This document discusses extending product lifecycles. It defines the typical stages of a product lifecycle as introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. It then discusses several ways to extend product lifecycles, including repair/upgrading, sharing platforms, product-as-a-service models, circular supplies that use renewable/recyclable materials, and resource recovery through waste reduction and closed-loop systems. The document emphasizes the importance of considering circular economy principles and lifecycle extension during early product design.

1. Module 2
Unit 2.4 Extended Product Life

2. Learning Objectives
The aim of this unit is to introduce participants to the concepts and principles of
product life-cycle, on the factors influencing the life-cycle, and on how the
product life-cycle can be extended.
Once you have completed this unit you will be able to:
Learning
objectives
• Describe the Product Life Cycle
• Identify/recognize the factors influencing the
product life-cycle
• Know the ways to extend the product life-cycle
• Elaborate case studies (based on their own
experience) on the extension of product life-cycle.
EQF Levels: This Content is mainly suitable for EQF level 5

3. Introduction
In a circular economy, the intention is to produce no waste or
pollution. Instead, products, parts and materials are used, cared
for, repaired, reused and recycled as much as possible.
This requires new and innovative business models.
The product life cycle describes the period of time over which an
item is developed, brought to market and eventually removed
from the market.

4. Product Life Cycle
The Product cycle is broken into four
stages: introduction, growth, maturity
and decline
The idea of the product life cycle is
used in marketing to decide when it is
appropriate to advertise, reduce prices,
explore new markets or create new
packaging.
Recommended Reading:
Gorchels, L – The Product Manager’s Handbook: The
Complete Product Management Resource

5. Product Life Cycle
The main stages of the product life cycle are:
• Introduction – researching, developing and then launching the product
• Growth – when sales are increasing at their fastest rate
• Maturity – sales are near their highest, but the rate of growth is slowing
down, e.g. new competitors in market or saturation
• Decline – final stage of the cycle, when sales begin to fall
For further insight see http://productlifecyclestages.com/
See the following video:
https://youtu.be/5B3Mu8dqXlE

6. Exercise
• What stages do you think the following products are in?
3D TVs
Digital Video Recorders
DVDs
Video cassettes

7. Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Understanding the life-cycle of a product
and implementing an effective product
life-cycle management is extremely
important for a successful company.
Product Life-Cycle Management is the
application of different strategies to help
meet these challenges and ensure that,
whatever stage of the cycle a product may
be going through, the manufacturer can
maximize sales and profits for their
product.

8. Product Life Cycle Management
Understanding the life-cycle of a product and implementing an effective
product life-cycle management is extremely important for a successful
company.
Product Life-Cycle Management is the application of different strategies to help
meet these challenges and ensure that, whatever stage of the cycle a product
may be going through, the manufacturer can maximize sales and profits for
their product.
To effectively manage the product life-cycle,
organisations need to have a very strong focus
on a number of key business areas:
• Development
• Financing:
• Marketing
• Manufacturing
• Information

9. Exercise
The following report provides a number of examples where companies have
recognised the product life cycle and responded to it
https://hbr.org/1965/11/exploit-the-product-life-cycle
Can you think of any companies/entrepreneurs who analysed/took these fields
into account?

10. Influencing the product life cycle
General factors
• Population income increase, acting in the sense of reducing the product life
cycle. (Together with the income increase, people are tempted to spend
more... they will change their cars, furniture, white appliances, etc. more
frequently).
• Technical and scientific development, acting in the sense of reducing the
product life cycle. (As new products appear, having better, higher
characteristics compared to the existing ones, people are willing to try them,
so they will give up the old models in favour of the new ones).

11. Influencing the product life cycle
Specific factors
• Product nature. (Certain products have a very short life cycle, subject to
trends and fashion, such as the garments, while others have a very long life
cycle, such as milk and bread).
• Assortment range size. (If the product is part of a wider assortment range,
chances are that the life cycle be shorter due to the direct competition by the
other products in the range).
• Product capacity to be assigned new uses. (If the product is assigned new
uses, chances are that its life cycle might increase).
• Legislation regarding the product. (In case a product is, for instance,
forbidden, its life cycle is reduced).
• Level of product novelty at the time of the launch. (The higher the novelty
level of the product is, the longer its life cycle will be).

12. Exercise
Which of the following factors apply to general or
specific?
Type General factors Specific factors
Product nature
Population increase
Legislation regarding the
product
Product novelty
Technical and Scientific
development
Product capacity to be
assigned new uses
Assortment
range/variety

13. Exploiting the Product Life Cycle
Products typically undergo the following stages throughout their life-cycle:
• Raw material extraction
• Product design
• Manufacturing & Assembly
• Use & Servicing
• Disposal/Recycling
Companies should ensure that the circular economy considerations are
integrated into the product design and development in the early stage design
activities, along with the problem exploration and brief development, with the
aim of improving circularity and reducing the impacts of the product or service
throughout the life-cycle.

14. Product
as a
Service
Product
Life
Extension
Sharing
Platforms
Resource
Recovery
Circular
Supplies
Exploiting the Product Life Cycle
The EU recommends/encourages design improvements that will increase the durability,
recyclability and reusability of products. The EU proposes to develop indicators in order to
assess the environmental performance throughout the product lifecycle

15. Product Life Cycle Extension
Circular supplies
Supply fully renewable recyclable, or biodegradable
resource inputs to support circular production.
At the moment, we are witnessing two inspiring
approaches for recycling, namely tackling the big waste
streams and closing the loops.
Resource Recovery (Re-using Waste)
Eliminate material leakage and maximize economic
value of product return flows
Resource recovery is a key part of making an economy
circular. There are two main ways to think about this:
Preventing Material Leakage and Creating a Closed-
Loop System
Circular
Supplies
Resource
Recovery

16. Product Life Cycle Extension
Circular supplies
Supply fully renewable recyclable, or biodegradable
resource inputs to support circular production.
At the moment, we are witnessing two inspiring
approaches for recycling, namely tackling the big waste
streams and closing the loops.
Resource Recovery (Re-using Waste)
Eliminate material leakage and maximize economic
value of product return flows
Resource recovery is a key part of making an economy
circular. There are two main ways to think about this:
Preventing Material Leakage and Creating a Closed-
Loop System
Circular
Supplies
Resource
Recovery

17. Product Life Cycle Extension
Product Life Extension
Extend the current life-cycle of a product: repairing, upgrading &
reselling. Extending the product life (keeping our stuff in use
longer) is the single best thing we can do for the planet as
individual consumers. Over time, extending the product life
through proper care and repair reduces the need for people to
buy more.
Making durable Products - Most companies make cheap
stuff that breaks and must be replaced. For this reason,
customers keep this cycle going by their constant tendency
to look for the best price. Reducing the time between
repeat purchases is supposed to generate long-term sales.
The official term for this policy is “planned obsolescence”:
planning or designing a product with an artificially limited
useful life, so it will become obsolete ─ unfashionable or no
longer functional ─ after a certain period of time.
Optimising Product Life - Making products with the longest
possible life-spans usually means using more resources to
achieve a sturdier build. If a product lifetime is longer than
the user actually needs it, these extra resources are
wasted.
The best thing to do would be to optimise the match
between the product and the user’s needs.
Products do not need to last longer than a customer will
use them.
Product
Life
Extension

18. Product Life Cycle Extension
Sharing platforms Stimulating collaboration among product
users
An interesting strategy is making better use of products by
sharing them - to make sure they are used more often and by
more people. This approach could even lead to new business
models for companies, for instance by providing products
through an online platform instead of selling them to one
person. That way, products can be used by multiple people.
Products as a service Products are used by one or many
customers by means of a lease or pay for use arrangement
One idea is to shift from offering physical products to offering
services, or a combination of the two.
Introducing a product-as-a-service approach is a very clever
circular economy strategy. This approach focuses on
switching from physical products to providing a service, and it
is therefore the best way to avoid using and recycling
materials.
Sharing
Platforms
Product
as a
Service

19. Exercise
Look at the above diagram. Can you identify which
activities are extending the product life cycle?

20. Product Life Cycle Extension
Circularity should be balanced against market, technical,
cost and other considerations. It is important to take
account of the overall circular economy objectives of the
organization (e.g. reuse, recycling, remanufacturing,
reconditioning) at the design and development phase in
order to balance the overall goals with the life extension
of products, components and materials.

21. Outline
Unit Aims
& ObjectivesProduct Life Cycle Extension
Circularity should be balanced against market, technical, cost and
other considerations. It is important to take account of the overall
circular economy objectives of the organization (e.g. reuse,
recycling, remanufacturing, reconditioning) at the design and
development phase in order to balance the overall goals with the
life extension of products, components and materials.

22. Summary
• Product life-cycle – definition & stages
• Extending the product life-cycle and its impact on the
circular economy
Key links
• European Circular Economy (http://ec.europa.eu)
• Product Life Cycle Stages (http://productlifecyclestages.com)
• Harvard Business Report- Exploit the Product Life Cycle (https://hbr.org/1965/11/exploit-the-product-life-cycle)
• Product life extension (www.pre-sustainability.com)
• The circular economy (https://youtu.be/R56o2g2TO1I)