2. 2
GOVERNANCE THEORIES
Prolog
Globalization, complexity and wicked problems need creative and
innovative solutions that government cannot do alone.
It needs theactive participation and collaboration of citizens and
networks formingnew social arrangements that go beyond the
‘business as usual.’
3. DEFINITIONS OF GOVERNANCE
STATIST PERSPECTIVE
Governance -
“regimes of laws, administrative rules,
judicial rulings,and practices that
constrain,prescribe, and enable
governmentactivity, where such activity
Is broadly defined as the production
and delivery of publicly supported
goods and services” (Lynn, Heinrich,and
Hill, 2000)
NON-STATIST PERSPECTIVE
Governance “is concerned withconcepts
of democracy and the rule oflaw” where
“democracy is a “universal
value” based on the freely expressed
will of the people to determine their
own political, economic, social and
cultural systems and full participation
in all aspects of their lives”
(UNDP2012: 3-5)
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4. SCOPE AND BREADTH OF GOVERNANCE THEORY
Bevir: (2016)“setting the scope of gover
nance isalmost always the Result of
‘practice’while ‘theory’ Tries to make.
sense of it,justify it,and incorporate
it into existingor new theoretical
frameworks.”
Ansell and Torfing: handbook on
governance,(2016).
“governance theories tend to be process –
oriented and context
sensitive” and are “linked with
practical efforts at solving complexproblems
in new and creative ways”
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6. 6
NEW PUBLIC GOVERNANCE
•A theory that is grounded in the concepts of citizenship and the public interest,
Expressed as the shared interests of citizens rather than as the aggregation ofindividual
interests determined by elected officials or market preferences.
•The centrality of citizens as co producers of policies and the delivery of services
Fundamentally distinguishes the New Public Governance approach from both
The statist approach (“rowing”) associated with the old public administration and
Market based New Public Management approaches (“steering”) to unleash market forces
(Denhardt and Denhardt, 2000).
7. 7
CHARACTERISTICS OF NPG
•state is both plural -- public service delivery is undertaken by multiple
interdependent actors, And pluralist -- in that multiple processes and inputs shape policymaking.
•highlights the fragmentation of policy space with the emergence of multiple actors and
jurisdictions alongside growing interdependence between actors operating at local,national and
global levels
•emphasizes interorganizational relationships (as opposed to intraorganizational processes within
government) and the governance of processes, in which trust, relationalcapital and relational
contracts serve as the core governance mechanisms, rather thanorganizational form and function
(Osborne, 2006)
8. NEW PUBLIC SERVICE
•approaches public management from the vantage point of democratic theory. Its emphasis is on
engaging citizens as the primary focus of public management. The NPS framework
is highly normative and value-driven.
•role of public managers need to acquire skills that go beyond capacity for controlling or steering
society in pursuit of policy solutions to focus more on brokering, negotiating and resolving complex
problems in partnership with citizens(“serving”).
•Integrates post, New Public Management (NPM) approaches like the “whole of government”
“whole of society”
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9. ACTORS IN GOVERNANCE
• almost always conceptualized as bounded groups of individuals and/or organizations
that act either in synchrony to reach shared goals/interests
•e.g. as in network theories, where state-civil-corporate actors are said tocooperate in non-
hierarchical/ partnership/ autonomous relations)
•or as competing and selfinterested groups of actors situated at different levels within
organizational and national structures and across the globe
•e.g. development theories that often juxtapose state-civil-corporate actors with local-
national-global players;
•or as in corporate governance theories that often present managers/CEOs as embedded in
highly hierarchical structures, having conflicting interests to and relations with theiremploye
es, boards and governing bodies.
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10. GOVERNANCE IN PRACTICE
•Advocated in the 1990s by UN,WB, ADB and multilateral institutions, governanceis the
broadening of public management trends that are transforming governmentthrough which
state and society engage while at the same time presenting newchallenges for democratic
control, representation, and accountability.
•‘selforganizing, interorganizational networks characterized by interdependence,resource
exchange, rules of the game and significant autonomy from the state’(Rhodes, 1997).
•‘less government and more governance,’ i.e. more decentralized, consultative power-
sharing in new public–private configurations.
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12. LEADERSHIP
•The main objective of leadership theories is to make provision of knowledge interms of
qualities of leaders.The first theory is the trait theory (“greatman”).
The second theory is the behavior theory (leadership is learned).
Thethird theory is the contingency model (combo of personality and context).
The fourth theory is transactional theory (rewards and punishment).
The fifth theoryis transformational theory (change in individuals and systems).
•The transformational leader is reform oriented,whereas the transformative
leader interrogates and seeks to disrupt that which is taken for granted.
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13. NETWORK MANAGEMENT
•Governance networks can be described as a pluri-
centric system as opposed to the unicentric system. Governance networks involve a large number
of interdependentactors who interact with each other in order to produce an outcome.
These networksare a way to mobilize and engage citizens and organizations in the development,
implementation, and monitoring of public policy.
•In terms of decision making, governance networks are based on negotiation rationality as
opposed to the substantial rationality that governs state rule and the proceduralrationality That
governs market competition.
•Compliance is ensured through trust and political obligation which, over time,becomes sustaine
d by self-constituted rules and norms.
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14. NETWORK MANAGEMENT
•Governance networks can be described as a pluri-
centric system as opposed to the unicentric system. Governance networks involve a large number
of interdependentactors who interact with each other in order to produce an outcome.
These networksare a way to mobilize and engage citizens and organizations in the development,
implementation, and monitoring of public policy.
•In terms of decision making, governance networks are based on negotiation rationality as
opposed to the substantial rationality that governs state rule and the proceduralrationality that
governs market competition.
•Compliance is ensured through trust and political obligation which, over time,becomes sustaine
d by self-constituted rules and norms.
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15. 15
DECENTRALIZATION
•Decentralization, or decentralizing
governance, refers to the restructuring or reorganization of authority so that there is
a system of coresponsibility betweeninstitutions of governance at the central, regional
and local levels according to theprinciple of subsidiarity, thus increasing the overall
quality and effectiveness of thesystem of governance while increasing the authority and
capacities of sub-nationallevels.
•Government decentralization has both political and administrative aspects. Its
decentralization may be territorial, moving power from a central city to other localities,
and it may be functional, moving decision making from the top administrator of any
branch of government to lower level officials, or divesting of the function entirely
through privatization.
16. SOCIAL INCLUSION
•Identity is a marker of how resources and opportunities are distributed in oursociety.
People who belong to groups that have been historically discriminated
against, and that continue to face systemic inequality, know that identity
determines advantages and disadvantages, with both economic and socialconsequences.
•Social inclusion is the process of improving the terms on which individuals and
groups take part in societyimproving the ability, opportunity, and dignity ofthose disadva
ntaged on the basis of their identity (World Bank).
•How can social policies (social protection) be used to enhance social capacities
for economic development without, in the process, eroding the intrinsic values
of the social ends that policy makers purport to address? (Thadika Mkandawire)
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17. REGULATION
•State interference in “market failures” caused by a lack of information
(information asymmetries), market control (monopoly), non-delivery of public
goods (non-excludable, nonrivalrous), and externalities (cost or benefit of an
economic activity experienced by an unrelated third party, e.g. Climate change).
•In political economy, it refers to the attempt of the state to steer the economy, either
narrowly defined as the imposition of economic controls on the behaviorof private
business using governmental instruments, such as taxation ordisclosure requirements.
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18. GOVERNING THE COMMONS
•Common-Pool Resource is a natural or human-made resource system, made
available to all by consumption and to which access can be limited only at a highcost.
(e.g. fishing grounds, forests, irrigation, etc.) Common-
pool resources are susceptible to overuse and are thus prone to “tragedies of the
commons.”
•“The law locks up the man or woman Who steals the goose off the common
But leaves the greater villain loose Who steals the common from the goose.”
(17th century poem)
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19. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
•Sustainable development is defined as “a constraint upon present consumptionin order
to ensure that future generations will inherit a resource base that is noless than the
inheritance of the previous generation.”
•1887 Brundtland Commission “development that meets the needs of the
present generation without comprising the capacity of future generations tomeet their
own needs.”
•Sustainable development goals (SDGs)
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20. Collaborative governance is “generally initiate
d with an instrumental purposein mind” to pro
pel actions that “couldnot have been attained
by any of the organizations acting alone.
” (Huxhamet al. 2006);
Central effort is to solve
problems rather than to win victories, to
discover the broadest commonalityof interests
(Fung and Wright 2003)
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COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE (STATIST PERSPECTIVE)
21. EMPOWERED PARTICIPATORY GOVERNANCE (NON-STATIST PERSPECTIVE)
•Empowered Deliberative Democracy (EDD): practices that have the potential to
be radically democratic in their reliance on the participation and capacities of
ordinary people, deliberative because they institute reason-
based decision making,and empowered since they attempt to tie action to discussion (Fung & Wrig
ht2001).
•3 Principles: a) practical orientation; b) bottom-up participation;
c) deliberativesolution generation versus familiar methods of social choice: command and controlby
experts, aggregative voting, and strategic negotiation.
•3 design properties: 1) Devolution; 2) Centralized supervision and coordination;3) State Centered,
Not Voluntaristic
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22. VALUES IN GOVERNANCE THEORY (Main question)
•Where does power, authority, and legitimacy lie in the new form/modes ofgovernance?How is it a
chieved and shared?
•How do different forms,models, templates, and practices impact on everyday work, life, social
forms, and organizing?
•In turn, how can protest, negotiation, compliance, and resistance be conceptualized and
acknowledged in such models?
•What role do norms, ethical-moral issues, and trust play in governance?
•Whose interests are being protected by governance and whose values promoted?
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