hernia
B. Diaphragmatic hernia
C. Epigastric hernia
D. Indirect inguinal hernia
E. Direct inguinal hernia
Question #25
A. Esophageal hernia: result when esophageal hiatus is too large and the
stomach pushes up into the thorax. (will see in UNIT 3)
B. Diaphragmatic hernia: result when pleuroperitoneal membranes (one or
both) fail to close the pericardioperitoneal canals causing protrusion of
abdominal organs into the thorax. Diaphragmatic hernias can hinder lung
development resulting in hypoplastic lungs.
C. Epigastric hernia: hernia through the abdominal wall (will see in UNIT 3)
D. Indirect inguinal hernia: lateral to inferior epigastric artery, herniation
travels the entire inguinal canal. (will see in UNIT 3)
E. Direct inguinal hernia: medial to inferior epigastric artery, herniation only
travels through the superficial ring of the inguinal canal. (will see in UNIT
3)
26. Cardiac looping positions the atria
posteriorly and the ventricles anteriorly.
During what week of embryonic development
is cardiac looping first observed?
A. Week one
B. Week two
C. Week three
D. Week four
E. Week five
Question #26
A. Week one
B. Week two
C. Week three
D. Week four: During the fourth week of development, cardiac looping
is observed.
E. Week five
27. During the formation of the atrial septum,
what is the first structure that descends to
divide the atrium into two halves?
A. Foramen ovale
B. Septum primum
C. Ostium secundum
D. Ostium primum
E. Septum secundum
Question #27
A. Foramen ovale: routes inflow blood from the right atrium and
immediately shunts it to the left side of the heart.
B. Septum primum: Septum formation in the atrium occurs when the
septum primum descends to divide the atrium in two.
C. Ostium secundum: When the ostium primum closes, a second
foramen the ostium secundum forms.
D. Ostium primum: is a foramen between the two sides.
E. Septum secundum: Eventually, a septum secundum forms to the
right of ostium primum leaving an interatrial opening, oval foramen
(foramen ovale), which normally closes at birth.
28. In the human heart, the atrioventricular (AV)
septum creates right and left atrioventricular
canals. The atrioventricular (AV) septum is formed
by the fusion of which of the following?
A. Septum primum and septum secundum
B. Ostium primum and ostium secundum
C. Lateral and medial atrioventricular endocardial cushions
D. Dorsal and ventral atrioventricular endocardial cushions
E. Muscular and membranous IV septums
Question #28
A. Septum primum and septum secundum: involved in separating the left
and right atria
B. Ostium primum and ostium secundum: involved in separating the left
and right atria
C. Lateral and medial atrioventricular endocardial cushions
D. Dorsal and ventral atrioventricular endocardial cushions: The
atrioventricular septum or just AV septum is formed by the fusion of the
dorsal and ventral AV cushions. The AV septum creates right and left
atrioventricular canals.
E. Muscular and membranous IV septums: separates left and right
ventricles
29. What is the name of the condition in which the
aorticopulmonary (AP) septum forms but does so
without the septum spiraling?
A. Persistent truncus arteriosus
B. Overriding aorta
C. Transposition of the great vessels
D. Coarctation of the aorta
E. Pulmonary stenosis
Question #29
A. Persistent truncus arteriosus: AP septum fails to form due to failure of
neural crest cell migration resulting in one large outflow tract
(incompatible with life).
B. Overriding aorta: opening of the aorta is too large and receives blood
from from both the left (oxygen rich blood) and right (oxygen poor
blood) ventricles.
C. Transposition of the great vessels: the AP septum forms but without
spiraling resulting in the aorta originating from the right side of the heart
and the pulmonary trunk coming from the left. To survive, a shunt would
have to exist.
D. Coarctation of the aorta: a narrowing of the aorta
E. Pulmonary stenosis: narrowing of the pulmonary valve
30. Which of the following characteristics is
associated with the condition known as
Tetralogy of Fallot?
A. Aortic stenosis
B. Left Ventricular hypertrophy
C. Persistent truncus arteriosus
D. Ventricular septal defect
E. Patent foramen ovale
Question #30
A. Aortic stenosis: instead it is pulmonary stenosis that is associated with
Tetralogy of Fallot
B. Left Ventricular hypertrophy: it should be right ventricular hypertrophy
C. Persistent truncus arteriosus: arises when the AP septum fails to form
D. Ventricular septal defect: Tetralogy of Fallot is condition that results in 4
characteristics: Pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy,
overriding aorta, and a ventricular septal defect. This is the most
common cause of marked cyanosis in the baby during the first few weeks
of life.
E. Patent foramen ovale: a shunt that directs blood from right to left atrium
fails to close after birth
31. In the developing fetus, which veins are
responsible for bringing oxygen-rich blood to
the fetus from the placenta?
A. Vitelline veins
B. Cardinal veins
C. Cardinal arteries
D. Umbilical veins
E. Umbilical arteries
Question #31
A. Vitelline veins: carry blood from yolk sac
B. Cardinal veins: drain the body of the embryo
C. Cardinal arteries
D. Umbilical veins: bring oxygen-rich blood to the fetus from the
placenta and closes after birth.
E. Umbilical arteries
32. Which of the following is a primitive shunt and
routes inflow blood from the right atrium and
immediately shunts it to the left side of the heart in
a fetus?
A. Foramen ovale
B. Ductus venosus
C. Ductus arteriosus
D. Fossa ovalis
Question #32
A. Foramen ovale: The oval foramen routes inflow blood from the right
atrium and immediately shunts it to the left side of the heart.
B. Ductus venosus: The ductus venosus shunts blood for the umbilical
vein to the IVC bypassing the fetal liver.
C. Ductus arteriosus: The ductus arteriosus is a short vessel that
shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta. In doing such,
blood is re-routed away from the lungs.
D. Fossa ovalis: After birth, the foramen ovale closes to become the
fossa ovalis.
33. What is the embryological remnant of the
umbilical veins?
A. Ligamentum arteriosum
B. Ligamentum venosus
C. Ligamentum teres hepatis
D. Foramen ovale
E. Fossa ovale
Question #33
A. Ligamentum arteriosum: embryological remnant of the ductus
arteriosis
B. Ligamentum venosus: embryological remnant of ductus venosus
C. Ligamentum teres hepatis: Umbilical veins bring oxygen-rich blood
to the fetus from the placenta and closes after birth forming the
ligamentum teres hepatis.
D. Foramen ovale: shunt present between the right and left atria
E. Fossa ovale: remnant of foramen ovale
34. Which of the following will cause
persistent truncus arteriosus?
A. Interventricular (IV) septum fails to form
B. Atrioventricular (AV) septum fails to form
C. Aorticopulmonary (ap) septum fails to form
D. Septum transversum fails to form
E. Foramen ovale fails to close at birth
Question #34
A. Interventricular (IV) septum fails to form
B. Atrioventricular (AV) septum fails to form
C. Aorticopulmonary (ap) septum fails to form: AP septum fails to
form due to failure of neural crest cell migration resulting in one
large outflow tract (incompatible with life).
D. Septum transversum fails to form
E. Foramen ovale fails to close at birth: caused by failure of septum
primum & septum secundum to fuse after birth

More Related Content

Similar to unit1embryoqandamodule.pdf

When assessing the adequacy of sperm for conception to occur
When assessing the adequacy of sperm for conception to occurWhen assessing the adequacy of sperm for conception to occur
When assessing the adequacy of sperm for conception to occurartqlison
 
Midwifery and obstetrical nursing quiz
Midwifery and obstetrical nursing quizMidwifery and obstetrical nursing quiz
Midwifery and obstetrical nursing quiz
Nursing Path
 
Midwifery and obstetrical nursing quiz
Midwifery and obstetrical nursing quizMidwifery and obstetrical nursing quiz
Midwifery and obstetrical nursing quiz
Nursing Path
 
embryoqandamodule (1).pdf
embryoqandamodule (1).pdfembryoqandamodule (1).pdf
embryoqandamodule (1).pdf
Google
 
Q2 1st sum-sci5
Q2 1st sum-sci5Q2 1st sum-sci5
Q2 1st sum-sci5
MaryChristineLasmari
 
Chapter 4
Chapter 4Chapter 4
Chapter 4
Wesley McCammon
 
Basic Embryology.ppt.pptx
Basic Embryology.ppt.pptxBasic Embryology.ppt.pptx
Basic Embryology.ppt.pptx
kenosewe1
 
Krok 1 - 2009 Question Paper (Stomatology)
Krok 1 - 2009 Question Paper (Stomatology)Krok 1 - 2009 Question Paper (Stomatology)
Krok 1 - 2009 Question Paper (Stomatology)
Eneutron
 
MRCOG PART 1 PRACTICE MCQ
MRCOG PART 1 PRACTICE MCQMRCOG PART 1 PRACTICE MCQ
MRCOG PART 1 PRACTICE MCQ
Naz Kasim
 
human development embryo and fetus.p.p.t.pptx
human development embryo and fetus.p.p.t.pptxhuman development embryo and fetus.p.p.t.pptx
human development embryo and fetus.p.p.t.pptx
PAK ACADEMY
 
Abortion presentation
Abortion presentationAbortion presentation
Abortion presentation
Anita Bhandoria
 
K.K-MIDWIFERY MCQS REVISION QUESTION.pptx
K.K-MIDWIFERY MCQS REVISION QUESTION.pptxK.K-MIDWIFERY MCQS REVISION QUESTION.pptx
K.K-MIDWIFERY MCQS REVISION QUESTION.pptx
Kelvinkebu
 
Worksheet human reproduction
Worksheet human reproductionWorksheet human reproduction
Worksheet human reproduction
University of Johannesburg (Amos Motloung)
 
Set 1.pptx
Set 1.pptxSet 1.pptx
Set 1.pptx
NishaGhimire2
 
Obs and gynae data bank
Obs and gynae data bankObs and gynae data bank
Obs and gynae data bank
wiseman chanda
 
Prenatal Period
Prenatal PeriodPrenatal Period
Prenatal Period
Gerry Boy Besa
 
Rat2 embryology 2018
Rat2 embryology 2018Rat2 embryology 2018
Rat2 embryology 2018
AnatholeSIBOMUREMYI
 
Early Development of Mammals (Mouse and Human).pdf
Early Development of Mammals (Mouse and Human).pdfEarly Development of Mammals (Mouse and Human).pdf
Early Development of Mammals (Mouse and Human).pdf
Department of Education Philippines
 
Krok 1 - 2015 (Biology)
Krok 1 - 2015 (Biology)Krok 1 - 2015 (Biology)
Krok 1 - 2015 (Biology)
Eneutron
 
Chapter 30
Chapter 30Chapter 30
Chapter 30
Wesley McCammon
 

Similar to unit1embryoqandamodule.pdf (20)

When assessing the adequacy of sperm for conception to occur
When assessing the adequacy of sperm for conception to occurWhen assessing the adequacy of sperm for conception to occur
When assessing the adequacy of sperm for conception to occur
 
Midwifery and obstetrical nursing quiz
Midwifery and obstetrical nursing quizMidwifery and obstetrical nursing quiz
Midwifery and obstetrical nursing quiz
 
Midwifery and obstetrical nursing quiz
Midwifery and obstetrical nursing quizMidwifery and obstetrical nursing quiz
Midwifery and obstetrical nursing quiz
 
embryoqandamodule (1).pdf
embryoqandamodule (1).pdfembryoqandamodule (1).pdf
embryoqandamodule (1).pdf
 
Q2 1st sum-sci5
Q2 1st sum-sci5Q2 1st sum-sci5
Q2 1st sum-sci5
 
Chapter 4
Chapter 4Chapter 4
Chapter 4
 
Basic Embryology.ppt.pptx
Basic Embryology.ppt.pptxBasic Embryology.ppt.pptx
Basic Embryology.ppt.pptx
 
Krok 1 - 2009 Question Paper (Stomatology)
Krok 1 - 2009 Question Paper (Stomatology)Krok 1 - 2009 Question Paper (Stomatology)
Krok 1 - 2009 Question Paper (Stomatology)
 
MRCOG PART 1 PRACTICE MCQ
MRCOG PART 1 PRACTICE MCQMRCOG PART 1 PRACTICE MCQ
MRCOG PART 1 PRACTICE MCQ
 
human development embryo and fetus.p.p.t.pptx
human development embryo and fetus.p.p.t.pptxhuman development embryo and fetus.p.p.t.pptx
human development embryo and fetus.p.p.t.pptx
 
Abortion presentation
Abortion presentationAbortion presentation
Abortion presentation
 
K.K-MIDWIFERY MCQS REVISION QUESTION.pptx
K.K-MIDWIFERY MCQS REVISION QUESTION.pptxK.K-MIDWIFERY MCQS REVISION QUESTION.pptx
K.K-MIDWIFERY MCQS REVISION QUESTION.pptx
 
Worksheet human reproduction
Worksheet human reproductionWorksheet human reproduction
Worksheet human reproduction
 
Set 1.pptx
Set 1.pptxSet 1.pptx
Set 1.pptx
 
Obs and gynae data bank
Obs and gynae data bankObs and gynae data bank
Obs and gynae data bank
 
Prenatal Period
Prenatal PeriodPrenatal Period
Prenatal Period
 
Rat2 embryology 2018
Rat2 embryology 2018Rat2 embryology 2018
Rat2 embryology 2018
 
Early Development of Mammals (Mouse and Human).pdf
Early Development of Mammals (Mouse and Human).pdfEarly Development of Mammals (Mouse and Human).pdf
Early Development of Mammals (Mouse and Human).pdf
 
Krok 1 - 2015 (Biology)
Krok 1 - 2015 (Biology)Krok 1 - 2015 (Biology)
Krok 1 - 2015 (Biology)
 
Chapter 30
Chapter 30Chapter 30
Chapter 30
 

Recently uploaded

Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxChapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Denish Jangid
 
Life upper-Intermediate B2 Workbook for student
Life upper-Intermediate B2 Workbook for studentLife upper-Intermediate B2 Workbook for student
Life upper-Intermediate B2 Workbook for student
NgcHiNguyn25
 
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationLeveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
TechSoup
 
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collectionThe Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
Israel Genealogy Research Association
 
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptxNEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
iammrhaywood
 
How to deliver Powerpoint Presentations.pptx
How to deliver Powerpoint  Presentations.pptxHow to deliver Powerpoint  Presentations.pptx
How to deliver Powerpoint Presentations.pptx
HajraNaeem15
 
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingYour Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Excellence Foundation for South Sudan
 
The basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptx
heathfieldcps1
 
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxMain Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
adhitya5119
 
writing about opinions about Australia the movie
writing about opinions about Australia the moviewriting about opinions about Australia the movie
writing about opinions about Australia the movie
Nicholas Montgomery
 
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
Dr. Shivangi Singh Parihar
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
Wahiba Chair Training & Consulting
 
Wound healing PPT
Wound healing PPTWound healing PPT
Wound healing PPT
Jyoti Chand
 
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptxPengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Fajar Baskoro
 
C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptxC1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
mulvey2
 
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
PECB
 
คำศัพท์ คำพื้นฐานการอ่าน ภาษาอังกฤษ ระดับชั้น ม.1
คำศัพท์ คำพื้นฐานการอ่าน ภาษาอังกฤษ ระดับชั้น ม.1คำศัพท์ คำพื้นฐานการอ่าน ภาษาอังกฤษ ระดับชั้น ม.1
คำศัพท์ คำพื้นฐานการอ่าน ภาษาอังกฤษ ระดับชั้น ม.1
สมใจ จันสุกสี
 
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleHow to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
Celine George
 
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdfবাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
eBook.com.bd (প্রয়োজনীয় বাংলা বই)
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxChapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
 
Life upper-Intermediate B2 Workbook for student
Life upper-Intermediate B2 Workbook for studentLife upper-Intermediate B2 Workbook for student
Life upper-Intermediate B2 Workbook for student
 
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationLeveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
 
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collectionThe Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
 
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptxNEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
 
How to deliver Powerpoint Presentations.pptx
How to deliver Powerpoint  Presentations.pptxHow to deliver Powerpoint  Presentations.pptx
How to deliver Powerpoint Presentations.pptx
 
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingYour Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
 
The basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptx
 
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxMain Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
 
writing about opinions about Australia the movie
writing about opinions about Australia the moviewriting about opinions about Australia the movie
writing about opinions about Australia the movie
 
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
 
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
 
Wound healing PPT
Wound healing PPTWound healing PPT
Wound healing PPT
 
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptxPengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
 
C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptxC1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
 
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
 
คำศัพท์ คำพื้นฐานการอ่าน ภาษาอังกฤษ ระดับชั้น ม.1
คำศัพท์ คำพื้นฐานการอ่าน ภาษาอังกฤษ ระดับชั้น ม.1คำศัพท์ คำพื้นฐานการอ่าน ภาษาอังกฤษ ระดับชั้น ม.1
คำศัพท์ คำพื้นฐานการอ่าน ภาษาอังกฤษ ระดับชั้น ม.1
 
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleHow to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
 
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdfবাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
 

unit1embryoqandamodule.pdf

  • 1. So you think you know embryology?
  • 2. Unit 1 Embryology Clinically Oriented Anatomy (COA) Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Created by Boone Coleman, Fall 2019 Boone.Coleman@ttuhsc.edu
  • 3. Solutions 1. D 2. A 3. E 4. E 5. C 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. E 11. A 12. A 13. C 14. C 15. A 16. D 17. A 18. C 19. E 20. G 21. C 22. D 23. D 24. B 25. B 26. D 27. B 28. D 29. C 30. D 31. D 32. A 33. C 34. C
  • 4. Overview of weeks 1-4 • Week 1: Fertilization and Implantation • Week 2: The Week of Twos • Week 3: Gastrulation and Notochord Formation • Weeks 3-4: Neurulation and Germ Layer Derivatives, Somite formation, Cardiac looping
  • 6. 1. Where does fertilization of the egg occur? A. Ovary B. Internal Os of the Uterus C. Fimbriae D. Ampulla E. Isthmus
  • 7. Question #1 A. Ovary: releases the egg B. Internal Os of the Uterus: opening from vagina into the uterus C. Fimbriae: grab released egg from ovary D. Ampulla: Fertilization occurs in the ampulla of the oviduct E. Isthmus: caudal end of the oviduct, is jointed to the uterus.
  • 8. 2. What implants into the nutrient-rich endometrium (i.e. decidua) about 8-9 days after ovulation? A. Blastocyst B. Morula C. Epiblast D. Hypoblast E. Bilaminar disk
  • 9. Question #2 A. Blastocyst: The term decidua refers to nutrient-rich endometrium and is where the blastocyst implants usually about 9 days after ovulation with the inner cell mass facing the uterine wall. B. Morula: 16 cell embryo. Morula enters uterus and becomes the blastocyst C. Epiblast D. Hypoblast E. Bilaminar disk: embryo differentiates into the hypoblast and epiblast forming the bilaminar disk
  • 10. 3. What structure has to degenerate so that implantation can occur? A. Syncytiotrophoblast B. Functional layer of the endometrium C. Basal layer of the endometrium D. Cytotrophoblast E. Zona Pellucida
  • 11. Question #3 A. Syncytiotrophoblast B. Functional layer of the endometrium C. Basal layer of the endometrium D. Cytotrophoblast E. Zona Pellucida
  • 12. 4. How soon after fertilization does implantation take place? A. By 12 hours B. By 30 hours C. Day 3 D. Day 4 E. Day 6
  • 13. Question #4 A. By 12 hours B. By 30 hours C. Day 3 D. Day 4 E. Day 6
  • 14. 5. A 23-year-old woman presents at the emergency department with moderately severe abdominal pain on her right side. She is showing some signs of internal bleeding. She is sexually active but does not use any form of contraception and missed her last menstrual period. Based on this information, which of the following disorders should be included as an option in the diagnosis? A. Ovarian cancer B. Appendicitis C. Ectopic pregnancy D. Normal pregnancy E. HIV
  • 15. Question #5 A. Ovarian cancer B. Appendicitis C. Ectopic pregnancy: Ectopic tubal pregnancy must always be an option in the diagnosis when a woman in her reproductive years presents with such symptoms. About ten percent of ectopic implantations occur in the uterine tube. Ectopic tubal pregnancies result in rupture of the uterine tube and internal hemorrhage, which presents a major threat to the woman’s life. The uterine tube and embryo must be surgically removed. The symptoms may sometimes be confused with appendicitis. D. Normal pregnancy E. HIV
  • 17. 6. The second week of development is referred to as the week of two’s because…? A. The embryoblast divides into two layers B. Two cavities form, the amniotic cavity and yolk sac C. The trophoblast organizes into two layers, the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast D. All of the above E. A & C
  • 18. Question #6 A. The embryoblast divides into two layers B. Two cavities form, the amniotic cavity and yolk sac C. The trophoblast organizes into two layers, the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast D. All of the above: All of these occur in the week of two’s, hence the name E. A & C
  • 19. 7. Which two embryological structures together form the bilaminar disk? A. Cytotrophoblast and Hypoblast B. Hypoblast and Epiblast C. Epiblast and Cytotrophoblast D. Syncytiotrophoblast and Inner cell mass E. Epiblast and Embryoblast
  • 20. Question #7 A. Cytotrophoblast and Hypoblast B. Hypoblast and Epiblast: The inner cell mass or embryoblast differentiates into: 1) the hypoblast and the epiblast (together these form a bilaminar disk). C. Epiblast and Cytotrophoblast D. Syncytiotrophoblast and Inner cell mass E. Epiblast and Embryoblast
  • 21. 8. Chemotherapy treatment often targets mitotically active cells. Although this treatment is beneficial for cancer, it can negatively effect implantation and embryonic growth. Which of the following layers would be most affected by a slowed cell division rate? A. Cytotrophoblast B. Epiblast C. Amnioblast D. Syncytiotrophoblast E. Hypoblast
  • 22. Question #8 A. Cytotrophoblast: The trophoblast forms the fetal part of the placenta and is involved with implantation. The cytotrophoblast is the mitotically active inner part of the trophoblast, and provides the cells that migrate into the syncytiotrophoblast to allow it to expand. Thus, chemotherapy may directly affect mitotic activity in the cytotrophoblast possibly hindering implantation. B. Epiblast: The epiblast is not involved in implantation, it is the dorsal cell layer of the bilaminar germ disc which contributes to the formation of the embryo proper C. Amnioblast: Amnioblasts are not involved in implantation. Amnioblasts are Epiblast cells that line the amniotic cavity adjacent to the cytotrophoblast and are mitotically active in the growth of the amniotic membrane. D. Syncytiotrophoblast: The syncytiotrophoblast is a mitotically inactive outer, multinucleated part of the trophoblast that erodes the maternal endometrium and contributes to primitive uteroplacental circulation. E. Hypoblast: The hypoblast is the ventral cell layer of the bilaminar germ disc which contributes to the formation of the embryo proper
  • 23. 9. Which of the following develops from the multi- nucleated syncytium, the syncytiotrophoblast and serves as the beginnings of gas exchange between mother and embryo? A. Bilaminar disk B. Cytotrophoblast C. Amniotic cavity D. Lacunae
  • 24. Question #9 A. Bilaminar disk: made of the epiblast and hypoblast B. Cytotrophoblast: inner layer of mononucleated proliferative cells of the trophoblast and is not involved in gas exchange C. Amniotic cavity: a small cavity appears within the epiblast, which enlarges to become the amniotic cavity. Contains the amniotic fluid. D. Lacunae: part of the syncytiotrophoblast and are spaces that fill with maternal blood. Site of exchange of nutrients and gases.
  • 25. 10. The placenta is part of the chorion. The chorion consists of which of the following? A. Extraembryonic mesoderm B. Cytotrophoblast C. Hypoblast D. All of the above E. A & B
  • 26. Question #10 A. Extraembryonic mesoderm B. Cytotrophoblast C. Hypoblast D. All of the above E. A & B: The chorion consists of extraembryonic mesoderm, cytotrophoblast, and syncytiotrophoblast.
  • 27. 11. The amniotic cavity forms during the process of implantation of the blastocyst. The amniotic cavity forms within which of the following structures? A. Epiblast B. Cytotrophoblast C. Syncytiotrophoblast D. Maternal endometrium E. Hypoblast
  • 28. Question #11 A. Epiblast B. Cytotrophoblast C. Syncytiotrophoblast D. Maternal endometrium E. Hypoblast
  • 30. 12. Which of the following cells form endoderm and mesoderm? A. Migrating epiblast cells B. Migrating hypoblast cells C. Non-migrating epiblast cells D. Non-migrating hypoblast cells E. Neural crest cells
  • 31. Question #12 A. Migrating epiblast cells: Epiblast cells move into the primitive streak and primitive node to form endoderm and mesoderm. Non- migrating epiblast cells form ectoderm. B. Migrating hypoblast cells: hypoblast cells do not migrate C. Non-migrating epiblast cells D. Non-migrating hypoblast cells: are separated by epiblast cells to form endoderm E. Neural crest cells
  • 32. 13. The notochord develops from which of the following embryonic germ layers? A. Endoderm B. Ectoderm C. Mesoderm D. Neuroectoderm E. Neural crest cells
  • 33. Question #13 A. Endoderm B. Ectoderm C. Mesoderm: In addition to gastrulation, the notochord develops from the newly acquired mesoderm. This structure will induce the formation of the neural plate (neuroectoderm). D. Neuroectoderm E. Neural crest cells
  • 34. 14. Which week of embryonic development usually corresponds to the first missed menstrual period? A. Week one B. Week two C. Week three D. Week four E. None of the Above
  • 35. Question #14 A. Week one B. Week two C. Week three: High yield fact sheet - “During the third week of development, the process of gastrulation beginning with the formation of the primitive streak and primitive node at the cephalic (head) end of the embryo. Third week usually corresponds to first missed menstrual period.” D. Week four E. None of the Above
  • 37. 15. Neural crest cells develop during a process known as neurulation. These cells can ultimately form which of the following? A. Melanocytes B. Lymphocytes C. Somites D. All of the above
  • 38. Question #15 A. Melanocytes: During neurulation, neural crest cells develop. These cells will ultimately form melanocytes (pigmenting cells of the skin), sensory ganglia, Schwann’s cells, and others B. Lymphocytes: hematopoietic stem cells C. Somites: comes from paraxial mesoderm D. All of the above
  • 39. 16. The neural tube and plate forms from: A. Intermediate mesoderm B. Paraxial mesoderm C. Neural crest cells D. Neuroectoderm E. Endoderm
  • 40. Question #16 A. Intermediate mesoderm B. Paraxial mesoderm C. Neural crest cells D. Neuroectoderm E. Endoderm
  • 41. 17. Somites form from which of the following embryological derivations? A. Paraxial mesoderm B. Lateral plate mesoderm C. Neural crest cells D. Endoderm E. Ectoderm
  • 42. Question #17 A. Paraxial mesoderm: will become segmented into sclerotomes (head region) & somites (from occipital region onwards) B. Lateral plate mesoderm: bones of the shoulder and pelvic girdles and limbs come from parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm), myotomes (muscle), and dermatomes (skin). C. Neural crest cells D. Endoderm E. Ectoderm
  • 43. 18. In a growing embryo, the vertebrae encase notochord and neural tube in a solid bone like structure. Vertebrae are formed from which of the following embryological structures? A. Dermatomes B. Myotomes C. Sclerotomes D. Primaxial domain E. Abaxial domain
  • 44. Question #18 A. Dermatomes B. Myotomes C. Sclerotomes: Vertebrae form from sclerotomes to encase the notochord and the neural tube in a solid-bone like structure. D. Primaxial domain E. Abaxial domain
  • 45. 19. The nucleus pulposus is the embryological remnant of which of the following? A. Neural plate B. Neural tube C. Neural crest cells D. Sclerotomes E. Notochord
  • 46. Question #19 A. Neural plate: In addition to gastrulation, the notochord develops from the newly acquired mesoderm. This structure will induce the formation of the neural plate (neuroectoderm) B. Neural tube: Neural folds fuse at the midline to become the neural tube, which is the precursor to the brain and spinal cord C. Neural crest cells: During neurulation, neural crest cells develop. These cells will ultimately form melanocytes (pigmenting cells of the skin), sensory ganglia, Schwann’s cells, and others D. Sclerotomes: Somites become sclerotomes (becomes cartilage and bone; bones of the shoulder and pelvic girdles and limbs come from parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm) E. Notochord: The notochord eventually becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs
  • 47. 20. The lateral somatic frontier is a well defined border between each somite and the parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm, and this creates 2 domains of cells (the primaxial domain and abaxial domain). In the abaxial domain, the muscle precursor cells form which of the following adult structures in humans? A. Shoulder girdle B. Back C. Intercostal muscles D. Limb muscles E. Abdominal wall F. A and C G. D and E
  • 48. Question #20 A. Shoulder girdle B. Back C. Intercostal muscles D. Limb muscles E. Abdominal wall F. A and C G. D and E: Muscle precursor cells in the primaxial domain give rise to back, shoulder girdle and intercostal muscles. Muscle precursor cells in the abaxial domain give rise to abdominal wall and limb muscles.
  • 49. 21. What are the innervations for the epaxial muscles and hypaxial muscles, respectively? A. C1-C3; C4-C7 B. C4-C7: C1-C3 C. Dorsal rami; Ventral rami D. Ventral rami; Dorsal rami
  • 50. Question #21 A. C1-C3; C4-C7 B. C4-C7: C1-C3 C. Dorsal rami; Ventral ramià Innervation- Epaxial (deep back muscles associate these with primaxial muscle cells) are innervated by dorsal/posterior rami. Hypaxial (body wall and limbs associate these with abaxial muscle cells) are innervated by ventral/anterior rami i.e. virtually all muscle, excluding the deep muscles of the back. D. Ventral rami; Dorsal rami
  • 51. 22. Which of the following sets are derived from lateral plate mesoderm? A. Nerves, arteries and connective tissue of limbs B. Nerves, arteries and connective tissue of abdomen C. Nerves, arteries and connective tissue of thorax D. Bones, joints and connective tissue of limbs E. Bones, joints and connective tissue of thorax
  • 52. Question #22 A. Nerves, arteries and connective tissue of limbs B. Nerves, arteries and connective tissue of abdomen C. Nerves, arteries and connective tissue of thorax D. Bones, joints and connective tissue of limbs: Bones, joints and connective tissue of limbs come from parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm. E. Bones, joints and connective tissue of thorax
  • 53. 23. What type of genes direct body pattern formation (cranial-caudal axis)? A. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) B. Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) C. CHORDIN D. HOX E. NOGGIN
  • 54. Question #23 A. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) B. Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) C. CHORDIN D. HOX: genes direct body pattern formation (cranial-caudal axis). E. NOGGIN
  • 55. 24. The diaphragm receives its innervation(s) from which of the following nerves or nerve roots? A. C1-C2 B. C3-C5 C. C6-C7 D. Vagus nerve (CNX) E. Spinal accessory nerve (CNXI)
  • 56. Question #24 A. C1-C2 B. C3-C5: The diaphragm receives it innervation from the phrenic nerve (C3-C5) during week 4. “ 3, 4, 5 keep the diaphragm alive” C. C6-C7 D. Vagus nerve (CNX) E. Spinal accessory nerve (CNXI)
  • 57. 25. Which of the following types of hernia can hinder lung development resulting in hypoplastic lungs? A. Esophageal hernia B. Diaphragmatic hernia C. Epigastric hernia D. Indirect inguinal hernia E. Direct inguinal hernia
  • 58. Question #25 A. Esophageal hernia: result when esophageal hiatus is too large and the stomach pushes up into the thorax. (will see in UNIT 3) B. Diaphragmatic hernia: result when pleuroperitoneal membranes (one or both) fail to close the pericardioperitoneal canals causing protrusion of abdominal organs into the thorax. Diaphragmatic hernias can hinder lung development resulting in hypoplastic lungs. C. Epigastric hernia: hernia through the abdominal wall (will see in UNIT 3) D. Indirect inguinal hernia: lateral to inferior epigastric artery, herniation travels the entire inguinal canal. (will see in UNIT 3) E. Direct inguinal hernia: medial to inferior epigastric artery, herniation only travels through the superficial ring of the inguinal canal. (will see in UNIT 3)
  • 59. 26. Cardiac looping positions the atria posteriorly and the ventricles anteriorly. During what week of embryonic development is cardiac looping first observed? A. Week one B. Week two C. Week three D. Week four E. Week five
  • 60. Question #26 A. Week one B. Week two C. Week three D. Week four: During the fourth week of development, cardiac looping is observed. E. Week five
  • 61. 27. During the formation of the atrial septum, what is the first structure that descends to divide the atrium into two halves? A. Foramen ovale B. Septum primum C. Ostium secundum D. Ostium primum E. Septum secundum
  • 62. Question #27 A. Foramen ovale: routes inflow blood from the right atrium and immediately shunts it to the left side of the heart. B. Septum primum: Septum formation in the atrium occurs when the septum primum descends to divide the atrium in two. C. Ostium secundum: When the ostium primum closes, a second foramen the ostium secundum forms. D. Ostium primum: is a foramen between the two sides. E. Septum secundum: Eventually, a septum secundum forms to the right of ostium primum leaving an interatrial opening, oval foramen (foramen ovale), which normally closes at birth.
  • 63. 28. In the human heart, the atrioventricular (AV) septum creates right and left atrioventricular canals. The atrioventricular (AV) septum is formed by the fusion of which of the following? A. Septum primum and septum secundum B. Ostium primum and ostium secundum C. Lateral and medial atrioventricular endocardial cushions D. Dorsal and ventral atrioventricular endocardial cushions E. Muscular and membranous IV septums
  • 64. Question #28 A. Septum primum and septum secundum: involved in separating the left and right atria B. Ostium primum and ostium secundum: involved in separating the left and right atria C. Lateral and medial atrioventricular endocardial cushions D. Dorsal and ventral atrioventricular endocardial cushions: The atrioventricular septum or just AV septum is formed by the fusion of the dorsal and ventral AV cushions. The AV septum creates right and left atrioventricular canals. E. Muscular and membranous IV septums: separates left and right ventricles
  • 65. 29. What is the name of the condition in which the aorticopulmonary (AP) septum forms but does so without the septum spiraling? A. Persistent truncus arteriosus B. Overriding aorta C. Transposition of the great vessels D. Coarctation of the aorta E. Pulmonary stenosis
  • 66. Question #29 A. Persistent truncus arteriosus: AP septum fails to form due to failure of neural crest cell migration resulting in one large outflow tract (incompatible with life). B. Overriding aorta: opening of the aorta is too large and receives blood from from both the left (oxygen rich blood) and right (oxygen poor blood) ventricles. C. Transposition of the great vessels: the AP septum forms but without spiraling resulting in the aorta originating from the right side of the heart and the pulmonary trunk coming from the left. To survive, a shunt would have to exist. D. Coarctation of the aorta: a narrowing of the aorta E. Pulmonary stenosis: narrowing of the pulmonary valve
  • 67. 30. Which of the following characteristics is associated with the condition known as Tetralogy of Fallot? A. Aortic stenosis B. Left Ventricular hypertrophy C. Persistent truncus arteriosus D. Ventricular septal defect E. Patent foramen ovale
  • 68. Question #30 A. Aortic stenosis: instead it is pulmonary stenosis that is associated with Tetralogy of Fallot B. Left Ventricular hypertrophy: it should be right ventricular hypertrophy C. Persistent truncus arteriosus: arises when the AP septum fails to form D. Ventricular septal defect: Tetralogy of Fallot is condition that results in 4 characteristics: Pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, overriding aorta, and a ventricular septal defect. This is the most common cause of marked cyanosis in the baby during the first few weeks of life. E. Patent foramen ovale: a shunt that directs blood from right to left atrium fails to close after birth
  • 69. 31. In the developing fetus, which veins are responsible for bringing oxygen-rich blood to the fetus from the placenta? A. Vitelline veins B. Cardinal veins C. Cardinal arteries D. Umbilical veins E. Umbilical arteries
  • 70. Question #31 A. Vitelline veins: carry blood from yolk sac B. Cardinal veins: drain the body of the embryo C. Cardinal arteries D. Umbilical veins: bring oxygen-rich blood to the fetus from the placenta and closes after birth. E. Umbilical arteries
  • 71. 32. Which of the following is a primitive shunt and routes inflow blood from the right atrium and immediately shunts it to the left side of the heart in a fetus? A. Foramen ovale B. Ductus venosus C. Ductus arteriosus D. Fossa ovalis
  • 72. Question #32 A. Foramen ovale: The oval foramen routes inflow blood from the right atrium and immediately shunts it to the left side of the heart. B. Ductus venosus: The ductus venosus shunts blood for the umbilical vein to the IVC bypassing the fetal liver. C. Ductus arteriosus: The ductus arteriosus is a short vessel that shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta. In doing such, blood is re-routed away from the lungs. D. Fossa ovalis: After birth, the foramen ovale closes to become the fossa ovalis.
  • 73. 33. What is the embryological remnant of the umbilical veins? A. Ligamentum arteriosum B. Ligamentum venosus C. Ligamentum teres hepatis D. Foramen ovale E. Fossa ovale
  • 74. Question #33 A. Ligamentum arteriosum: embryological remnant of the ductus arteriosis B. Ligamentum venosus: embryological remnant of ductus venosus C. Ligamentum teres hepatis: Umbilical veins bring oxygen-rich blood to the fetus from the placenta and closes after birth forming the ligamentum teres hepatis. D. Foramen ovale: shunt present between the right and left atria E. Fossa ovale: remnant of foramen ovale
  • 75. 34. Which of the following will cause persistent truncus arteriosus? A. Interventricular (IV) septum fails to form B. Atrioventricular (AV) septum fails to form C. Aorticopulmonary (ap) septum fails to form D. Septum transversum fails to form E. Foramen ovale fails to close at birth
  • 76. Question #34 A. Interventricular (IV) septum fails to form B. Atrioventricular (AV) septum fails to form C. Aorticopulmonary (ap) septum fails to form: AP septum fails to form due to failure of neural crest cell migration resulting in one large outflow tract (incompatible with life). D. Septum transversum fails to form E. Foramen ovale fails to close at birth: caused by failure of septum primum & septum secundum to fuse after birth