Edwin Porter and D.W. Griffith made significant contributions to the development of film editing. Porter directed early short films for Edison and pioneered techniques like cross-cutting and close-ups in films like "The Great Train Robbery." This helped establish editing techniques. Griffith further advanced techniques at Biograph, inventing parallel editing and developing continuity editing. He directed hundreds of films establishing conventions. Scorsese also pioneered techniques like flashbulb editing in "Raging Bull" and use of voiceover and expressionist techniques in "Taxi Driver" to portray psychological states. These directors helped establish editing as key to storytelling and engaging audiences.

1. Unit 16
Produce a 1000 word essay that critically evaluates the history, development and
pioneers of editing. http://newmediateacher4.blogspot.com/2011/12/pioneers-of-
editing.html (Label this on your blog as 16.1.2)
Explain the contribution to the history of editing, that Edwin S. Porter
and D.W. Griffiths made.
Evaluates the history, development and pioneers of editing.
Editing is the most important step in filmmaking and is part of the creative
post-production process. The term film editing originates from the traditional
process of working with film. It allows the creator to tell their story to the best
of their abilities and is essential for the film to flow.
When editing was being tried and tested in the early 1900’s, the film directors
and producers recognised they needed to create their films in a different way
to get people to enjoy them.
Initially they were recorded in one long static shot. The length of the film was
determined by how much film there was in the camera.
Originally motion shots were all that was needed to entertain the audience, so
the first films only showed activity such as traffic moving on a street.
An early American film pioneer was Edwin Porter. He was known the most for
his role as a director with Thomas Edison's company. Edwin directed mostly
short films from 1898 to 1915 and created over two hundred and fifty films in
his time, the most important included ‘Life of an American Fireman’ and ‘The
Great Train Robbery’; both created in 1903. Porter’s most recognised piece of
work was ‘The Great Train Robbery’. This was a western film written,
produced, and directed by Porter. It was twelve minutes long and it attained
recognition as one of the first major motion pictures to move the story forward
with each successive scene. The film used a number of groundbreaking
techniques including cross- cutting, double exposure composite editing,
camera movement and on-location shooting to illustrate stories happening
simultaneously in different times and places. Porter realised that the
juxtaposition of two different scenes would form a new contextual relationship
in the mind of the viewer, which at the time was considered revolutionary in

2. film editing. The Great Train Robbery also had other radical innovations such
as moving the camera and there is a famous scene of a close-up of a bandit
shooting his gun. Porter helped to develop the modern concept of continuity
editing (a set of editing techniques used to create a cohesive sense of space
and a sense of continuous time by maintaining consistent graphic, spatial and
temporal relationships between shots).
This paved the way for David Griffith to create and perfect such cinematic
devices (some of which he invented during his collaboration with his personal
cinematographer, G.W. “Billy” Bitzer whilst at American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co). He also further developed the close-up and cross-cutting
techniques in order to intensify the dramatic content of films and to expand on
Porter's discovery that the unit of film structure was the shot rather than the
scene. From 1905 to 1908 he experimented with trick photography and stop-
motion animation such as the flashback, the iris shot, the mask, the
systematic use of the soft focus shot and the split screen. He also pioneered
the technique of parallel editing, pushing his films to exceptional levels of
intricacy and depth, which he used extensively after 1909. By 1916 he
invented and improved film equipment, by expanding his experimentation to
3-D photography, lightweight motor-operated cameras and talking pictures.
The use of sound allowed the film to be more interested and to make the
audience feel more involved. His first sound film was ‘Abraham Lincoln’ in
1930. He directed over four hundred and fifty short films and his films
represented the cruelty of humankind. His work was highly regarded by
Kuleshov and other Soviet filmmakers whom greatly influenced their
understanding of editing. In 1908 his film, ‘For Love of Gold’ featured the first
ever continuity cut when a scene cut. This focused on creating a clear
continuity for the final piece that was created. The idea of this was to create a
smooth flow between all of the clips so the narrative of the story will be
obvious without any interruptions and would flow smoothly. Griffith then
realised that emotions could also be portrayed through different camera
angles, like close up and long shots to show characters mannerisms, as well
as through pace of editing, to build excitement and manipulate audience
emotions and it wasn’t all down to the actors. He was given credit for the
narrative of the film, the production of the first American feature film and the

3. discovery of the close up.
Griffith was recognised for his contribution to film by being named an
Honorary Life Member of the Directors Guild of America (DGA) in 1938. He
was awarded for "distinguished achievement in motion picture direction” and
had the ‘D.W. Griffith Award’ named after him.
Another director honoured by this award was Martin Scorsese. Some of his
famous films were Taxi driver (1976), Raging Bull (1980) and Goodfellas
(1990). His films consist of New York, dark themes of humanity,
unsympathetic lead characters, main character voiceovers, violence, religion,
the Mafia, unusual camera techniques and contemporary music. His main
themes for his films stem from his religious upbringing as a child to represent
sin, forgiveness and redemption. His main characters in each film go through
some sort of inner turmoil that needs to be sanctioned by something greater
than them. This can especially be seen in the Taxi driver as he uses sin to
represent psychological depression. As the film progresses, so does the main
characters turmoil, eventually finishing through death or like in Goodfellas
they are trapped in their own inner suffering.
In Raging Bull, time remapping was used to show the fight scene in slow
motion to emphasise the brutality and importance of the fight. Scorsese used
excess amounts of flashbulbs to portray Jake’s life, success and popularity
through the aggressive public eye. He used a crackle sound to mimic the
popping camera flashbulb sound from the 1940’s and 1950’s. This was also a
clever way to hide difficult editing transitions. Scorsese used the flash of a
camera to show intrusion – an explosion on the scene. This in turn influenced
PT Anderson to feature flashbulbs in his Boogie Nights film but he used a
different sound to that of Scorsese as his film was based on the 1970's.
http://youtu.be/t34MZ-Zub9c
(from 2 mins to 3:20mins)
Also several of the long takes such as the pool party sequence shot in this
film were influenced by the scene from Goodfellas when Henry took Karen to

4. the Copacabana nightclub. Scorsese used sequence shots to portray Henry’s
control, power and stability in New York’s organised world of crime.
http://youtu.be/yCYwcObxl78
Scorsese used freeze frame techniques to introduce characters. He used this
technique in the opening scene of Goodfellas to emphasise the monologue by
Henry Hill. This serves as a moving and narrative function as Scorsese
demonstrates Henry Hill’s life as it is being narrated to us to get the
previewing audience immediately engaged in the storyline of the film.
http://youtu.be/QEwJdGfi1p8
In Taxi driver he portrayed Travis Bickle losing his mind and the downward
spiral into psychological depression through jump cuts, expressionist lighting,
point of view shots and slow motion sequences. The opening scene shows
the cab driving through steam/smoke, to the following scene of the main
characters eyes, before viewing the city through a rainy windscreen to portray
how the main character, Travis views the city in his mind through the images
that we see on the screen. He wanted to use these techniques to portray the
isolation, solitude and madness of his character Travis’ tortured mind.
http://youtu.be/j374vTaKWLQ
To conclude, editing techniques demonstrate how films can engage the
thoughts and emotions of the audience from all economic and social
backgrounds. This has been revolutionary in terms of understanding editing
possibilities within the film industry. Before Griffiths and Porters films were
created, films generally took longer takes, limited close up shots and there
was little editing between scenes. Since ‘The Birth of a Nation’, films have
been allowed to develop and grow and become more interesting for
audiences through aspects such as camera angles, narrative and actors.
These techniques engage the viewer, create motivation, develop drama, and

5. create pace. Overall, combining shots to create sequences gives us the basic
term for editing and these techniques are widely used and recognised in films
created today.