The document outlines key concepts about natural disasters, defining them as hazards that cause destruction and categorizing them into types like cyclones, earthquakes, and floods. It discusses how human actions such as deforestation and urbanization increase vulnerability to such disasters. Additionally, it briefly explains the rules and examples of direct and indirect speech.

1. Unit10: Natural Disaster

2. Key Concept Questions
What is disaster?
What is natural disaster?
What human actions can increase vulnerability to disasters?

3. 1. What is disaster?
Disaster are hazards that causes destruction or
environmental changes.
Types of disaster
• Natural disaster
• Man-made disaster

4. 2. What is natural disaster?
• Natual disasters are disasters that occur in the world
naturally. Natural disasters can happen at any
location at any time throughout the universe.
• Natural disasters can destroy cities, or sometimes a
whole country if it is that severe.
• They can occur on land, in the water, and in the
wind.

5. Categories of Natural Disasters
1. Cyclone
2. Earthquake
3. Tornado
4. Volcano Eruption
5. Tsunami
6. Flood
7. Wildfire
8. Drought
9. Landslide
10. Avalanche

6. 3. What human actions can increase
vulnerability to disasters?
• There are several of them. You can take for
example when people cut down too many
trees faster than nature can replenish them.
1. Deforestation
2. Urbanization
3. Overpopulation
4. Global warming

7. Reported Speech

8. Direct & Indirect Speech
• Quoting the exact words of the speaker is called "Direct Speech".
E.g: John said, "I am very busy now."
• In Direct Speech, we use inverted commas to mark off the exact
words of the speaker. In Indirect Speech we do not.
• Reporting of what a speaker said without quoting the exact words
is called "Indirect/Reported Speech".
E.g: John said that he was very busy then.

9. Reported Speech
• We use reported speech when we are saying what other people
say, think or believe.
• Direct speech: "I'm tired!", Helen said.
• Reported speech: Helen said (that) she was tired.

10. Reported Speech
• In reported speech, we usually use 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell'.
1. 'tell' + direct object (me/us/him/her....) + (that)
• John told me (that) he was going to be late.
• He told me (that) he loved me.
2. 'say' + (that)
• He said (that) he wanted to marry me.
• John said (that) he would be late.

11. Rules to Change from Direct
Speech to Reported Speech

12. Rule1: The pronouns should be changed

13. Rule2: The
tenses
should be
changed

14. Rule2: The tenses should be changed

15. Rule2: The tenses should be changed

16. Rule3: Modal verbs should be changed

17. Rule3: Modal verbs should be changed

18. Rule4: Time words should be changed

19. Change into Reported Speech
1. “We may buy a car next year” said my grandpa.
2. “I like travelling from time to time” says my cousin.
3. “It will be rain today” said the farmer.
4. “Sharon is going to come here tomorrow” her mother said to me.
5. “I don’t feel lonely thanks to the books I love” says Margaret.
6. “It’s really amazing to read CD books” says Andy.
7. “You must take your medicine twice a day” said a doctor.