The document discusses concepts related to stress, coping, and adaptations. It defines stress as the body's response to a stressor or threatening stimulus. It describes the origins of stressors, the general adaptation syndrome involving alarm, resistance, and exhaustion phases, and different types of coping strategies like social support, exercise, and meditation. It also discusses human sexuality and the sexual response cycle, as well as common sexual disorders. Finally, it covers concepts about pain including its characterization, physiology, pathways, and assessment using scales.
this is about the stress management means to control the stress. it is the practical and experimental topic this describes about the techniques of stress control.
This document discusses stress, coping with stress, and the impacts of stress. It defines stress and different types of stressors, including daily hassles, personal events, and disasters. Prolonged or severe stress can negatively impact physical and mental health through increased hormone secretion and susceptibility to disease. It also describes the general adaptation syndrome model of the body's three stage response to stressors - alarm, resistance, and eventual exhaustion if the stressor continues long-term without adequate coping.
This document provides an overview of stress, including definitions of stress, stressors, and the two types of stress - distress and eustress. It discusses common stressors for college undergraduates and daily hassles. Social factors of stress like poverty, job stress, and culture are examined. The concepts of burnout, acculturative stress, pressure, and frustrations are defined. The general adaptation syndrome and the autonomic nervous system are described. The document also explores how stress can impact health by affecting the immune system and potentially causing cancer, and defines acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Stress and crisis can negatively impact physical and mental health. Stress is a normal reaction to demands placed on the body and is influenced by environmental, psychological, and social factors. It becomes a problem when demands exceed one's ability to cope. A crisis occurs when usual coping mechanisms are no longer effective, resulting in temporary inability to function normally. To reduce stress, it is important to exercise, maintain a balanced lifestyle, practice relaxation techniques, and seek social support.
1) The document discusses stress, its causes and effects on the body and psychological well-being. It focuses on understanding stress and its early management among cadets and seafarers.
2) Stress occurs when external and internal demands exceed one's ability to cope. It affects the body's cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine and gastrointestinal systems. Chronic stress can lead to illnesses.
3) Signs of stress include fatigue, headaches, sleep issues, irritability and changes in appetite, heart rate, and behavior. The document discusses individual coping styles and managing stress onboard ships.
The document discusses stress, including its physical and psychological effects. It describes how the nervous and endocrine systems work together to trigger the fight-or-flight response. Common sources of stress are discussed, such as major life changes, daily hassles, and job-related stress. The document provides strategies for managing stress, such as cultivating social support, regular exercise, time management, mindfulness, and seeking help if needed. Unhealthy coping mechanisms like substance abuse are also addressed.
Aging is a natural process that occurs gradually over time and involves changes in biological, psychological, and social domains. Biologically, aging is associated with declines in cognitive abilities like processing speed and working memory due to changes in the brain and decreases in immune function. The heart and blood vessels also undergo structural and functional changes with aging like thickening of arteries and a slower heart rate. While aging impacts many systems and abilities, there is significant variability between individuals.
this is about the stress management means to control the stress. it is the practical and experimental topic this describes about the techniques of stress control.
This document discusses stress, coping with stress, and the impacts of stress. It defines stress and different types of stressors, including daily hassles, personal events, and disasters. Prolonged or severe stress can negatively impact physical and mental health through increased hormone secretion and susceptibility to disease. It also describes the general adaptation syndrome model of the body's three stage response to stressors - alarm, resistance, and eventual exhaustion if the stressor continues long-term without adequate coping.
This document provides an overview of stress, including definitions of stress, stressors, and the two types of stress - distress and eustress. It discusses common stressors for college undergraduates and daily hassles. Social factors of stress like poverty, job stress, and culture are examined. The concepts of burnout, acculturative stress, pressure, and frustrations are defined. The general adaptation syndrome and the autonomic nervous system are described. The document also explores how stress can impact health by affecting the immune system and potentially causing cancer, and defines acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Stress and crisis can negatively impact physical and mental health. Stress is a normal reaction to demands placed on the body and is influenced by environmental, psychological, and social factors. It becomes a problem when demands exceed one's ability to cope. A crisis occurs when usual coping mechanisms are no longer effective, resulting in temporary inability to function normally. To reduce stress, it is important to exercise, maintain a balanced lifestyle, practice relaxation techniques, and seek social support.
1) The document discusses stress, its causes and effects on the body and psychological well-being. It focuses on understanding stress and its early management among cadets and seafarers.
2) Stress occurs when external and internal demands exceed one's ability to cope. It affects the body's cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine and gastrointestinal systems. Chronic stress can lead to illnesses.
3) Signs of stress include fatigue, headaches, sleep issues, irritability and changes in appetite, heart rate, and behavior. The document discusses individual coping styles and managing stress onboard ships.
The document discusses stress, including its physical and psychological effects. It describes how the nervous and endocrine systems work together to trigger the fight-or-flight response. Common sources of stress are discussed, such as major life changes, daily hassles, and job-related stress. The document provides strategies for managing stress, such as cultivating social support, regular exercise, time management, mindfulness, and seeking help if needed. Unhealthy coping mechanisms like substance abuse are also addressed.
Aging is a natural process that occurs gradually over time and involves changes in biological, psychological, and social domains. Biologically, aging is associated with declines in cognitive abilities like processing speed and working memory due to changes in the brain and decreases in immune function. The heart and blood vessels also undergo structural and functional changes with aging like thickening of arteries and a slower heart rate. While aging impacts many systems and abilities, there is significant variability between individuals.
Stress can be defined as the body's nonspecific response to any demand placed upon it. There are two main types of stress - eustress, which is good stress that motivates, and distress, which is harmful stress. Stressors are stimuli that cause stress responses. Adaptation is the process by which organisms or species change to accommodate their environment. Adjustment involves an individual's adaptive responses to environmental demands while maintaining harmony. Cognitive appraisal of stress involves primary appraisal of an event's threat and secondary appraisal of one's ability to cope. Stress can produce physiological, emotional, behavioral, and cognitive reactions. Factors like past experiences, perceived control, and social support influence stress levels.
This document provides an overview of a training course on minute taking and report writing skills. The course objectives include organizing meetings, documenting proceedings, writing effective reports, developing a professional writing process, structuring reports, writing persuasively for the audience, setting objectives for business documents, and determining appropriate media for documentation. The document also covers stress management, identifying and managing stressors, relaxation techniques, and addressing the causes of stress.
This document provides an overview of a training course on minute taking and report writing skills. The course objectives include organizing meetings, documenting proceedings, writing effective reports, developing a professional writing process, structuring reports in a step-by-step format, writing persuasively for the audience, setting objectives for business documents, writing from the reader's perspective, and choosing appropriate media for documentation. The document also covers stress management, identifying and managing stressors, and relaxation techniques for addressing stress symptoms in the short term such as breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation, massage, and exercise.
This document summarizes a seminar on stress and its management. It defines stress, discusses the body's stress response and stages of adaptation, and models of stress including as a biological response, environmental event, and transaction between person and environment. Causes of stress like catastrophes, major life changes, and daily hassles are explained. Symptoms, effects on health, and the nursing process for managing stress are outlined. A variety of stress management techniques are proposed, including relaxation, exercise, social support, and maintaining a positive outlook. The presentation emphasizes the importance of balancing stress levels for optimal performance and health.
The document discusses bio-psychosocial concepts related to health including the bio-psychosocial model, adult development theories, stress, coping, and pain. It defines the bio-psychosocial model, explains its three components (biological, psychological, social), and how it is used to understand chronic pain. It also outlines developmental stages from infancy to older adulthood and discusses physical, cognitive, and emotional changes. Stress is defined and the stages of the stress response are explained along with causes, signs and symptoms, and stress management techniques. Coping strategies and their role in adapting to stress are also covered.
Stress results from a change in the environment that is perceived as a challenge, a threat, or a danger and can have both positive and negative effects.
Stress refers to the body's nonspecific response to any demand placed upon it. There are two main types of stress - eustress, which is good stress that motivates, and distress, which is harmful stress. Stressors are stimuli that cause stress responses. Adaptation is the process by which organisms or species change to accommodate their environment. Adjustment involves an individual's adaptive responses to environmental demands while maintaining harmony. Cognitive appraisal of stress involves primary appraisal of an event's threat and secondary appraisal of one's ability to cope. Stress can produce physiological, emotional, behavioral, and cognitive reactions. Factors like past experiences, perceived control, and social support influence stress responses.
Aging is the study of life changes that occur as one grows older across biological, psychological, social, legal, and functional domains. Common aging changes include declines in processing speed and working memory, sensory and perceptual changes, and changes in brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, muscles, bones and skin. The immune system also declines with age, making older adults more susceptible to infection. Overall, aging results from both primary aging due to genetic factors and secondary aging due to environmental influences and disease.
This document discusses the developmental tasks and challenges of early, middle, and late adulthood. In early adulthood, the key tasks include selecting a mate, starting a family, managing a home, and establishing an occupation. Physical strength peaks during this period. In middle adulthood, tasks involve accepting physical changes, taking on civic duties, and supporting aging parents and adult children. Physical decline and health issues often emerge. In late adulthood, adjusting to retirement, declining health, and the death of a spouse are important tasks. Physical and cognitive abilities continue declining with age. The document also outlines theories of successful aging and common concerns like the empty nest syndrome.
This document discusses geropsychiatry and related topics. It defines geropsychiatry as a subspecialty of psychiatry dealing with mental health and illness in older adults. It also defines related terms like geriatrics, gerontology, and gerontics. It discusses theories of aging including biological theories focusing on genetic and cellular changes, and psychosocial theories examining social and psychological factors. Finally, it outlines techniques for effective communication with older adults.
This document provides information about stress, its causes, effects, and management. It discusses how stress is the body's reaction to any demand placed upon it and can be caused by external stressors or internal stressors like negative thinking patterns. prolonged stress can lead to health issues like ulcers, asthma, high blood pressure, and heart disease. It suggests managing stress through prioritizing tasks, not making money the top priority, finding time for exercise and rest, and developing a mindset of knowing "this too shall pass." Stress management is important for maintaining health and well-being.
Stress is defined as a mental, physical, or emotional strain caused by demands exceeding an individual's ability to cope. It can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) and is influenced by stressors in the environment. Common stress management techniques include exercise, relaxation, breathing exercises, and talking to others to reduce feelings of being overwhelmed and improve health and functioning.
This document discusses stress, its effects on health, and strategies for managing stress. It defines stress and describes the two main stress responses: the short-term fight-or-flight response and the long-term general adaptation syndrome. Prolonged or chronic stress can negatively impact physical and mental health by increasing risks of illnesses like heart disease, suppressing the immune system, and potentially intensifying medical conditions. While stress hormones can boost short-term performance, constant stress typically harms work and social functioning. The document recommends time management, prioritization, exercise, relaxation, and seeking social support to help reduce stress.
A detailed presentation covering in-depth details of Stress and Stress Management Techniques.
A very useful for educational institutions and corporate organizations.
Conflict, Stress, and Coping Derby.pptxSalem Derby
The document discusses the concept of stress, including its definition, types, causes, and effects. It describes stress as the body's response to demands placed on it and the physiological effects of stress hormones like cortisol. Prolonged activation of the stress response can lead to chronic stress, which is linked to negative health outcomes. Perceptions of control, optimism, and self-esteem can impact how much a person is affected by stress.
‘Stress is a condition or a feeling experienced when a person believes s/he doesn’t have the capacity to cope with the demands being placed upon them in a certain situation.
Stress is a normal part of life that can either help us learn and grow or can cause us significant problems.
If we don't take action, the stress response can create or worsen health problems.
Prolonged, uninterrupted, unexpected, and unmanageable stresses are the most damaging types of stress.
Is stress inevitable?stress is not always an inevitable consequence of an event, as it depends a lot on a person’s perceptions of a situation and their ability to cope with it
Although stress is usually viewed as a negative experience, it can actually create both positive and negative feelings
From a biological point of view, stress can be a neutral, negative, or positive experience.
stress is related to both external and internal factors.
TYPES OF STRESS
Stress management can be complicated and confusing because there are different types of stress i.e. acute stress, episodic acute stress, and chronic stress ; each with its own characteristics, symptoms, duration, and treatment approaches.
Acute Stress:
Acute stress is the most common form of stress. It comes from demands and pressures of the recent past and anticipated demands and pressures of the near future. Acute stress is thrilling and exciting in small doses, but too much is exhausting.
Common symptoms of acute stress:
Emotional distress of some combination of anger or irritability, anxiety, and depression, the three stress emotions;
muscular problems including tension headache, back pain, jaw pain, and the muscular tensions that lead to pulled muscles and tendon and ligament problems
stomach, gut and bowel problems such as heartburn, acid stomach, flatulence, diarrhea, constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome;
transient over arousal leads to elevation in blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, sweaty palms, heart palpitations, dizziness, migraine headaches, cold hands or feet, shortness of breath, and chest pain.
Note: Acute stress can crop up in anyone's life, and it is highly treatable and manageable.
Episodic Acute Stress:
The symptoms of episodic acute stress are the symptoms of extended over arousal: persistent tension headaches, migraines, hypertension, chest pain, and heart disease. Treating episodic acute stress requires intervention on a number of levels, generally requiring professional help, which may take many months.
Chronic Stress:
While acute stress can be thrilling and exciting, chronic stress is not. This is the grinding stress that wears people away day after day, year after year. Chronic stress destroys bodies, minds and lives. It wreaks havoc through long-term attrition.
EXTERNAL FACTORS
Physical environment including:
your job,
your relationships with others,
your home, and
All the situations including:
challenges,
difficulties, and
expectations you're confronted with on a daily basis.
This document discusses stress, models of stress, and coping. It defines stress as a negative experience that results in biological, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes. It describes several models of stress including Seyle's general adaptation syndrome model, which outlines the stages of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion in response to stressors. It also discusses Lazarus and Folkman's transactional model of stress, which emphasizes cognitive appraisal processes. Finally, it defines coping as efforts to manage internal and external demands, and discusses how personality traits like negative affectivity and explanatory style can influence stress responses and health outcomes, while traits like hardiness may promote better coping.
This document provides an overview of stress management for lawyers. It discusses how the legal profession is highly stressful, with long hours and an adversarial nature contributing to high rates of burnout, substance abuse, and suicide. Stress arises from both job demands and a lawyer's tendency towards perfectionism. Chronic stress can impair health and cause burnout in three stages: arousal, energy conservation, and exhaustion. Effective stress management requires understanding stress responses, building resilience through social support and self-care, and getting help through counseling or substance abuse programs when needed. The legal profession aims to promote justice, and lawyers can view their work as a healing profession through alternative dispute resolution and a holistic approach.
This document discusses sources and effects of stress. It identifies four major categories of stressors: physiological, psychological, socio-cultural, and environmental. There are also three major categories of stress - daily life hassles, major life events, and internal stressors. Major life events like health issues, death, or job changes can require significant adjustments. Internal stressors include lifestyle choices, negative thinking, unrealistic expectations, and certain personality traits. Both positive and negative effects of stress are discussed, as well as irrational beliefs that can lead to increased stress, such as demanding perfection from oneself or others.
This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. It defines and classifies the different types including chronic hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and gestational hypertension. Preeclampsia is characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Eclampsia involves preeclampsia with superimposed convulsions. The document outlines protocols for prevention and management including use of magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures and antihypertensive drugs if diastolic blood pressure is over 110. Close monitoring is important due to risks of magnesium sulfate therapy. Timely delivery is often needed to resolve severe preeclampsia or eclampsia.
4. Long term FP methods family planning useGalassaAbdi
Long-term family planning methods discussed in the document include implants, IUDs, and permanent methods. Implants are matchstick-sized rods or capsules placed under the skin that provide highly effective contraception for 3-5 years. IUDs are T-shaped devices placed in the uterus that are among the most effective reversible methods. Permanent methods involve sterilization procedures like bilateral tubal ligation for females or vasectomy for males that block the fallopian tubes or vas deferens, respectively, to provide lifelong contraceptive protection.
Stress can be defined as the body's nonspecific response to any demand placed upon it. There are two main types of stress - eustress, which is good stress that motivates, and distress, which is harmful stress. Stressors are stimuli that cause stress responses. Adaptation is the process by which organisms or species change to accommodate their environment. Adjustment involves an individual's adaptive responses to environmental demands while maintaining harmony. Cognitive appraisal of stress involves primary appraisal of an event's threat and secondary appraisal of one's ability to cope. Stress can produce physiological, emotional, behavioral, and cognitive reactions. Factors like past experiences, perceived control, and social support influence stress levels.
This document provides an overview of a training course on minute taking and report writing skills. The course objectives include organizing meetings, documenting proceedings, writing effective reports, developing a professional writing process, structuring reports, writing persuasively for the audience, setting objectives for business documents, and determining appropriate media for documentation. The document also covers stress management, identifying and managing stressors, relaxation techniques, and addressing the causes of stress.
This document provides an overview of a training course on minute taking and report writing skills. The course objectives include organizing meetings, documenting proceedings, writing effective reports, developing a professional writing process, structuring reports in a step-by-step format, writing persuasively for the audience, setting objectives for business documents, writing from the reader's perspective, and choosing appropriate media for documentation. The document also covers stress management, identifying and managing stressors, and relaxation techniques for addressing stress symptoms in the short term such as breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation, massage, and exercise.
This document summarizes a seminar on stress and its management. It defines stress, discusses the body's stress response and stages of adaptation, and models of stress including as a biological response, environmental event, and transaction between person and environment. Causes of stress like catastrophes, major life changes, and daily hassles are explained. Symptoms, effects on health, and the nursing process for managing stress are outlined. A variety of stress management techniques are proposed, including relaxation, exercise, social support, and maintaining a positive outlook. The presentation emphasizes the importance of balancing stress levels for optimal performance and health.
The document discusses bio-psychosocial concepts related to health including the bio-psychosocial model, adult development theories, stress, coping, and pain. It defines the bio-psychosocial model, explains its three components (biological, psychological, social), and how it is used to understand chronic pain. It also outlines developmental stages from infancy to older adulthood and discusses physical, cognitive, and emotional changes. Stress is defined and the stages of the stress response are explained along with causes, signs and symptoms, and stress management techniques. Coping strategies and their role in adapting to stress are also covered.
Stress results from a change in the environment that is perceived as a challenge, a threat, or a danger and can have both positive and negative effects.
Stress refers to the body's nonspecific response to any demand placed upon it. There are two main types of stress - eustress, which is good stress that motivates, and distress, which is harmful stress. Stressors are stimuli that cause stress responses. Adaptation is the process by which organisms or species change to accommodate their environment. Adjustment involves an individual's adaptive responses to environmental demands while maintaining harmony. Cognitive appraisal of stress involves primary appraisal of an event's threat and secondary appraisal of one's ability to cope. Stress can produce physiological, emotional, behavioral, and cognitive reactions. Factors like past experiences, perceived control, and social support influence stress responses.
Aging is the study of life changes that occur as one grows older across biological, psychological, social, legal, and functional domains. Common aging changes include declines in processing speed and working memory, sensory and perceptual changes, and changes in brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, muscles, bones and skin. The immune system also declines with age, making older adults more susceptible to infection. Overall, aging results from both primary aging due to genetic factors and secondary aging due to environmental influences and disease.
This document discusses the developmental tasks and challenges of early, middle, and late adulthood. In early adulthood, the key tasks include selecting a mate, starting a family, managing a home, and establishing an occupation. Physical strength peaks during this period. In middle adulthood, tasks involve accepting physical changes, taking on civic duties, and supporting aging parents and adult children. Physical decline and health issues often emerge. In late adulthood, adjusting to retirement, declining health, and the death of a spouse are important tasks. Physical and cognitive abilities continue declining with age. The document also outlines theories of successful aging and common concerns like the empty nest syndrome.
This document discusses geropsychiatry and related topics. It defines geropsychiatry as a subspecialty of psychiatry dealing with mental health and illness in older adults. It also defines related terms like geriatrics, gerontology, and gerontics. It discusses theories of aging including biological theories focusing on genetic and cellular changes, and psychosocial theories examining social and psychological factors. Finally, it outlines techniques for effective communication with older adults.
This document provides information about stress, its causes, effects, and management. It discusses how stress is the body's reaction to any demand placed upon it and can be caused by external stressors or internal stressors like negative thinking patterns. prolonged stress can lead to health issues like ulcers, asthma, high blood pressure, and heart disease. It suggests managing stress through prioritizing tasks, not making money the top priority, finding time for exercise and rest, and developing a mindset of knowing "this too shall pass." Stress management is important for maintaining health and well-being.
Stress is defined as a mental, physical, or emotional strain caused by demands exceeding an individual's ability to cope. It can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) and is influenced by stressors in the environment. Common stress management techniques include exercise, relaxation, breathing exercises, and talking to others to reduce feelings of being overwhelmed and improve health and functioning.
This document discusses stress, its effects on health, and strategies for managing stress. It defines stress and describes the two main stress responses: the short-term fight-or-flight response and the long-term general adaptation syndrome. Prolonged or chronic stress can negatively impact physical and mental health by increasing risks of illnesses like heart disease, suppressing the immune system, and potentially intensifying medical conditions. While stress hormones can boost short-term performance, constant stress typically harms work and social functioning. The document recommends time management, prioritization, exercise, relaxation, and seeking social support to help reduce stress.
A detailed presentation covering in-depth details of Stress and Stress Management Techniques.
A very useful for educational institutions and corporate organizations.
Conflict, Stress, and Coping Derby.pptxSalem Derby
The document discusses the concept of stress, including its definition, types, causes, and effects. It describes stress as the body's response to demands placed on it and the physiological effects of stress hormones like cortisol. Prolonged activation of the stress response can lead to chronic stress, which is linked to negative health outcomes. Perceptions of control, optimism, and self-esteem can impact how much a person is affected by stress.
‘Stress is a condition or a feeling experienced when a person believes s/he doesn’t have the capacity to cope with the demands being placed upon them in a certain situation.
Stress is a normal part of life that can either help us learn and grow or can cause us significant problems.
If we don't take action, the stress response can create or worsen health problems.
Prolonged, uninterrupted, unexpected, and unmanageable stresses are the most damaging types of stress.
Is stress inevitable?stress is not always an inevitable consequence of an event, as it depends a lot on a person’s perceptions of a situation and their ability to cope with it
Although stress is usually viewed as a negative experience, it can actually create both positive and negative feelings
From a biological point of view, stress can be a neutral, negative, or positive experience.
stress is related to both external and internal factors.
TYPES OF STRESS
Stress management can be complicated and confusing because there are different types of stress i.e. acute stress, episodic acute stress, and chronic stress ; each with its own characteristics, symptoms, duration, and treatment approaches.
Acute Stress:
Acute stress is the most common form of stress. It comes from demands and pressures of the recent past and anticipated demands and pressures of the near future. Acute stress is thrilling and exciting in small doses, but too much is exhausting.
Common symptoms of acute stress:
Emotional distress of some combination of anger or irritability, anxiety, and depression, the three stress emotions;
muscular problems including tension headache, back pain, jaw pain, and the muscular tensions that lead to pulled muscles and tendon and ligament problems
stomach, gut and bowel problems such as heartburn, acid stomach, flatulence, diarrhea, constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome;
transient over arousal leads to elevation in blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, sweaty palms, heart palpitations, dizziness, migraine headaches, cold hands or feet, shortness of breath, and chest pain.
Note: Acute stress can crop up in anyone's life, and it is highly treatable and manageable.
Episodic Acute Stress:
The symptoms of episodic acute stress are the symptoms of extended over arousal: persistent tension headaches, migraines, hypertension, chest pain, and heart disease. Treating episodic acute stress requires intervention on a number of levels, generally requiring professional help, which may take many months.
Chronic Stress:
While acute stress can be thrilling and exciting, chronic stress is not. This is the grinding stress that wears people away day after day, year after year. Chronic stress destroys bodies, minds and lives. It wreaks havoc through long-term attrition.
EXTERNAL FACTORS
Physical environment including:
your job,
your relationships with others,
your home, and
All the situations including:
challenges,
difficulties, and
expectations you're confronted with on a daily basis.
This document discusses stress, models of stress, and coping. It defines stress as a negative experience that results in biological, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes. It describes several models of stress including Seyle's general adaptation syndrome model, which outlines the stages of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion in response to stressors. It also discusses Lazarus and Folkman's transactional model of stress, which emphasizes cognitive appraisal processes. Finally, it defines coping as efforts to manage internal and external demands, and discusses how personality traits like negative affectivity and explanatory style can influence stress responses and health outcomes, while traits like hardiness may promote better coping.
This document provides an overview of stress management for lawyers. It discusses how the legal profession is highly stressful, with long hours and an adversarial nature contributing to high rates of burnout, substance abuse, and suicide. Stress arises from both job demands and a lawyer's tendency towards perfectionism. Chronic stress can impair health and cause burnout in three stages: arousal, energy conservation, and exhaustion. Effective stress management requires understanding stress responses, building resilience through social support and self-care, and getting help through counseling or substance abuse programs when needed. The legal profession aims to promote justice, and lawyers can view their work as a healing profession through alternative dispute resolution and a holistic approach.
This document discusses sources and effects of stress. It identifies four major categories of stressors: physiological, psychological, socio-cultural, and environmental. There are also three major categories of stress - daily life hassles, major life events, and internal stressors. Major life events like health issues, death, or job changes can require significant adjustments. Internal stressors include lifestyle choices, negative thinking, unrealistic expectations, and certain personality traits. Both positive and negative effects of stress are discussed, as well as irrational beliefs that can lead to increased stress, such as demanding perfection from oneself or others.
This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. It defines and classifies the different types including chronic hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and gestational hypertension. Preeclampsia is characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Eclampsia involves preeclampsia with superimposed convulsions. The document outlines protocols for prevention and management including use of magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures and antihypertensive drugs if diastolic blood pressure is over 110. Close monitoring is important due to risks of magnesium sulfate therapy. Timely delivery is often needed to resolve severe preeclampsia or eclampsia.
4. Long term FP methods family planning useGalassaAbdi
Long-term family planning methods discussed in the document include implants, IUDs, and permanent methods. Implants are matchstick-sized rods or capsules placed under the skin that provide highly effective contraception for 3-5 years. IUDs are T-shaped devices placed in the uterus that are among the most effective reversible methods. Permanent methods involve sterilization procedures like bilateral tubal ligation for females or vasectomy for males that block the fallopian tubes or vas deferens, respectively, to provide lifelong contraceptive protection.
1. Introduction to Family planning methodGalassaAbdi
This document provides an introduction to family planning in Ethiopia. It defines family planning and describes the components of family planning services. It identifies the contraceptive methods available in Ethiopia, including natural methods, barrier methods, hormonal methods, implants, IUDs, sterilization procedures, and discusses updates to contraceptive technology. Key statistics are presented on Ethiopia's population growth, total fertility rate, contraceptive use, unmet need, and maternal and child health indicators. Progress is noted in increasing contraceptive prevalence and decreasing unmet need from 2000 to 2011.
History of Ethiopia and the Horn Common Course (2).pptxGalassaAbdi
This document provides an overview of a course on the history of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. The course is designed for Ethiopian students in higher education and covers the history of the region from ancient times to 1995. It is divided into seven units that examine major social, cultural, economic and political developments. The objectives of the course are for students to understand the diverse histories of the peoples in the region and how interactions between groups and with outside influences shaped the history. Specific topics that will be covered are outlined for each of the seven units.
2. Natural FP methods.ppt natural family plansGalassaAbdi
Natural family planning methods include fertility awareness methods like the rhythm method and standard days method, as well as symptom-based methods like the cervical mucus method and basal body temperature method. Withdrawal and lactational amenorrhea are also natural family planning approaches. These methods work to identify the fertile window in a woman's menstrual cycle and either abstain from sex or use protection during that time to prevent pregnancy without health risks or side effects.
This document discusses the management of menopause. It defines climacteric as the transition to menopause, while menopause is defined as the final menstrual period, occurring on average at age 51. Symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness. Management involves lifestyle changes, hormone replacement therapy, and preventing long-term issues like osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Hormone replacement therapy can relieve menopausal symptoms but also has risks, so is generally recommended for short-term use.
Global trade trade About globalization and its classifiedGalassaAbdi
This document discusses globalization and regionalism. It defines globalization as a multidimensional process characterized by increasing interconnectedness across borders in economic, political, social, and technological areas. The document outlines three perspectives on globalization: hyper-globalists see it as making states obsolete; skeptics believe states still regulate economies and globalization is uneven; and transformationalists believe it is reshaping state power and authority. The document also lists pros and cons of globalization, such as innovation but also the globalization of risks.
History of Ethiopia and the Horn Common Course (2).pptxGalassaAbdi
This document provides an overview of a university course on the history of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. The course is designed as a common course for Ethiopian students and covers the region's history from ancient times to 1995. It is divided into seven units that examine major social, cultural, economic and political developments. The course objectives are to introduce students to the diverse histories of the region and how interactions between peoples shaped its development. Specific topics that will be covered include human evolution, ancient states, religious processes, and internal and external relations from the 19th to 20th centuries.
The document provides information about the musculoskeletal system, which is composed of three subsystems: the skeletal system, articular system, and muscular system. It describes the anatomy and functions of the bones, joints, and muscles that make up the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder, pelvis, upper and lower limbs). The skeletal system provides structure, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation. Typical bones have projections like processes and depressions like foramina that serve attachment and passage functions.
This document provides an overview of personality disorders, including their definition, classification, causes, and treatment. It discusses the main personality disorder clusters (A, B, and C), describing the key features of disorders within each cluster such as paranoid, schizoid, borderline, narcissistic, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. The document also covers the genetic and environmental factors involved in the development of these conditions, their prevalence rates, and challenges with treatment, which typically involves supportive psychotherapy rather than a focus on past issues. Pharmacological interventions may help specific symptoms but are generally not effective as a standalone treatment.
The document discusses various types of birth trauma including head injuries like cephalohematoma and subgaleal hemorrhage, brachial plexus injuries like Erb's palsy, bone fractures, and intra-abdominal injuries. It describes the risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of each type of birth trauma. Subgaleal hemorrhage is identified as the most severe form requiring strict monitoring for shock and anemia and proper treatment.
4. Nutritional disorders in children by ayichew A..pptGalassaAbdi
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3. STRESS
• A stressor is any agent or stimulus that poses a real or
potential threat to homeostasis.
• Stress is the internal state of the person as he or she
responds to the stressor.
• Stress is how we feel when we are worried
• A successful response to the stressor is termed as
adaptation.
Synonyms(anther names) of stress:-
– Pressure
– Tension
– Anxiety
– Worry
– Distress
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4. Origins of Stressors
• Stressors are found in all aspects of life.
• They may originate
Internally (psychological or physical in nature)
Externally (environmental, social)
• They all have in common is their potential to disturb
homeostasis.
4
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5. Cont’d
• The situation itself is not the stress but rather, our
reaction to the situation causes the stress
• Situation/Events which cause us stress are referred to
as stressors
• What may cause one stress may be excitement to
another
• “People are disturbed not by the things that happen to
them but by their interpretation of those things.”
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6. Cont’d
• Two people may experience the same thing but their
reactions to it will be different. The intensity of stress
depends on:
»the event involved
»our reaction to the event
»the importance of the event to us.
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7. Cont’d
The physiology of stress:-
• Fight or flight response:- the body’s mechanism for
marshalling energy in case of emergency.
• During emergencies:-
Blood pressure goes up
Breathing goes up.
Heart rate pulse goes up.
Sweating increases.
Blood rushes to parts that need it most (face,
arms, legs etc).
Adrenaline is secreted into the blood.
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8. Cont’d
What causes stress ?
• This differs from person to person, but anything that
makes us worry and tense up is a stressor
• An event will be more stressful if it:
is unpredictable
involves a lot of pressure
speeding pace of work/activity
meeting deadlines
working at maximum capacity for a long time (hrs)
unfamiliar.
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9. Cont’d
Work related stressor
• Degree of Participation in:
• decision-making process
• consultations on issues affecting the
organisation
• establishing rules of behaviour at work
• Role Problems:
• role overload
• role insufficiency
• role ambiguity
• role conflict
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10. Cont’d
Type A vs Type B Personalities
Type A personality
• Philosophy- There is a lot to do but very little time to do it.
Hard-driving individuals: pushing themselves above human
limits.
• Always in a hurry. Eat pretty fast; often standing.
• Very competitive; set themselves very unrealistic goals.
• Hostile, irritable and impatient.
Type B personality
Less competitive
Easy going
Less hurried
More friendly
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11. Cont’d
Stress and Health
About 50% of cases reported at hospitals are stress
related.
Hypertension
Ulcers - stomach and mouth.
Asthma and other lung problems
Migraine headaches
Stroke
Heart diseases
Diseases of the arteries
Insomnia
Pre- mature gray hair
Pre- mature hair loss
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12. The General Adaptation Syndrome
• Hans Selye developed a theory of adaptation that
profoundly influenced the scientific study of stress
• Experimenting with animals, first described a syndrome
consisting of.
• Enlargement of the adrenal cortex
• Shrinkage of the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and other
lymphatic structures
• Deep bleeding ulcers in the stomach and duodenum
• He identified this as a nonspecific response to diverse,
noxious stimuli
• From this beginning, he developed a theory of
adaptation to biologic stress that he named the general
adaptation syndrome
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13. Phases of the general adaptation syndrome
• The general adaptation syndrome has three phases:
– Alarm
– Resistance and
– Exhaustion
• During the alarm phase:-
• The sympathetic “fight-or-flight” response is activated
with release of catecholamines and
• The onset of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
induces adrenal cortical response
• The alarm reaction is defensive and anti-inflammatory
but self-limited
• Because living in a continuous state of alarm ,would result in
death, the person moves into the second stage ” resistance”
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14. Cont’d
• During the resistance stage.
• Adaptation to the noxious stressor occurs, and cortisol
activity is still increased
• If exposure to the stressor is prolonged, exhaustion sets in
and endocrine activity increases.
• During exhaustion
• The increased endocrine activity produces deleterious
effects on the body systems (especially the circulatory,
digestive, and immune systems) that can lead to death
• Stages one and two of this syndrome are repeated, in
different degrees, throughout life as the person encounters
stressors
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15. Coping Stress
Lazarus & Folkman (1984)
• Propose that the interpretation of stressful events is
more important than the events themselves
• It is neither the environmental event nor the person’s
response that defines stress, but it is the individual’s
perception of the psychological situation that
defines stress
• Stress is a function of the person’s feeling of threat,
vulnerability, and ability to cope rather than a
function of the stressor
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16. Cont’d
• Problem solving
• Social support
• Vacations
• Meditation
• Mental relaxation
• Physical exercise & relaxation
• Time management
• Relationship management
• Sleep well
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17. Cont’d
Social support: there is a saying that: “a friend in need is
a friend in deed” Good friends becomes highly
supportive during the time of stress crisis
• Sharing fears, frustrations and joys with trusted friends
makes life richer and contribute to the well-being of
the body and mind
• Have a network of people at home, at work and in the
community on whom you can rely for emotional
support
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18. Cont’d
Plan in your life in advance
• Accept unexpected difficulties in life. It is better to
project events in life and plan to confront them when
they occur
• Many times people creates situation which induce
stress because they either didn’t plan or they did bad
job of planning
• If you plan ahead and properly utilized the resource
on given time the chance of getting stress is less
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19. Cont’d
Physiological fitness
• There is evidence to suggest that individual who
exercise, so strengthen their endurance and
cardiovascular system are much less likely to suffer
from certain types of stress related illness.
• There is a correlation between physical fitness and
stress
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20. Cont’d
Meditation
• Meditation involves concentration of mind away from
stress producing area
• The place of meditation should be such that, the
mediator is not disturbed from any outside forces
such as telephone, children, or visitors
• The basic idea is to block extraneous and distracting
thoughts from one’s mind
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21. Human Sexuality
• Human sexuality is characterized by physical, social,
psychological and spiritual attributes that are
associated with one's gender.
• Sexuality is expressed in terms of physical structure,
physiologic functioning, attitudes and values,
knowledge and behavior that results from inherited
characteristics and social learning.
• The relationship among these factors comprises the
status of an individual's sexual health.
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23. The Sexual Response Cycle
The sexual response cycle has four phases:
– Excitement
– Plateau
– orgasm
– and resolution.
• although both men and women experience these
phases, the timing usually is different.
• For example, it is unlikely that both partners will reach
orgasm at the same time. In addition, the intensity of
the response and the time spent in each phase varies
from person to person
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24. The Sexual Response Cycle
Phase 1: Excitement
General characteristics include:-
• Muscle tension increases.
• Heart rate quickens and breathing is
accelerated.
• Skin may become flushed
• Nipples become hardened or erect.
• Blood flow to the genitals increases,
resulting in swelling of the woman's
clitoris and labia minora, and erection
of the man's penis.
• Vaginal lubrication begins.
• vaginal walls begin to swell.
• The man's testicles swell, his scrotum
tightens, and he begins secreting a
lubricating liquid.
Phase 2: Plateau
General characteristics include:
• The phase 1 are intensified.
• The vagina continues to swell from
increased blood flow, and the vaginal
walls turn a dark purple.
• The woman's clitoris becomes highly
sensitive (may even be painful to
touch)
• The man's testicles tighten.
• Breathing, heart rate, and blood
pressure continue to increase.
• Muscle spasms may begin in the feet,
face, and hands.
• Muscle tension increases.
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25. The Sexual Response Cycle…
Phase 3: Orgasm
The orgasm is the climax of the sexual
response cycle and the shortest.
General characteristics include:
• Involuntary muscle contractions
• Blood pressure, heart rate, and
breathing are at their highest rates,
with a rapid intake of oxygen.
• There is a sudden, forceful release of
sexual tension.
• In women, the muscles of the vagina
contract.
• The uterus also undergoes rhythmic
contractions.
• In men, rhythmic contractions of the
muscles at the base of the penis result
in the ejaculation of semen.
Phase 4: Resolution
• During resolution, the body slowly
returns to its normal level of
functioning, and swelled and erect
body parts return to their previous
size and color.
• Some women are capable of a
rapid return to the orgasm phase
with further sexual stimulation and
may experience multiple orgasms.
• Men need recovery time after
orgasm, called a refractory period,
during which they cannot reach
orgasm again.
• The duration of the refractory
period varies among men and
usually lengthens with elder
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26. Sexual health includes:
• One's freedom from physical and psychological
impairment,
• The awareness of open and positive attitudes toward
sexual functioning
• Accurate knowledge of sexuality and
• Congruency among gender identity and role
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27. Human Sexual Disorders
Sexual Desire Disorders
– Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
– Paraphilia
– Sexual aversion disorder
Sexual Arousal Disorders
– Female sexual arousal disorder
– Male erectile disorder
Orgasmic Disorders
– Female/male orgasmic disorder
– Premature ejaculation
Sexual Pain Disorders
– Dyspareunia, vaginismus 27
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28. Paraphilia
• A disorder Characterized by recurrent, intense sexual
urges, behaviors, or sexually arousing fantasies
involving the following:
– Exhibitionism = exposure of one’s genitals to an
unsuspecting stranger
– Fetishism = use of nonliving objects
– Frotteurism = touching and rubbing against a
nonconsenting person
– Pedophilia = sexual activity with a prepubescent
child.
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29. Possible Causes
• Relationship difficulties
• Medical illness or treatments
• Major life stressors
• Hormonal changes
• Health problems
• Anxiety or depression
• FGM
• Psychosocial factors
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30. PAIN
• Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional
experience
• associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or
described in terms of such damage
• Pain is a subjective experience.
• The experience varies from person to person and
from time to time
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31. pain…
• Pain is the most feared complication of illness
• Often under-diagnosed and under-treated
• Has Effect on mood and functional status
• Fifth vital sign
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32. Physiology of Pain
• Noxious stimuli activate nociceptors (receptive
neurons for painful sensations) that, together with the
axons of neurons convey information to the spinal
cord where reflexes are activated.
• The information is simultaneously transmitted to the
brain supraspinally.
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34. Characterizations of pain
•Pain can be described by its:
– Duration – acute or chronic
– Mechanism – nociceptive or neuropathic
– Origin – somatic or visceral etc
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35. Duration:(acute vs.chronic pain)
Acute pain
• Presentation: characterized by help-seeking behavior
such as crying
• Cause: definite injury or illness
• Signs/symptoms:
• Definite onset with limited and predictable duration
• Clinical signs of sympathetic over-activity: tachycardia,
pallor, hypertension, sweating,, crying, anxious,
pupillary dilation
• Example: trauma, surgery, or inflammation
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36. Duration(acute vs. chronic pain)…
Chronic pain
• Presentation: Patients may not show signs of stress seen
in acute pain
• Cause: chronic pathological process
– Under-treatment of acute pain can lead to changes in
the central nervous system that result in chronic pain
• Signs/symptoms:
– Gradual or vague onset
– Continues and may become progressively more severe
– Patient may appear depressed and withdrawn
– Usually no signs of sympathetic over-activity
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37. Mechanism(nociceptive vs neurophatic pain)
NOCICEPTIVE PAIN
•caused when nerve receptors called nociceptors are irritated.
•Nociceptors exist both internally (visceral) and externally
(somatic)
i) Somatic pain:
•stimulation of nociceptors in the skin, soft tissues, muscle, or
bone
•Pain usually is in a particular location
• Aching, throbbing, or persistent pain
• Causes: bone or soft tissue infiltration
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38. Mechanism:
nociceptive vs neurophatic pain…
ii) Visceral Pain:
•stimulation of nociceptors in internal organs and hollow
viscera organs
• Pain is often not in a single location
• Described as pressure, cramping, or squeezing pain
• It may caused by: blockage, swelling, stretching, or
inflammation of the organs from any cause
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39. Mechanism:
nociceptive vs neurophatic pain…
NEUROPATHIC PAIN:
• Caused by damage to nerve pathways
• Described as burning, prickling, stinging, pins and
needles, insects crawling under skin, numbness,
hypersensitivity, shooting, or electric shock
Possible causes
• infiltration by cancer,
• HIV infection,
• herpes zoster,
• drug-related peripheral neuropathy,
• central nervous system injury, or
• surgery B: Amanuel.O 39
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40. Numeric pain rating scale
• Pain levels from 0-10 can be explained verbally to the
patient using a scale in which 0 is no pain and 10 is the
worst possible pain imaginable
• Patients are asked to rate their pain from 0 to 10
• Record the pain level to make treatment decisions,
follow-up, and compare between examinations
B: Amanuel.O 40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
No pain Mildpain Moderatepain Severepain Veryseverepain Worstpossiblepain
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41. Pain management
Non pharmacological
• reassurance, cold or hot compress etc
Pharmacologic pain management
– analgesics
– Maintain therapeutic serum levels
– Choose appropriate route for administration
– Use nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
to reduce some risk.
(continued)
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42. Pain managment…
Other drugs possibly for treatment of neuropathic
pain
• Tricycle antidepressants
• Anticonvulsants
• Corticosteroids
• Antispasmodics
• Opoids/ narcotic analgesia
(continued)
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43. World Health Organization Step Ladder
1) Begin with non-opiate, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
agents (NSAIDS)
2) Add a “weak” opiate, such as codeine or hydrocodne
(with or without an adjuvant)
3) Move to a stronger opiate, such as oxycodone, morphine
(with or without an adjuvant)
4) Complementary, non-pharmacologic strategies
5) Interventional strategies
43
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45. STEP 1: NON OPIATES
NSAIDs
No Classification ,NSAIDS Example of Drug
1 Salycylates ASA
2 Propionic acid Ibuprofen
3 Acetic acid Indometacine, ketrolac,
Diclofenac
4 Enolic acid Meloxicam,piroxicam
5 Fenamenic acid Mefenamine
6 Selective cox 2 & 3 Celecoxib , paracetamol
45
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46. Step 1: Non Opiates...
• NSAIDS
– Avoid if renal insufficiency
– Useful with throbbing, aching pain
– Administer with food to reduce gastric irritation
– Salsalate and tolmetin produce less inhibition of
platelet aggregation than other NSAIDS
– Maximum dose of aspirin is 10g/day
– Use with caution in persons with asthma
– Indomethacin is available in suppository form
46
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47. NSAIDS side effects
• Prolonged bleeding after an injury or surgery
• GI: ulcer, nausea ,vomiting, diarrhea, constipation,
appetite loss,
• Hyper-sensitivity: Skin rash
• Dizziness, headache and drowsiness.
• fluid retention, leading to oedema.
• The most serious side effects are renal failure, liver
failure
• If one non-opiate is ineffective, switch to a different one.
• If one NSAID is ineffective, switch to a different class
47
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48. Step 1: Non Opiates(cont.)
Acetaminophen ( paracetamol
• No effect of platelet function
• Avoid in cases of hepatic insufficiency
• Maximum of 4g/day
• analgesic and antipyretic
• Inactive at some sites:
– kidney → no renal impairment
– Platelet → no antiplatelet effect
– gut → no peptic ulcer risk
– inflammation → not anti-inflammatory
• Toxicity occurs in large doses (≈ 10 time therapeutic
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49. Step 2: Non opiate + Weak Opiate( With or
Without Adjutants )
– NSAIDS: provide additive analgesia when
given to supplement the opiate, often lengthen
the duration of opiates
– Corticosteroids: treats both the cause and
resulting pain of aphthous ulcers; also relieves
cerebral edema
– Corticosterioids caution: can cause gastric
bleeding, caution with low platelet counts
49
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50. Step 2: Non opiate + Weak Opiate (With or
Without Adjuvant ....)
• Types of Adjuvants
– Antidepressants (amitriptyline, desipramine, etc):
used for neuropathic pain and post-herpetic
neuralgia and additive analgesia with opiates
Antidepressants caution: can cause dry mouth,
urinary retention and “hangover effect
– Antihistamines (hydroxyzine): provides additive
analgesia as well as antiemetic and anxiolytic
effect
Antihistamine Caution: Can cause dry mouth and
drowsiness
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51. Step 2: Non opiate + Weak Opiate(With or
Without Adjuvants ...)
• Types of adjuvants cont.
– Anticonvulsants: gabapentin is the most useful with the
fewest side effects and is used to treat neuropathic pain
Anticonvulsant Caution: carbamazepine can cause
neutropenia
– Caffeine: drinking a cup of strong coffee along with
opiate will increase its effect
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52. Step 3: Opiates With/Without Adjuvants
• Dosing schedule and titration
– Titrate to pain relief – doses are individualized: the
right dose is whatever it takes to relieve the pain
with the least amount of side effects/toxicity
– Long-acting opiates should be used for long-term
pain
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54. Side Effects of Morphine
Constipation -always
Drowsiness – common /excessive doses
Twitching – rare/excessive doses
Urinary retention-catheter in/out
Vomiting over first few days,
Respiratory Depression – pain is a physiological
antagonist to this/rare
Dependence/addiction-rare in pain management
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55. NURSE’S ROLE IN PAIN MANAGEMENT
The nurse’s role in pain management is:
• The nurse helps relieve pain by administering pain-
relieving interventions (including both pharmacologic and
non-pharmacologic approaches),
• Assessing the effectiveness of those interventions,
• Monitoring for adverse effects,
• Serving as an advocate for the patient when the prescribed
intervention is ineffective in relieving pain.
• Serves as an educator to the patient and family to enable
them to manage the prescribed intervention themselves
when appropriate
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56. Response to loss, death and dying
• Elisabeth Kübler-Ross discovered that most people pass through
five stages in response to death and dying.
• Although some individuals experience the stages in a different
order and others revisit some stages, knowledge of these stages can
help the nurse evaluate—and deal with—a patient’s responses to
death and dying.
Stages of death and dying
1. Denial and isolation: the initial response characterized by shock
and disbelief
2. Anger: expressions of rage and resentment
3. Bargaining: attempts to strike a bargain, typically with God, in
exchange for prolonged life
4. Depression: feelings of loss, grief, and intense sadness
5. Acceptance: a quiet stage characterized by a gradual, peaceful
withdrawal from life
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