History

1. History of Pharmacy
Origin, history & development of pharmacy in India.
Pharmacy in relation to allied health profession.
Pharmacopoeias – I.P., B.P., U.S.P, and EP

2. Origin, history & development of pharmacy
•Ayurveda
• Ayu (Life)
• Veda (Knowledge)
•Charak-samhita is a continuation & renewal of
ancient knowledge.
•Sushrutha-sanhita- encyclopedia of surgery

3. Origin, history & development of pharmacy
contd.
•Archaeological survey discovered the material related
to the historical part of drugs or medicines, Papyrus-
Ebers of 16th Century BC.
•It contains important information on vegetable drugs
& the formulations made from them.

4. Origin, history & development of pharmacy
contd.
•Then came the era of individuals by virtue of their
involvement in the profession, contributed for
development in science, which in turn has affected
pharmacy profession.
• Hippocrates
• Aristotle
• Dioscorides
• Galen etc

5. Hippocrates- Father of Medicine
(466-377 BC)
•Systematized the knowledge available and linked it
with ethics
•His knowledge were then accepted worldwide & still
utilized by health professionals.
•He developed an Oath of Medical Ethics for physicians
to follow.
•Hippocrates is known as the "Father of Medicine".

6. Aristotle (384/3 B.C.-322/1 B.C.)
• He not only contributed enormously to medicine per se, but also to the natural sciences,
for he was the first to classify animals
• It seems that he sustained the notion that certain "inferior" animals such as insects
(whose name derived from the evident segmentation of the body into its components)
came into the world spontaneously from decomposing material regenerating and so their
growth could not be limited or restrained.
• Aristotle elaborated a physiological system centred on the heart, in which according to
him, there burned a life-giving vital flame maintained by a spirit named pneuma or spirito
vitale (vital spirit) that produced heat. He felt that the lungs and the brain had a primary
function of cooling. The heart was the most important organ because when the heart
stopped, the body died.
• Furthermore, in his studies of embryology.
• In his theory, heat was the most important thing and gave life. He sustained that man,
having a great deal of heat, managed to use all his body's resources and to produce
sperm. On the other hand, women did not have enough heat so a part of the body's
blood was eliminated during menstruation. With its heat, sperm acted on menstruation,
producing the embryo.

7. Dioscorides - A Scientist Looks At Drugs
(040-80 BC)
•Greek physician linked botany to this field & wrote
materia medica, which included various drugs of
vegetable origin.
•He described various naturally occurring drugs &
provided the basic information regarding its
identification, cultivation, collection & storage.

8. Galen - Experimenter In Drug Compounding
(131-200 AD)
Of the men of ancient times whose names are known and
revered among both the professions of Pharmacy and
Medicine, Galen, undoubtedly, is the foremost.
Galen (130-200 A.D.) practiced and taught both Pharmacy
and Medicine in Rome;
His principles of preparing and compounding medicines
ruled in the Western world for 1,500 years; and his name
still is associated with that class of pharmaceuticals
compounded by mechanical means - galenicals.
He was the originator of the formula for a cold cream,
essentially similar to that known today.
Many procedures Galen originated have their counterparts
in today's modern compounding laboratories.

9. Paraselsus- Swiss physician
(1493-1541)
• Responsible for developing the basic thinking of using individual
chemical moiety for treatment of diseases.

10. Charak Samhita
• Charak Samhita is one of the structuring dynamics of Rk Veda.
• It highlights the BALANCING — HOLDING TOGETHER, NOURISHING,
and SUPPORTING — quality involved in structuring Rk Veda.
• With reference to consciousness, Charak Samhita comprises the
specific sets of laws of Nature that are engaged in promoting the
quality of Rishi — the observer, the witnessing quality — within the
Samhita level of consciousness, providing a structure to the eternally
silent, self-referral, self-sufficient, fully awake state of
consciousness, which is intimately personal to everyone.

11. Origin, history & development of pharmacy
contd.
•Each government made some rules & the standards
to maintain the uniformity & to control the
standards of drugs & devices available in market.
•Each country has its own book of standards which
includes the list of the drugs along with related
substances with their complete protocol.
•These books are known as Pharmacopoeia

12. PHARMACOPOEIA
• Pharmakon : a drug
• Poieo: I make
• Pharmacopoeia (literally, the art of the drug compounder),
in its modern technical sense, is a book containing directions
for the identification of samples and the preparation of
compound medicines, and published by the authority of a
government or a medical or pharmaceutical society.

13. Indian Pharmacopoeia (I. P.)
•Various editions of I.P.
Edition Year
1st Edition 1955
2nd Edition 1966
3rd Edition 1985
4th Edition 1996
5th Edition 2007

14. Indian Pharmacopoeia (I. P.)
•In 1944, Govt. of India asked the drugs Technical
Advisory Board to prepare the list of drugs in use in
India, having sufficient medicinal value to justify their
inclusion in official pharmacopoeia.
•Published by the Govt. of India under the name The
Indian Pharmacopoeial List 1946
•The Committee constituted under the chairmanship of
Lt. Col. Sir R.N. Chopra along with 9 members.

15. Indian Pharmacopoeia (I. P.)
• The Indian Pharmacopoeial List 1946 Details
1. Substances included in the British Pharmacopoeia, 48
monographs for crude drugs, chemicals & their
preparations
2. Substances not included in British Pharmacopoeia:
(a) Drugs of Plant origin 90
(b) Drugs of animal origin 10
(c) Biological Products 05
(d) Insecticides 07
(e) Colouring agents 03
(f) Synthetics 05
(g) Miscellaneous 15
(h) Drugs for veterinary use 02

16. Indian Pharmacopoeia (I. P.) 1955
• First edition published in 1955
• Written in English
• The official Title of the monographs are given in Latin
• Total 986 Monographs (includes crude-drugs, chemicals,
biologicals & several formulae derived from them)
• Supplements to first edition in 1960

17. Indian Pharmacopoeia (I. P.) 1966
•274 monographs from IP 55 & its supplement of
1960 were deleted
•93 new monographs were added
•New analytical techniques were adapted
•Usual strength for the preparations like tablets &
injection was given.

18. Indian Pharmacopoeia (I. P.) 1985
•Published in two Volumes
•Nine appendices
•261 new monographs
•450 monographs included in 2nd Edition were
deleted
•IUPAC nomenclature has been used
•New Analytical Techniques
•Dissolution test
•Limit test for microbial contamination

19. Indian Pharmacopoeia (I. P.) 1996
•Made effective from 1st Dec 1996
•1149 monographs
•123 appendices
•294 new monographs
•110 included in 3rd edition were deleted
•General monographs of formulations
•Addendums of I.P. 1996
• Addendums 2000
• Addendums 2002

20. Indian Pharmacopoeia (I. P.) 2007
• prepared by the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) in
accordance with a plan and completed through the untiring
efforts of its members and its Secretariat over a period of
about two years.
• This is the fifth edition of the Indian Pharmacopoeia after
Independence.
• It supersedes the 1996 edition but any monograph of the
earlier edition that does not figure in this edition continues
to be official as stipulated in the Second Schedule of the
Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.

21. Indian Pharmacopoeia (I. P.) 2007
•The Indian Pharmacopoeia 2007 is presented in
three volumes.
• Volume 1 contains the Notice, Preface, the structure of
the IPC, Acknowledgements, Introduction, and the
General Chapters.
• Volume 2 deals with the General Monographs on Drug
Substances, Dosage Forms and Pharmaceutical Aids (A to
M).
• Volume 3 contains Monographs on Drug Substances,
Dosage Forms and Pharmaceutical Aids (N to Z) followed
by Monographs on Vaccines and Immunosera for Human
use, Herbs and Herbal products, Blood and blood-related
products, Biotechnology products and Veterinary
products.

22. Indian Pharmacopoeia (I. P.) 2007
• The scope of the Pharmacopoeia has been extended to
include products of biotechnology, indigenous herbs and
herbal products, viral vaccines and additional antiretroviral
drugs and formulations, inclusive of commonly used fixed-
dose combinations.
• Standards for veterinary drugs and products that were
published as a Supplement to the previous edition of the
Indian Pharmacopoeia now form an integral part of this
compendium.

23. British Pharmacopoeia
• London Pharmacopoeia first published in 1618
• British Pharmacopoeia published in 1864 through the merger
of the London, Edinburgh and Dublin Pharmacopoeias
• Legally enforced in UK through Medicines Act 1968
• National pharmacopoeias in EU enforced by Annex 1 of
• Directive 2001/83/EC, the Community Code relating to
medicinal products for human use
• Published in UK by the British Pharmacopoeia Commission on
behalf of UK Health Ministers
• Legal Status in Australia and Canada

24. British Pharmacopoeia
• Monographs for Chemical and pharmaceutical substances
• General monographs for dosage forms
• Monographs for finished dosage forms
• One of only two English texts for monographs for finished
dosage forms

25. British Pharmacopoeia
•Published annually
•Incorporate all the monographs of the current
European Pharmacopoeia including its supplements
• Provides the user with one comprehensively indexed
compendium of all current UK pharmacopoeial standards
• Links standards for pharmaceutical substances and
formulated preparations
• Includes reference infra-red spectra
• Ph Eur monographs identified by a European chaplet of
stores

26. United State Pharmacopoeia (USP)
• The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) is the official public
standards-setting authority for all prescription and over-the-counter
medicines, dietary supplements, and other healthcare products
manufactured and sold in the United States.
• USP sets standards for the quality of these products and works with
healthcare providers to help them reach the standards.
• USP's standards are also recognized and used in more than 130
countries.
• These standards have been helping to ensure good pharmaceutical
care for people throughout the world for more than 185 years.

27. United State Pharmacopoeia (USP)
• 1820
U.S. Pharmacopeia founded; all state societies of medicine invited to send delegates;
11 attended. USP created a system of standards, a system of quality control (formulae),
and a national formulary. Only 217 drugs that met the criteria of "most fully
established and best understood" were admitted.
• 1830
Committee of Revision created (seven members); first revision of the USP published;
revisions continue at 10-year intervals. Surgeons General of U.S. Army and Navy
became first federal agencies to participate in USP revision.
• 1848
Drug Import Act–Federal legislation recognizes the USP as an official compendium.
• 1850
Colleges of pharmacy invited to participate in revision of the USP.
• 1880s–1890s
State Boards of Pharmacy formed; USP becomes a state board requirement.
• 1900
USP incorporated in D.C. as not-for-profit corporation. U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention
and Board of Trustees created.
• 1906
Federal Food & Drugs Act: USP and NF strength, quality, and purity recognized as
official standards.

28. United State Pharmacopoeia (USP)
• 1938
Federal Food & Cosmetic Act: USP, NF, and Homeopathic Pharmacopeia standards of
strength, quality, purity, packaging, and labeling recognized as official and enforced by
FDA. "New Drug" concept established. FDA approves drugs for safety before marketing.
• 1942
USP revision cycle changed; USP published every 5 years.
• 1950
USP establishes its first permanent office in New York City. Lloyd C. Miller, Ph.D.,
becomes first employed director of revision.
• 1963
United States Adopted Names Council formed. Representatives from American Medical
Association (AMA), American Pharmacists Association (APhA), USP, and FDA establish
drug nomenclature.
• 1968
USP moves its headquarters from New York City, eventually locating in Rockville,
Maryland, USA.
• 1970
USP adopts resolution calling for information to be provided to dispensers of drugs in
United States. Position of executive director created, filled by William M. Heller, Ph.D.

29. United State Pharmacopoeia (USP)
• 1975
USP acquires National Formulary and Drug Standards Laboratory from APhA.
• 1977
USP and NF scope redefined: USP standards for drug substances and dosage forms; NF
standards for excipients.
• 1980
USP XX and the NF XV published under same cover; USP Dispensing Information, 1st
Edition.
• 1990
Jerome A. Halperin becomes USP executive director (title later changed to executive
vice president and CEO) at the 1990 USP Convention. USP members adopt a resolution
to explore establishing standards for vitamins and minerals.
• 1990, 1993
Federal Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Acts (OBRA '90 and '93) name the USP Drug
Information as a source of information that state Medicaid agencies could use for drug
utilization review, patient counseling, and medically accepted off-label uses of
medicines.
• 1994
USP signs an agreement with the American Medical Association to combine the
information in AMA's Drug Evaluations database with the USP DI database to develop a
single product that contains drug and therapeutic information.

30. United State Pharmacopoeia (USP)
• 1995
USP members adopt a resolution to explore establishing standards for botanical
dietary supplements.
• 1997
The management consulting firm, McKinsey & Company, recommended new USP
focus, including divestiture of print and electronic drug information products.
• 1998
USP sells USP DI and associated products to The Thomson Company and USP DI is
published by their MICROMEDEX subsidiary. The new Reference Standard Center
opens. MEDMARX®, an Internet-accessible medication errors reporting program for
hospitals, is launched.
• 1999
USP publishes final USP DI in three-volume format; publishes USP 24–NF 19;
initiated modernization project for developing e-commerce capabilities and
establishing electronic communications with constituents.
• 2000
At the USP Convention in April 2000, Roger L. Williams, M.D., becomes USP
executive vice president and CEO; members vote to change name of Committee of
Revision to Council of Experts and elect chairpersons for 62 Expert Committees.
• 2002
USP–NF published annually.

31. European Pharmacopoeia
• The European Pharmacopoeia of the Council of Europe is a listing of a wide
range of active substances and excipients used to prepare pharmaceutical
products in Europe.
• The European Pharmacopoeia is developed by the European Directorate for the
Quality of Medicines (EDQM) and is a part of the Council of Europe, Strasbourg,
France.
• It bases on the Convention on the elaboration of a European Pharmacopoeia
from 1964.
• The 2005 edition includes 1800 specific and general monographs, including
various chemical substances, antibiotics, biological substances; Vaccines for
human or veterinary use; Immunosera; Radiopharmaceutical preparations;
Herbal drugs; Homoeopathic preparations and homoeopathic stocks.
• It also contains Dosage forms, General monographs, Materials and Containers,
Sutures; 268 General methods with figures or chromatograms and 2210 reagents
are described.
• The monographs give quality standards for all the main medicines used in
Europe.

32. European Pharmacopoeia
• 1st edition - published 1967
• 2nd edition - published 1980
• 3rd edition - published 1997
• 4th edition - published 2001, valid from 1.1.2002
• 5th edition - published 15.6.2004, valid from 1.1.2005
• 6th edition - published 16 July 2007, valid from 1.1.2008
• It is published by EDQM in English and French, official national
translations are available in German and Spanish (Spanish
version only online)