local governance and development MARD 1st semester

1. Unit 1 : Theories of Local Governance
1.1 Governance and Development
Prepared by:
Lumanti Shrestha
26 March, 2023
For
MARD, Padma Kanya Multiple Campus

2. Concept of Governance
• Governance refers to the exercise of political and
administrative authority at all levels to manage a
country’s affairs.
• It comprises the mechanisms, processes and
institutions, through which citizens and groups
articulate their interests, exercise their legal
rights, meet their obligations and mediate their
differences.
• The institutional and human capacities for
governance determine the way in which the
effectiveness of public policies and strategies is
attained, especially in service delivery.

3. • British Council, emphasizes that "governance" is a
broader notion than government
• "Governance involves interaction between the formal
institutions and those in civil society.
• Governance refers to a process whereby elements in
society wield power, authority and influence and enact
policies and decisions concerning public life and social
upliftment.“
• Webster's Dictionary (1986:982) is of some assistance,
indicating only that governance is a synonym for
government, or "the act or process of governing,
specifically authoritative direction and control". This
interpretation specifically focuses on the effectiveness
of the executive branch of government.

4. • The World Bank's focus on governance reflects the worldwide
thrust toward political and economic liberalization. Such a
governance approach highlights issues of greater state
responsiveness and accountability, and the impact of these factors
on political stability and economic development. In its 1989 report,
From Crisis to Sustainable Growth, the World Bank expressed this
notion as follows:
• "Efforts to create an enabling environment and to build capacities
will be wasted if the political context is not favourable. Ultimately,
better governance requires political renewal. This means a
concerted attack on corruption from the highest to lowest level.
This can be done by setting a good example, by strengthening
accountability, by encouraging public debate, and by nurturing a
free press. It also means ... fostering grassroots and non-
governmental organisations such as farmers' associations, co-
operatives, and women's groups".

5. Key actors of Governance
State/ government
Civil Society
Market
Actors of
Governance

6. Role of state/government
• Making policies and legal rules
• Ensure economic sustainability
• Develop essential infrastructure
• Provide fundamental public services
• Environment protection
• Promote and regulate and facilitate private and
non-government sectors

7. Role of Market
• Operate industries and business
• Create employment opportunities
• Production and economic improvement
• Novelty and invention
• Promote competition and industriousness

8. Role of Civil Society
• Non-profit oriented, volunteer, non-political
activities
• Act as pressure group
• Run Social awareness program
• Monitoring citizen
• Skill enhancement and empowerment
• Protection of human rights

9. Major objectives of Government
• Regulatory –security, development, traffic, follow
laws, (related to 3 organs of government)
• Management- natural and human resource
management
• People/ social mobilization- participation,
employment, equal distribution of outcome
• Service delivery- education, health,
communication, electricity, water supply, social
justice

10. Features/ Characteristics of Governance
• Accountability
• Legality and legitimacy
• Fair and reliable judicial system
• Participatory governance
• Use of state power
• Law and procedure
• Civil supremacy
• Complex and comprehensive
• Transparency
• Freedom of information and expression

11. Features/ Characteristics of Governance
• Separation of power, check and balance
• Cooperation with civil society
• Role of government
• Managerial style
• Vision
• Changeability
• Multiple objectives and expectation
• Continuous system
• Mirror of the society
• Rule of law

12. Fundamental Aspects of Governance System
• Organs of State- population, province, government,
sovereignty
• Organs of Government- interrelationship among legislative,
executive, judiciary
• Civil supremacy –citizen have supreme power
• Fundamental and human rights –
• Foreign relation – economic, social, technical collaboration
for world governance system
• Accountability system- be disciplined, regulated, transparent
• Peace and security – for trust from the citizen
• Democracy and good governance- popular worldwide due to
8 characteristics of GG
• Resource mobilization and effective public service delivery-
for development, effective public service delivery by proper
utilization of tax

13. Dimension/ scope of Governance
• Political dimension- promotion of democracy, governance, policy
making, identifying and solving public voices/ problems
• Economic dimension- economic growth, stability, improve HDI,
economic equity and equality, justified distribution,
• Social dimension- social balance - brotherhood, fraternity, honesty,
ethics
• Managerial dimension- efficiency of government, economic
liberalization, effectiveness of public institute, well administrative,
human resource development, capacity enhancement of the local,
environmental protection, population management, structural
management
• Institutional dimension- support, promotion and protection of public
institutions, state, policy, civil society, construction of structural
method for governing/ governance.
• Ethical dimension- ethical basis, corruption free society, transparency,
fair administration, good relationship with service seekers,
responsiveness, ethical values etc.

14. Level of Governance
• National level
• Supranational level (trans-boundary)
• Sub-national level
• Jurisdicational level

15. New Trends of Governance
• Democratic Governance- self governing through
their representative, open market, liberalization,
competitive and transparent society, utilization of
economic, social, political freedom, participation
based governance system, protection of society and
culture
• Rule of Law- governance based on law, all are equal
according to law, law is made by representative of
local area, London has the best rule of law in the
world,
• Good Governance- power, right and responsibility of
the actors of government for satisfaction of citizens
by active participation of people at all level for
service delivery

16. • Responsive Governance- policy, work, programme,
decision, evaluation of work done, right to
information,
• Transparency and Open Governance- economic
liberalization -1990- achievement of governance to
be made transparent to the citizen
• Multi-level Governance: involvement of multiple
sectors- government, private sector, cooperatives,
civil society, NGOs, national and international
organizations
• Political vs Economics Governance- influence of
politics from different countries- China vs USA,
China vs India, etc.

17. • Smart Governance- use of modern technology
and ICT as a medium for transparent and
sustainable environment
• Focus on skill enhancement, community
representative, mobile activities, novelty
Model of smart governance
a. Government to citizen (G2C) Model
b. Government to Business (G2B) Model
c. Government to Government (G2G) Model
d. Government to Employee (G2E) Model

18. • Cooperative Governance- important means of
overall and economic development
• Team
• Strategic leadership
• Democracy
• Healthy Governance- competition, good
governance, permission from the people
• Selection of representative

19. Indicators of Governance
• Voice of Accountability
• Political Stability and absence of violence/
terrorism
• Government effectiveness
• Regulatory quality/ capacity
• Rule of law
• Control of corruption

20. Good governance
• the notion of what is good is thus defined by the
desired outcome, which varies from one situation to
another.
Two broad governance issues
• 1. The first refer to to institutions of governance,
including public administration and public services
refers to the sound management of resources, delivery
of and equitable access to public services,
responsiveness to the views of citizens and their
participation in decisions that concern them -better
personnel management, transparency in public
finance, a curb on corruption, citizen participation and
enhanced accountability in the fields of education,
health, finance and other development sectors

21. Good governance
• 2. second broad governance issue is concerned with
concepts of democracy and the rule of law, including
rights-based claims to equality before the law, judicial
independence, participation in the conduct of public
affairs, electoral integrity, political plurality, freedom of
expression and media independence
• These claims include demands for gender equality and
the inclusion of youth and marginalized groups. Integral
to effective implementation is an informed and
empowered citizenry engaged in transparent and
accountable governance processes. Free and pluralistic
media are considered essential to such ends as is the
right to freely access information held by public bodies