The document discusses the prolactin test, which measures levels of the prolactin hormone in the blood. Prolactin is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates lactation in females. A prolactin test may be ordered to diagnose or monitor treatment of a prolactinoma tumor or to investigate issues like irregular periods or fertility problems. The test involves drawing a blood sample, usually from the arm vein. Results are available within 1-2 days and can indicate abnormal prolactin levels.
A termination of pregnancy via the intervetion of a physician through surgery or the use of RU 486 or some other medication.
To prevent injury to the physical or mental health of the woman.
5.1 Placenta, membranes and amniotic fluid.pdfChantal Settley
Allows gas exchange so the fetus gets enough oxygen
Helps the fetus get sufficient nutrition (folate, vitamins, glucose, etc)
Helps regulate the fetus’ body temperature
Removes waste from the fetus for processing by the mother’s body (excretion)
Filters out some microbes that could cause infection
Transfers antibodies from the mother to the fetus, conferring some immune protection (immunity function).
Produces hormones that keep the mother’s body primed to support pregnancy (endocrine function)
A set of 15 bioZhena Corp. slides highlights what matters the most at this stage (not a formal presentation). Best to view it in the Slide Show mode. The Speaker Notes contain some additional information.
First Stage of Labour nsg management.pptxitisha prasad
first stage of labour is the time period from the time of true labour to the full dilation of the cervix. it is most crucial time which requires proper and efficient care and support. Nursing managment during this time is very essential in order to procced with the normal labour. Partograph is one of the biggest tool to asess the progress of labour . It is very important to know the care to be provided during labour to the mothers including the care of bowel, bladder, ambulation, rest, positions, all of this help to keep a track of labour and they assist in the progress of labour.
The average fetal heart rate is between 110 and 160 beats per minute. It can vary by 5 to 25 beats per minute. The fetal heart rate may change as your baby responds to conditions in your uterus. An abnormal fetal heart rate may mean that your baby is not getting enough oxygen or that there are other problems.
A termination of pregnancy via the intervetion of a physician through surgery or the use of RU 486 or some other medication.
To prevent injury to the physical or mental health of the woman.
5.1 Placenta, membranes and amniotic fluid.pdfChantal Settley
Allows gas exchange so the fetus gets enough oxygen
Helps the fetus get sufficient nutrition (folate, vitamins, glucose, etc)
Helps regulate the fetus’ body temperature
Removes waste from the fetus for processing by the mother’s body (excretion)
Filters out some microbes that could cause infection
Transfers antibodies from the mother to the fetus, conferring some immune protection (immunity function).
Produces hormones that keep the mother’s body primed to support pregnancy (endocrine function)
A set of 15 bioZhena Corp. slides highlights what matters the most at this stage (not a formal presentation). Best to view it in the Slide Show mode. The Speaker Notes contain some additional information.
First Stage of Labour nsg management.pptxitisha prasad
first stage of labour is the time period from the time of true labour to the full dilation of the cervix. it is most crucial time which requires proper and efficient care and support. Nursing managment during this time is very essential in order to procced with the normal labour. Partograph is one of the biggest tool to asess the progress of labour . It is very important to know the care to be provided during labour to the mothers including the care of bowel, bladder, ambulation, rest, positions, all of this help to keep a track of labour and they assist in the progress of labour.
The average fetal heart rate is between 110 and 160 beats per minute. It can vary by 5 to 25 beats per minute. The fetal heart rate may change as your baby responds to conditions in your uterus. An abnormal fetal heart rate may mean that your baby is not getting enough oxygen or that there are other problems.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Uniform
1.
2.
3. Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Master of Arts in English Language Teaching ( MAELT )
Summer 2013
TESL 603 – Modern English Grammar ( 3 units )
Dr. Mely M. Padilla
Rm. 406
Count the garden by the flowers, never by the leaves that fall.
Count your life with smiles, and not the tears that roll.
Mrs. RUTH B. RELATOR - MINIANO
4. BRIGADA ESKWELA 2013
May 20-24
ROOM 308 – Administrative Building
Submitted by: Mrs. Ruth R.Miniano and Mrs. Chona Lampaya
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. TESL 601 – Approaches to Teaching English as a Second Language
TESL ( 3 units )
Dr. Pacelli S. Eugenio
Rm. 406
Mrs. RUTH B. RELATOR - MINIANO
Do your own work well, and then you will have something to b e proud of.
But don’t compare yourself with others. We each must carry our own load.
TESL 601
10. Approaches to Teaching English
as a Second Language - TESL
Mrs. RUTH B. RELATOR - MINIANO
Do your own work well, and then you will have something to b e proud of.
But don’t compare yourself with others. We each must carry our own load.
11. What It Is
Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, the pea-sized gland near the base of the
brain that controls metabolism, growth, and sexual development. Although prolactin is produced
in small amounts in both males and non-pregnant females, its main role is to stimulate lactation
(milk production) in females during pregnancy and maintain milk supply during breastfeeding. A
prolactin test measures the amount of this hormone in the bloodstream.
In a woman who breastfeeds, the nursing baby's demand for milk actually controls the mother's
supply. When a baby sucks at the breast, the woman's pituitary gland releases more prolactin into
her blood, increasing her milk production. If a mother doesn't breastfeed, her prolactin levels will
return to normal shortly after giving birth.
Sometimes, though, prolactin levels are elevated even if a woman isn't pregnant or breastfeeding,
or in a male. The most common cause is a prolactinoma, a usually benign (not cancerous)
prolactin-producing tumor of the pituitary gland.
Why It's Done
Doctors may order prolactin tests to help diagnose, or monitor treatment of, prolactinoma.
Symptoms of a prolactinoma include headaches, vision problems (if tumor growth is causing
pressure on an optic nerve), and galactorrhea (milk production outside pregnancy or
breastfeeding, or in a male).
The prolactin test also may be used as part of a work-up for irregular menstrual periods, fertility
problems, some types of thyroid or adrenal gland dysfunction, anorexia, and polycystic ovarian
syndrome.
All these conditions can be associated with altered prolactin levels. A number of medications and
drugs can also stimulate the pituitary gland to release more prolactin into the blood.
Preparation
No special preparations are needed for this test. However, since prolactin levels vary throughout
the day and night — they're highest during sleep, just after waking up, following strenuous
exercise, and during periods of emotional stress — your doctor may request that the test be
performed at a certain time of day (often a few hours after waking up). You also should be sure
that the doctor knows about any medications or drugs your child may be taking, since some may
increase prolactin levels in the blood.
It may help to have your child wear a short-sleeve shirt on the day of the test to allow easier
access for the technician who will be drawing the blood.
The Procedure
A health professional will draw the blood from a vein after cleaning the skin surface with
antiseptic and placing an elastic band (tourniquet) around the upper arm to apply pressure and
cause the veins to swell with blood. A needle is inserted into a vein (usually in the arm inside of
the elbow or on the back of the hand) and blood is withdrawn and collected in a vial or syringe.
12. After the procedure, the elastic band is removed. Once the blood has been collected, the needle is
removed and the area is covered with cotton or a bandage to stop the bleeding. Collecting the
blood for the test will only take a few minutes.
Getting the Results
The blood sample will be processed by a machine. The results are commonly available in 1-2
days.
Risks
The prolactin test is considered a safe procedure. However, as with many medical tests, some
problems can occur with having blood drawn, including:
fainting or feeling lightheaded
hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin causing a lump or bruise)
pain associated with multiple punctures to locate a vein
Helping Your Child
Having a blood test is relatively painless. Still, many children are afraid of needles. Explaining
the test in terms your child can understand might help ease some of the fear.
Allow your child to ask the technician any questions he or she might have. Tell your child to try
to relax and stay still during the procedure, as tensing muscles and moving can make it harder
and more painful to draw blood. It also may help if your child looks away when the needle is
being inserted into the skin.
If You Have Questions
If you have questions about the prolactin test, speak with your doctor. You can also talk to the
technician before the procedure.
Reviewed by: Steven Dowshen, MD
Date reviewed: March 2011