Computers have evolved greatly over time from early counting devices to modern electronic computers. Some key developments include: - The abacus, used over 5000 years ago, was one of the earliest counting machines. Pascal invented one of the first mechanical calculators in the 17th century. - Charles Babbage conceived of programmable computers in the 1800s with his Analytical Engine, an early general-purpose computer, but it was never completed. - Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine in 1887 combined punched cards with electricity, representing an important step. - The 1940s saw the beginnings of modern electronic computers, including Howard Aiken's Harvard Mark 1 and Alan Turing's Col

1. Unit 1
• Computers are changingourlives
We are at thestart of a thirdrevolution,
thisrevolutionisthesilicon
chip.
Wefindsilicon
butperhapsthecomputeristhemostobviousexample.
rapidlychangingtheworldwelive in and thewaywelive.
and theprotagonist of
chips
ismanyproducts,
Computers
are
They are creating new jobs and makingoldjobsunnecessary: Offices, banks, farms
and factories are allverydifferentfrom 20 yearsago, and thepeoplewhowork in
themhaveverydifferentjobs.
Doctors and scientists use computerstodiscover more aboutourbodies and
theworldaroundus. Spaceexploration, geneticengineering, opticalfibretechnology,
scanners, laser, telecommunication, and many more areasalldependoncomputers.
Thearmedforces in the usa, russia and europe are theworld'sbiggestusers of
computers: radar systems, missile control, intelligencesurveillance, wargames and
simulations, and thefamous "starwars" are someexamples. Of course, computers
are alsochangingeducation: whatyoulearn and howyoulearn are alsochanging as a
result of computers.
• Computers are gettingbetterallthe time

2. Thefirstelectroniccomputer, made in the 1940s, werelarge, slow, and
veryexpensive, but in the 1960s computersmade a giantstep forward
withtheinvention of transistors.
Transistorsusedthesemi-conductor
properties
of
silicontoprovideelectronicamplification.
theproblemwiththeearlycomputerswasthattheelectricityused
in
thecomputerspassedalongwiires and valves, and thiscausedveryhightemperatures.
Becausesiliconis
a
semi-conductor,
theproblem
of
veryhightemperatureswassolved, and itwaspossibleto reduce thesize and cost of
computers, and alsotomakethemworkmuchfasterwith more information.
Aftertransistorscameintegratedcircuits (miniaturizedcombinations of transistors and
otherelectricalparts )andsmaller, cheaper, mor
, made in 1943)
Whichwas 55 feetlong and 8 feethigh and costmillions of dollars.
• Computers store and processinformation
Thebasicjob a computeristoprocessinformation. Theearlycomputerswere simple
calculatorsworkingwithnumbers,
buttoday,
computers
can
workwithmanydifferenttypes of information, notonlynumbers. Theadvantage of a
computeristhatit
can
store
vastquantities
of
information
(imagine
alltheinformationcontained in 100.000 booksputononeplastic disk) and it can
findanypiece of theinformation of theinformationveryfast, (imagine looking at the
100.000 bookstofindalltheinformationabout Barcelona, A computer can do this
in a fewseconds.) So computers are usefulbecausethey can store a lot of
information in a smallspace, and manipulate, orprocess, theinformationquickly.
• Computers are notintelligent - yet
Butalthoughtheworkfast,
itisimportanttorememberthatcomputers
are
not
“intelligent". They are only machines thatfollowinstructions. They do not
"understand" or "thinks". Scientists are tryingtoteachcomputerstothink and
understand,
whichthefield
of
A.I
or
artificial
intelligence.
Thehavealreadymadecomputersthat can dealwithlimitedenvironments quite
intelligently.
Today, computers can playchessverywell, they can make medical diagnoses, and
evenmakeweatherforescats. Someexpertsthinkitisonly a question of time
beforecomputersstartthinkinglike human beings, butothersthinkitisimpossible. What
do youthink?
1. Namefivewaysthatcomputers are changingourlives..
R/:
One of thewaysthatchangedwiththearrival of computersis in communications,
becauseunitedtheworld in a one place.
Today, thecomputers are mostused in the medicine field, as they are usedtofind
new breakthroughsthathelphumanity.

3. Finally, ourliveschangedwhenweperformworksordoingbusiness,
becausewithcomputers. Theprocess of informationmay be take a
fewdaysormoments, whynot.
2. How do thearmedforces of theUnitedStates use computers?
R/: Thearmedforces of theUnitedStates use computersfor: radar systems, missile
control, intelligencesurveillance, simulators, wargames and performance of
thesecurityapplications.
3. Whenwerethefirtsmoderncomputersmade?
Anotherway in whichcomputerschangedourlivesis in themannerthanweinteract,
nowwe can haveimages, music and videos withfew o shortlysteps.
R/: Thefirstmoderncomputerstheycreated in the 60’s, through a fewtransistorswith
a silicon conductor, fortheelectronicamplification.
4. Whatimportantdiscoverywasmade in the 1960s?
R/ Theimportance of the 1960's wastheinvention of transistors and
integratedcircuitsfor a betterinformationprocessing.
5. How are today’scomputersdifferentfromthefirstones?
R/: They are different in sizefirst of all, in thesecond place fortheirfunctions and
thirdbytheircostnowadayscomparedtobefore.
6. Whatdoes a computer do?
R/: Thejob of a computeristoprocessinformation in thebestwaypossible,
probablydocuments, images, videos, numbers, etc.
7. Can computersthink?
R/: No, today'scomputerscan’tthink. Perhapsthroughinstructions, thecomputer can
simulatethink. But has notyetbeenfullyachievedbyscientists in thatarea.
8. Whatis A.I?
R/: The A.I (Artificial intelligence) isthefield in which, computerspecialists are
tryingtoconceivecomputerswith human behaviors, such as: think, makedecisions,
havefeelings, generateconsistent dialogues, et cetera
9. Namethreeareaswherecomputers are workingintelligently
1. In the medicine field. 2. In servers togeneratewhatiscalledthe Internet. (U know)
3. And thecreation of the new conceptsforthenextgenerationcomputing.
(Skynet XD)
Look at thesewords:

4. Todiscover
Workwith a partner. Look at thetextagain and use a
dictionaryifnecessarytocheckthatyouunderstandallthesewords. Trabaje con un
compañero. Mire el texto de Nuevo y use un diccionario si es necesario para
comprenden las palabras mostradas.
Choosefive of thewords in thelist. Write a
sentenceortwoforeachwordtoillustrateitsmeaning. Elija cinco de las palabras en la
lista. Escriba una o dos oraciones por cada palabra para ilustrar su significado.
Example: Tohelp: Can youhelp me withthisproblemplease? It’sverydifficult.
Ejemplo: Para ayudar: ¿Puede usted ayudarme con éste problema por favor? Es
muy difícil.
R/
• Let'sgo, tell me thenumbersforzerototwenty. Vamos, dígame los números de cero
a veinte.
• Thenumbers are a global language. Los números son un lenguaje global.
• It’s a vast place todiscover new advantages.
• In thevastoceanmaybethe human discovertheadvantage of theaquaticlife. En el
vasto océano tal vez el humano descubra las ventajas della vida acuática.
• In thenearbyfuture, laserswill be used in weapons of massdestruction,
impactinganyenvironment. En un futuro cercano, los lasers serán usados en armas
de destrucción masiva afectando cualquier ambiente.
• In the medicine environment, lasersis a
greatchoicetooperatewithoutaffectingthetissues. En el entorno della medicina, los
lasers son una gran elección para operar sin afectar tejidos.

5. 1.3 DISCUSSION: WHAT CAN COMPUTERS DO
A) in smallgroups, discusswhat a computer can do: - at home -at airports - in
offices - in schools and universities - in banks - in hospitals - in factories - in
governmentdepartments
- En casa
- en los aeropuertos
- En las oficinas
- en las escuelas y universidades
- En los bancos
- en los hospitales
- En las fábricas
- en los departamentos gubernamentales
EXAMPLE: in Banks, computers store
informationabouthowmuchmoneyalltheclientshave. Theyalso control theautomatic
machines whereyou can getmoneyusing a specialcard.
Unit 2
2.1 Reading text: From the abacus to the Eniac
A). Read the text below
The Search for a calculating machine
For centuries scientists and inventors tried to find a machine that could do
calculations, because most people had difficulty doing sums with very large numbers.
Although it is not a machine, the abacus was used 5000 years ago for counting, and is
still used in many countries today.
It is a frame with wires holding a number of balls that can be moved along it.
Depending on where you position the balls, they represent different numbers.
Pascal and Leibniz
The first real counting machine was invented by a frenchman called blaisepascal in
the seventeenth century. It did additions and subtractions but very few people were
convinced of its value.
One man who inspected the machine was gottfriedleibniz, who was a born in saxony
in 1646.
Leibniz used the binary system to simplify the number of wheels and cogs a calculator
needed. It was a very important improvement, but leibniz, was too busy with other
questions to give sufficient attention to the idea, and nothing much happened for the
next hundred years.
Charles Babbage
Babbage, generally considered to be the inventor of the computer, was born in
England in 1791. He was a rich man who spent all his time and money trying to build a

6. machine that accepted input (numbers) and then did calculations on the input, using a
set of rules, and finally gave the result printed on paper.
His first machine, which was limited to solving certain types of mathematical
equations, was called the "difference Engine", but he then had the idea of making a
machine which could do any sort of calculation. This device bobbage called the
"Analytical Engine", but it was never finished, and babbage died a disappointed man.
You can see the difference engine in the science museum in london, and you can see
babbage's brain (preserved in 2 jars) in the hunterian museum of the royal college of
surgeons.
Herman Holleritn
Hollerith invented his tabulating machine in 1887. It was another big step forward
and combined jacquard cards (pieces of paper with holes placed at regular intervals)
with electricity.
Hollerith formed the tabulating machine company in washington, and before he died
he changed the name of the company to the international business machine
corporation, or IBM.
The beginning of modern computers: the 1940s
Konradzuse in Germany, Alan turing in England, and Howard Aiken in the U.S.A. Saw
the start of modern computers. Aiken produced the harvard mark i for IBM in 1943. It
was enormous, very slow, very noisy, and not very reliable, and it cost more than a
million dollars.
In the same year, turing created his collossus machine. Four years later, J.W. Mauchley
of the moore School of Engineering in Pennsylvania, presented the electronic
numerical integrator and calculator (ENIAC), and we entered the computer age.
B). Questions about the text:
1. What’s an abacus?
R/: The Abaco is a box with tabs, that allows make mathematical operations very
quickly of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, square roots. With the
advantage that teaches us to think and reason.
Currently, it is used for demonstrations of pure mathematics and it's used too in
Eastern schools.
2. What was the Contribution from Pascal to the development of computers?
R/: Pascal helps the computational field by developing a machine that was able to do
simple mathematical operations.
3. Who was Charles Babbage?
R/:Considered the inventor of the computer. He was a rich man who spent his time
and money trying to build a machine able to accept a numeric input and then, using
rules already proposed, could give a result printed on paper.
4. Why did Babbage die disappointed?

7. R/: Babbage died disappointed because he couldn’t finish the "Analytical Engine" that
he expected as previously had.If he had built the “Analytical Engine” would have been
enormous dimensions.
5. Was the tabulator machine the beginning of what is now a big company?
R/: Yes, the tabulator machine was another big step with jacquard cards combined
with pieces of paper with holes pierced and electricity.
Hollerith founded the
Tabulating Machine Company and sold its products worldwide.
And before he died he changed the name of the company to society of international
business machine, or IBM.
6. Describe the Harvard Mark I
R/: The ASCC or Mark I, was built from switches, relays, rotating shafts, and clutches.
It used 765,000 components and hundreds of miles of wire, comprising a volume of 51
feet (16 m) in length, eight feet (2.4 m) in height, and two feet (~61 cm) deep. It had a
weight of about 10,000 pounds (4500 kg). The basic calculating units had to be
synchronized mechanically, so they were run by a 50-foot (~15.5 m) shaft driven by a
five-horsepower (4 kW) electric motor.
2.2 CorrectCaptions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The Abacus was the first mechanical aid for counting. (E)
Pascal didn’t have time to develop this calculator. (F)
Jacquard’s loom helped mechanize the textile industry. (C)
A punch card was used to tell the computer how to count. (D)
Hollerith’stabulator. (B)
ENIAC was the father of modern computers. (A)
2.2 Correct Captions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The Abacus was the first mechanical aid for counting. (E)
Pascal didn’t have time to development his calculator. (F)
Jacquard’s loom helped mechanize the textile industry. (C)
A punch card was used to tell the computer how to count. (D)
Hollerith’s tabulator. (B)
ENIAC was the father of modern computers. (A)
2.3 TRUE OR FALSE
(Based on the pictures of primitive computers, tabulator, Eniac, ABC, Abacus)
Below are some sentences. Are they true or false? Mark each sentence T or F and then
compare your answers with another student:
1.
The ENIAC proceeded the Analytical Engine V

8. 2.
The abacus is still in use today V
3.
There were no calculating machines before Hollerith’s tabulator F
4.
Herman Hollerith made many contributions to the development of the modern
computer V
5.
IBM was created by Babbage F
6.
Charles Babbage never saw the Analytical Engine in action V
7.
The Harvard Mark I was financed by IBM V
8.
Leibniz used the binary system to simplify Pascal’ s design V
2.4 MATCHING EXERCISE
Match column A, B, C and make sentences.
EXAMPLE:
Pascal invented the mechanical calculator in 1642.
A
B
Babbage
Colossus
Aiken
Tabulator
J.W Mauchley
Mechanical calculator
Pascal
ENIAC
Hollerith
Harvard mark 1
Turin
Analytical Engine
C
1943
1890
1947
1943
1822
1642
- Howard Aiken produced the Harvard Mark I IBM in 1943
- For the year 1943 Mr. Alan Turin inventories the colossus.
- J. W. Mauchley in 1947 Numeric presented without electronic integrator and
calculator (ENIAC).
- Blaise Pascal CONTRIBUTION made do with The First Real counting machine and
WAS investigated portion Gottfried Leibniz in 1946.
- Do Invention Hollerith tabulating machine in 1887
A
Babbage
Aiken
J.W mauchly
Pascal
Hollerith
Turin
B
Coloso
tabulador
calculadora mecánica
ENIAC
Marca Harvard 1
MáquinaAnalítica
C
1943
1890
1947
1943
1822
1642
- Howard Aiken produjo el Harvard Mark I de IBM en 1943
- Para el año 1943 el Sr. Alan Turin invento el coloso.
- J.W. Mauchley en 1947 presento un integrador numérico electrónico y calculadora
(ENIAC).
- Blaise Pasca hizo su aporte con la primera máquina de conteo real y fue investigada
por Godofredo Leibniz en 1946.
- Hollerith inventó su máquina de tabulación en 1887

9. 2.5 vocabulary study
a) Look at the words below
Abacus
holes
to try
Addition
improvement
to simplify
Analytical engine
mark I
a set of rules
Cogs
noisy
reliable
Counting machines
tabulating machine
sort of
Difference engine
to be convinced
subtraction
Difficulty
to be disappointed
wheels
Frames
to count
wires
b) Check these words make sure you understand all of themes use a dictionary if
necessary
c) Complemented the following sentences using one of the words above
1. It´s such a good idea, I’m counting machines it will work
2. A car has four wheels
3. Most games like tennis or poker have a set of rules to follow
4. I had no Difficulty finding your house
5. Please to be convinced to come to the party – we want to see you
6. I was very Difficulty when I failed my exam
7. A computer can count much faster than human beings
8. Computers can to simplify our lives by doing a lot of the boring jobs for us
2.6 word game
Look at this
Ibm = International Business Machines
Eniac = Electronic Numerical Integrator AndCalculator
In groups invented a new name for a computer and describe how and why it was
invented
Example :Barca – beginners automatic reading computers assistant
This computers was invented by PacoCara, a young Spanish football fanatic who was
very bad the school, his parents said he could not go to the football matches on
Saturday if he don’t do his homework first so he invented a computer to do his
homework for him the computer…
Example:
This computer is designed to instantly translate into English all that the student
speaks using written and visual means. The student at the end of each sentence, can
see how Bi-Linguo generates the translation and put related photos and finally how
Bi-Linguo create a shortly film with the general idea of the student.

10. 2.7 Grammar Work
B). the passive voice
Change these sentences from the active made
Example:Active: People made a lot of mistakes
Passive: A lot of mistakes were made
(notice that it is not necessary to write "a lot of mistakes were made by people": "A lot
of mistakes were made" is enough, but you can add "by people" of you like.
1. They broke ten Windows --rompierondiezventanas
WereShattered ten Windows -Fueron destrozadas diez ventanas
2. Theives stole two million pounds. ---Ladronesrobaron dos milloneslibras
Twomillionpoundsstole -- -Fueron robados dos millones de libras.
3. They gave John the prize ---Le dieron a Jhon el premio
Witch was the prize of John -Quefue el premio de John.
4. Businessmenanalysedthecompanies. --Los empresarios analizan las
empresas.
5. Manufactures Cuttheprices of computers. -- Fabricantes acortan los precios
de los computadores.
UNIT 3
3.1 Pair Work
Work with another student. Ask these question:
1. Haveyougot a computer?
R/: of course, I have a computer, is of brand hp with 3 memory cores.
And I have a laptop HP – Rocks with Intel core i7, graphic card AMD and 4 GB of RAM
2. Do youknowanybodywho has got a computer? –
R/: I Truly know many people, for example: my entire family has computers, laptops
and PC desktop.
3. What do people use computers for?
R/: Most people use computers to do the following tasks: Works, assignments and
research, for the office, to make databases, to listen to music and get online in the
internet.

11. 4. Have you got a calculator?
R/: Yes, I have a calculator, one is normal and the other is scientific.
5. How do you use a calculator?
R/: We all have the calculator because is very easy to use, because it shows several
options of Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.
While that scientific calculator is used to make more advanced operations like sine,
tangent Andother mathematical signs.
3.2 Listening (x)
3.3 Reading Text.
A). Read the text
First read the text without stopping, and try to get a general idea of the content. Then
read it again more slowly, with a dictionary if necessary.
what does a computer do?
Input, processing, output
The basic function of a computer is to process information, or data. A calculator is a
simple example. First you have to give the calculator information, in this case
numbers. Then you have to give it instructions, telling it what to do with the numbers
(add,subtract,divide or multiply them).
Finally, after it has "processed" the data, the calculator will give you the answer. So
there are three steps in what the calculator (which is a simple computer!) does: first,
input (we put data in), second, processing, and third, output (we obtain the results).
Keyboards, memory, monitors.
A computer can work with numbers, pictures, or words. We give the computer input
through the keyboard or a mouse, and also through disks containing information. The
disks can be three and a half inches or five and a quarter inches, or a hard disk which
is usually inside the computer, the disks need a disk drive to send the information on
them to the computer's memory.
The information goes into the computer's memory and is processed, according to
instructions contained in a program. Computer programs are written in different
kinds of computer languages; some are low level languages, like assembler, and some
are high level languages, like BASIC or PASCAL. Wecan see the results of the
computer's work (the output) on a monitor, or the computer can send the output to a
printer, which gives us the results printed on paper.
This is known as a hard copy. We can also save the output on a disk.
So the three basic steps involved in computers are: input- processing - output. Simple,
isn'tit!
B). Complete the sentences about the text:

12. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Basically, a computer processes the information.
Another Word for information is data
Data going into a computer is called
The results of the computer’s processing is called the production
Output can be saved on athe production
We can see the output on a monitor or get a print out which is called a printer.
3.4 VocabularyStudy
A).
 Age - Edad
 Assembler - Ensamblador
 Basic - Basico
 Data - Datos
 Disk
 disk drive - Unidad De Disco
 height - Altura
 input - Entrada
 Keyboard - Teclado
 Memory - Memoria
 Monitor - Monitor
 Mouse - Raton
 Output - Salida
 Pascal - Pascal
 Printer - Impresora
 Program - Programa
 Processing - Tratamiento
 toprocess – Para Procesar
 totype – Para escribir
 to sabe – Para guardar
 top speed – Velocidad Maxima
 weight - Peso

3.5 Comparison
Look at thisinformation
•
how many people live in london?
R/: Live two people, john Smith and David Brown
•
Who is older, Jonhn or David?
R/: Is greater John because is 23 and David is 21 years old.
•
who is the youngest?
R/: Mary, because is 19 years old.
•
How many people weigh more than mary?
R/: two, because Jane weighs less than mary

13. •
Is Jane taller than David?
R/: No, David is higher because it measures 1.83 and Jane measured 1.57
UNIT 4
InsideTheComputer
The CPU
The most important parts of a computer are the CPU (Central Processing Unit), RAM
(Random Access Memory), and ROM (Read Only Memory). For the purposes of
explaining these 3 key components, we will look at a microcomputer (minis and
mainframes are a bit different, but we will see the differences in a later unit).
Las partes más importantes de un ordenador son la CPU (Central ProcessingUnit), la
RAM (memoria de acceso aleatorio) y ROM (ReadOnlyMemory). A los efectos de
explicar estos 3 componentes clave, vamos a ver un microordenador (minis y
mainframes son un poco diferentes, pero vamos a ver las diferencias en una unidad
más adelante).
The CPU is the brain of a computer system: it controls all the other parts of the
computer, and does all the logical operations. It decides what operations will be
performed on data, and also the sequence of those operations.
All data must sooner or later pass through the CPU which can retrieve data from
memory and store the results of manipulations back into memory. In microcomputers
the two big companies that make 8, 16, and 32 bit processors are much faster and can
process more information than the others, and nowadays modern PCs all have 32 bit
processors.
Ram and Rom
Ram and Rom are the internal memory banks, or "main storage" devices (disk or tapes
are "secondary memory devices") where all the data the computer works with is
stored. The RAM memory stores information when the computer is turned on, and it
receives all the information and instructions that we put into it, either throught the
keyboard or by loading programs and data into RAM from disk or tape.
It is called "RandonAcces Memory" because we can use it to store or retrieve
information whenever we want. If we want to use this information later, we have to
save it on a disk, because it is all lost when the computer is turned off.
Microcomputers vary in the size of their RAM; early micros had 48 or 64K RAM, but
today, a normal PC will have 640K RAM, and many now have over 1 Mega RAM.

14. The ROM memory stores permanent information that the CPU needs to function
correctly, but we can't put input into it, and we can't change it. That's why it's called
"Read Only Memory"- Because we can't write it.
The quantity of information a computer can store, and the speed it processes the data,
are the two big variables in computers. Some computers can store billions of pages of
information and do complicated operations on the data incredibly fast. Other, like PCs,
are less powerful. But the basic "architecture" is the same.
Unit 4
How a Computer works (Part 2)
4.1. REVIEW EXERCISE
A) Answer these questions:
1. Input,
Process
, output. What is the missing word?
2. What is another word for << information >> ?
3. Describe a monitor.
B) Now, in groups of 4 or 5 prepare 3 questions about Unit 3 for the rest of the class.
4.2. READING TEXT
First read the text without stopping, and try to get a general idea of the content. The read it again
more slowly, with a dictionary if necessary.
INSIDE THE COMPUTER
The three most important parts of a computer are the CPU (Central Processing Unit), RAM
(Random Acess Memory), and ROM (Read Only Memory). For the purposes of explaining these 3
key components, we will look at a microcomputer (minis and mainframes are a bit different, but
we will see the differences in a later unit).
The CPU
The CPU is the brain of a computer system: it controls all the other parts of the computer, and
does all the logical operations. It decides what operations will be performed on data, and also the
sequence of those operations. All data must sooner or later pass through the CPU which can
retrieve data from memory and store the results of manipulations back into memory. In

15. microcomputers the two big companies that make CPUs are called Intel and Motorola. Both
companies make 8, 16, and 32 bit microprocessors; the 32 bit processors are much faster and can
process more information than the others, and nowadays modern PCs all have 32 bit processors
RAM and ROM
RAM and ROM are the internal memory banks, or << main storage >> devices (disks or tapes are
<< secondary memory devices >>) where all the data the computer works with is stored. The RAM
memory stores information when the computer is turned on, and it receives all the information
and instructions that we put into it, either through the keyboard or by loading programs and data
into RAM from disks or tape. It is called << Random Access Memory >> because we can use it to
store or retrieve information whenever we want. If we want to use this information later, we have
to save it on a disk, because it is all lost when the computer is turned off. Microcomputers vary in
the size of their RAM; early micros had 48 or 64k RAM, but today, a normal PC will have 640k
RAM, and many now have over I Mega RAM. The ROM memory stores permanent information
that the CPU needs to function correctly, but we can’t put input into it, and we can't change it.
That's why it's called << Read Only Memory >> - because we can't write it.
The quantity of information a computer can store, and the speed it processes the data, are the
two big variables in computers. Some computers can store billions of pages of information and do
complicated operations on the data incredibly fast. Others, like PCs, are less powerful. But the
basic << architecture >> is the same.
B) Questions about the text:
1. What are the three important parts of a computer?
R/: The CPU (Central Processing Unit), RAM (random access memory) and ROM (read only
memory).
2. What is the CPU and what is its function?
R/: The CPU is the brain of a computer system, its function is to control all parts of the computer
and do all the logical operations, decide what shall be done at data and also the sequence of
operations.
3. What is the difference between an 8 bit processor and a 32 bit processor?
R/: The difference is that the 32-bit processors are much faster and can process more than 8 bits.
4. What information is lost when the computer is turned off?
R/: The information is not saved to disk will be lost when the computer shuts down.
5. How many Ks RAM has a modern PC normally got?
R/: A modern PC or normal 640k will varies in size RAM.

16. 6. How can we load programs into RAM?
R/: When the computer is on the RAM stores information.
7. Where is permanent data stored?
R/: In the ROM, so that the CPU work properly.
8. How can we save the data we put into RAM memory?
R/: The RAM data can be recovered if we keep them on a disk.
4.3. VOCABULARY STUDY
A) Look at these words. Do you understand them all?
access
brain
CPU
incredibly
key components
lost
memory
microprocessor
to load
to turn on/off
to receive
to retrieve
RAM/ROM
PC
powerful
size
speed
random
variables
Choose 3 of the words and make 1 sentence using the three words you choose.
EXAMPLE: RAM, turn off, lost.
Information in RAM is lost when you turn off the computer.
R /: microprocessor, RAM, Memory
Microprocessors vary the size of the RAM.
B) Write the correct words in the square:
B
H
M
R
R
S
S
r
a
i
n
e
m
o
r
y
e
a
d
o
n
t
o
r
e
l
y

17. The Centre of a computer......................
The inside of a computer.......................
Remembrance…………………………………….
To accept……………………………………………..
To recover…………………………………………..
To record……………………………………………..
To keep………………………………………………..
To switch off………………………………………..
Changeable………………………………………….
T
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
C) Complete the following dialogue:
John: Did you
CPU
John: Did you
that a computer has a brain?
Mary: no I
John: no it
that a computer has a brain?
what do you mean
How
with a brain?
It works with the 2 types of memory RAM
and
ROM
Mary: what's the difference between them?
John: the memory ROM is the part where permanent information is kept and RAM is for
storage
Mary:
very interesting!
4.4. PAIR WORK
Work in pairs read the above dialogue and continue
What happened next?
Can you continue the dialogue? Write three more possible sentences
4.5 GRAMMAR WORK: comparative and superlative
A) Review: A small company wants to buy 3 PCs. look at the chari and talk about the
characteristics of each one (figure 4.3)
Notes:
- Memory is measured in Ks (kilobytes)
- The speed of the computer (how fast it can process information) is measured in MHzs
(megahertz)

18. Find the cheapest computer and the most expensive one.
R /: more expensive equipment is (a) at a price of £ 3,000 and the cheapest is (d) with a price
of £ 600
Which is the fastest and the slowest?
R /: computer operating faster the (c) with a speed of 6 MHz and slower the (d) with a speed
of 5-6 MHZ
Which one has the most memory, and which one has the least?
R /: the (a, c and d) have the same amount of RAM with 640 Ks and (b) tine the least amount
of memory with 384 Ks.
Which do you think is the best buy? Why?
Make a sentence about:
Computers a and b
Computers a and c
Computers b and d
Computers c and d

19. B) Write sentences explaining which computer you like best, and why, using the comparative and
superlative:
• I like the
computer because
• I don't like the
computer because
• I think the
computer is the best value for money because
•
is a nice printer because it
C)The Past Continuous Tense
Make complete sentences using the words provided.
EXAMPLE: Six o'clock yesterday/John/do/homework.
At six o'clock yesterday, John was doing his homework.
1. Three o'clock last Monday/they/have lunch.
Three o´clock last Monday they have lunch
2. I/read/book/when the phone/ring.
I read book when the phone ring
3. The President/open/new university/when the attacker/fire/three shots.
The president open new university when the attacker three shots fire
4. Midnight last night/Bill/drinking beer/the put.
Bill drinking beer mid night last night the put
5. One o'clock/we/work/office.

20. One o´clock we work office
4.6. LISTENING
A) Sounds. You will hear some sounds. Can you guess what they are?
EXAMPLE: I think it's a car engine.
Perhaps it's a man walking along the street.
B) Pictures. The pictures represent the sounds. Can you put the sound with the right picture? Fill
the squares with the corresponding numbers (Figure 4.4)

21. C) Now listen to this sequence of sounds, and then answer the questions:
1. Where did the man go?
2. How did he get to the shop?
3. What did he want to buy?
4. Why didn't he buy anything?
D) Now tell the story of what happened to the man.
Start: Mr. Jones decided to buy a computer. He left his flat and went into the street.
Use these linking words to join your ideas:
First
= to start.
And
= to join pieces of information.
Then
= the second part of the information follows the first.
Suddenly = to introduce something unexpected/important.
But
= except.
Finally
= to end.
4.7. ROLE PLAY
In pairs imagine one of you wants to buy a computer and one is a computer salesman. Act out the
dialogue which takes place in the shop.

22. Start:
Sales assistant: Good morning. Can I help you?
Customer: Yes, I'd like to buy a computer.
4.8. PROJECT
•
•
•
•
•
Invent another story, write it, and make copies.
Think of some sound effects to go with the story.
Record the sounds with a cassette recorder.
Make some pictures to go with the sounds.
Give the rest of the class your pictures and play them the recorded sounds. Ask the class
to tell the story.
• Give the class a copy of the story.
4.9. GRAMMAR SUMMARY
See the grammar summary at the back of the book for an explanation of:
Past continuous tense