Traditional knowledge refers to knowledge developed and passed down through generations within communities, often as part of cultural or spiritual practices. India possesses a rich traditional knowledge, mostly undocumented and existing orally or in ancient texts. This posed a threat of misappropriation through wrongful patents. The Traditional Knowledge Digital Library addresses this issue by digitizing Indian systems of medicine like Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and yoga texts in various languages for accessibility to patent examiners. This has helped cancel or amend many patent applications regarding Indian traditional knowledge. For example, in 1995 the US granted a patent for wound healing using turmeric, but it was revoked after India provided evidence from Sanskrit, Urdu and

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Unit-V Herbal Drug Technology
(Compiled by: Mr. Shmmon Ahmad, Faculty of Pharmacy, Glocal University saharanpur, email:
shmmon@theglocaluniversity.in)
Topic : Patenting aspects of Traditional Knowledge
Traditional Knowledge (TK) is a knowledge of living body that is developed,
sustained and passed on from generation to generation within a community,
often forming part of its cultural or spiritual identity.
India possesses a rich traditional knowledge which is generally being passed
down by word of mouth from one generation to another. Most part of this
traditional knowledge is inaccessible to common since it is described in ancient
classical and other literature. Traditional has ancient roots and is often informal
and oral, is not protected by conventional intellectual property protection
systems. This scenario has promoted many developing countries to develop
their own specific and special systems for protecting traditional knowledge.
There is a threat of misuse of such knowledge through obtaining patents on non-
original innovations which is a great loss to the country.
India has played a very significant role in the documentation of traditional
knowledge thereby bringing the protection of traditional knowledge at the
centre stage of the International Intellectual Property System.
Traditional Knowledge Digital Library
Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) addresses these issues. TKDL
is a collaborative project of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR) and the Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha
and Homoeopathy (AYUSH), is situated in Ghaziabad, U.P. TKDL acts as a
bridge between the traditional knowledge information existing in local
languages and the patent examiners at IPOs.
India's traditional medicinal knowledge exists in local languages such as
Sanskrit, Hindi, Arabic, Urdu, Tamil etc. is neither accessible nor
comprehensible for patent examiners at the international patent offices. TKDL
is an initiative to provide ancient texts (Indian Systems of Medicines i.e.,
Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Yoga) information existing in the country, into
five international languages, namely, English, Japanese, French, German and

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Spanish. As languages and format understandable by patent examiners at
International Patent Offices (IPOs), to prevent the grant of wrong patents.
Provision of Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) Access (Non-
Disclosure) Agreements with several international patent office's including
USPTO, EPO, JPO etc. by Indian Government has led to many patent
applications concerning India's traditional knowledge have either been cancelled
or withdrawn or claims have been amended in several international patent
offices. For Example, in Curcuma and Neem Cases
Case study of Curcuma (Turmeric) Patent
Turmeric is a tropical herb grown in east India. Turmeric powder is widely used
in India as a medicine, a food ingredient. For instance, it is used as a blood
purifier, in treating the common cold, and as an anti-parasitic for many skin
infections. It is also used as an essential ingredient in cooking many Indian
dishes. In 1995, the United States awarded patent on turmeric to University of
Mississippi medical center for wound healing property. The claimed subject
matter was the use of "turmeric powder and its administration", both oral as
well as topical, for wound healing. An exclusive right has been granted to sell
and distribute.
The Indian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) had objected
to the patent granted and provided documented evidences of the prior art to
USPTO(USA in European Patent Office). Though it was a well known fact that
the use of turmeric was known in every household since ages in India, it was a
herculean task to find published information on the use of turmeric powder
through oral as well as topical route for wound healing.
Due to extensive researches, 32 references were located in different languages
namely Sanskrit, Urdu and Hindi. Therefore, the USPTO, revoked the patent,
stating that the claims made in the patent were obvious and anticipated, and
agreeing that the use of turmeric was an old art of healing wounds. Therefore,
the TK that belonged to India was safeguarded in Turmeric case.
Case study of Neem Patent
The patent for Neem was first filed by W.R. Grace and the Department of
Agriculture, USA in European Patent Office. The said patent is a method of
controlling fungi on plants comprising of contacting the fungi with a Neem oil
formulation. A legal opposition has been filed by India against the grant of the
patent. The legal opposition to this patent was lodged by the New Delhi-based

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Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology (RFSTE), in co-
operation with the International Federation of Organic Agriculture
Movements (IFOAM) and Magda Aelvoet, former green Member of the
European Parliament (MEP). A tree legendary to India, from its roots to its
spreading crown, the Neem tree contains a number of potent compounds,
notably a chemical found in its seeds named azadirachtin. It is used as an
astringent in so many fields. The barks, leaves, flowers, seeds of neem tree are
used to treat a variety of diseases ranging from leprosy to diabetes, skin
disorders and ulcers.
Neem twigs are used as antiseptic tooth brushes since time immemorial. The
opponents' submitted evidence of ancient Indian ayurvedic texts that have
described the hydrophobic extracts of neem seeds were known and used for
centuries in India, both in curing dermatological diseases in humans and in
protecting agricultural plants form fungal infections. The EPO identified the
lack of novelty, inventive step and possibly form a relevant prior art and
revoked the patent. Apart from this, several US patents were recently taken out
Neem-based emulsions and solutions.
(In India, after the neem patent controversy, the need to protect the traditional
knowledge of India has gained importance. India has taken an initiative through
TKDL (Traditional Knowledge Digital Library), which helps the examiners of
Patent Offices to search for any information regarding substance or practice
while granting patents and they can dismiss the grant of patent, if the substance
or practice is already there in the TKDL list as Indian traditional knowledge).
ASSIGNMENT (UNIT 5TH
)
Q.1 What is traditional Knowledge? Why Indian Govt needed to secure it?
Q.2 What is TKDL? Write a note on TKDL.
Q.3 What happened when in 1995, the United States awarded patent on turmeric?
Q.4 Is USA get the patent on Neem? Highlight this case.
(Highlight Text have important points. Take a Print of the Document and Submit 2 to 4 page Hand
written Assignment whenever ask)
…………………… (Shmmon Ahmad)
Assistant Professor (Deptt. of Pharmacy)