The document discusses biomedical engineering and its role during the COVID-19 pandemic. It begins with an overview of biomedical engineering, its history, and how it has improved healthcare and medical devices. It then discusses how biomedical engineering played a key role in developing ventilators to treat COVID-19 patients. Both large companies and small engineering firms have worked to increase ventilator production. While some criticize biomedical engineering's impact on human life, the document argues it has significant benefits, like helping defeat diseases and extend human lifespans.

1. UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
“FRANCISCO DE MIRANDA”
INGLÉS INSTRUMENTAL II
ÁREA TECNOLOGÍA
ELECTROMEDICINA- INGENIERÍA BIOMÉDICA
SANTA ANA DE CORO; NOVIEMBRE DE 2021
PROF. MAUREEN JIMÉNEZ

3. Estrategia que nos ayuda a formular hipótesis de lo que va a suceder,
basándonos en lo leído y en la experiencia personal. A medida que
avanzamos en la lectura confirmaremos (o no) dicha predicción.
Sirve en distintos momentos
de la lectura y se basan en
las indicaciones que brindan
los diferentes aspectos de la
estructura textual como son lo
títulos, subtítulos, palabras
clave o diseño del texto. Ellos
permiten que te formules
hipótesis (que supongas por
adelantado) sobre lo que el
texto informa y verificar si los
supuestos son válidos o no.
Consideraciones:
-Usando el contexto
-Usando los conectores del
discurso, que nos ayudan a
predecir qué curso tomará el
desarrollo de las ideas.

4. PALABRAS TIPO DE INFORMACIÒN
INTRODUCIDA
When, as, since, during, while,
after, at the time, before
Se mencionará información de
tiempo.
And, also, too, in addition,
moreover, furthermore, besides,
not only…but also, above all, as
well as.
Se añadirá otro punto al
argumento previo.
As, since, because, due to, for,
owing to, causes, brings about,
leads to
Se describirá la causa del evento
Hence, thus, as a result,
consequently, so, so…that,
therefore, results in
Se describirá el resultado del
evento
Algunos conectores y la información que introducen se presentan a
continuación:

5. PALABRAS TIPO DE INFORMACIÒN
INTRODUCIDA
In order to, in the hope that, so as
to, to +verb, so that
Se describirá el propósito del
evento.
Similarly, in the same way,
likewise, like, as, as…as, just
as…as, just as…so, both…and,
neither…nor.
Se mostrara la similitud entre dos
eventos objetos o ideas.
While, whereas, unlike, but,
differently, on the other hand, in
contrast to, instead of, rather
than.
Se establecerá un contraste entre
dos eventos, objetos o ideas.
Although, even though, even if,
despite, in spite of, yet, however,
nevertheless, still.
Se mostrará que eventos
sucedieron en forma contraria a
nuestras expectativas.
Such as, for example, for
instance, that is, in other words,
e.g., i.e, signos de puntuación
Nos proporcionan ejemplos o una
explicación del punto o tema.

6. Se trata de establecer una conclusión lógica acerca de la información
que no se dice directamente en el texto, basándonos en lo que el
autor ha dicho anteriormente, es decir un significado implícito.
La deducción por
razonamientos a partir del
contexto, de los hechos y
premisas,
incrementa la rapidez y la
competencia lectora.
La inferencia de significados
es el mecanismo que influye
en la comprensión eficiente y
eficaz del texto leído

7. Piensa en el escenario (contexto) y en detalles que
puedes agregar.
Piensa en algo que tú sabes e imagina como
puedes encajar con lo que esta en el texto.
Busca las palabras desconocidas y piensa qué
otras palabras presentes en el texto pueden
ayudarte a conocer el significado de éstas.

8. DEFINICIÓN EXPLICACIÓN
Conceptualización Descripción
Ej:
It is the study of how fluids (Hip.) move and the forces on them. It
can be divided into the study of fluids at rest (Def.), and the
study of fluids in motion (Def.). It is a branch of continuum
mechanics, a subject which models matter without using the
information that it is made out of atoms (Exp.).
Uso de los conectores (Ver tabla Predicción)
Los conectores nos proporcionan información de las ideas que se
presentan entre ellas, y predecir cuál es el curso que tomara el
desarrollo de las ideas.

9. SINONIMIA ANTONIMIA HIPONIMIA
Una palabra con un
similar significado
encontrado en el texto nos
ayudan a describir a una
persona o a un objeto.
Una palabra con
un significado
opuesto es
encontrada en el
texto.
Determinadas palabras
(Hipónimos) que
poseen todos los
rasgos semánticos de
otra más general
(llamada hiperónimo),
pero que añade en su
definición otros rasgos
semánticos que la
diferencian.
Ej:
management-
administration
communication-
connection
Ej.
employees
silence- quiet
Ej.
human resource
management
language- message

10. SINONIMIA ANTONIMIA HIPONIMIA
Una palabra con un
similar significado
encontrado en el texto nos
ayudan a describir a una
persona o a un objeto.
Una palabra con
un significado
opuesto es
encontrada en el
texto.
Determinadas palabras
(Hipónimos) que
poseen todos los
rasgos semánticos de
otra más general
(llamada hiperónimo),
pero que añade en su
definición otros rasgos
semánticos que la
diferencian.
Ej:
Engineering - production
Health- well being
communication-
connection
Ej.
Benefit-
disadvantage
silence- quiet
Ej.
Condition- health
language- message

11. P
R
Á
C
T
I
C
A
1
Predice el contenido y estructura de un texto a partir del
título del mismo. Luego confirma tu hipótesis.
The role of biomedical engineering
during the COVID-19 pandemic

12. Biomedical engineering is a huge topic nowadays – especially with COVID-19 circulating the globe.
Biomedical engineering (often known as ‘medical engineering’) is the term used for the combination of biology
and engineering or applying engineering materials to medicine and healthcare. Biomedical engineering is very
important for the healthcare industry – from advancing medical treatments to monitoring a condition – without
it the healthcare industry would be very unreliable.
History
Biomedical engineering was first introduced by Alfred E Mann, a physicist, entrepreneur, and philanthropist.
Since then, the 1970s, the sector has developed in leaps and bounds, and the first dedicated institution was
built in 1998 at the University of Southern California, USA.
Especially during the last few years, biomedical engineering has been extremely important for improving
healthcare and medical devices. Most biomedical engineers are employed for scientific research,
pharmaceutical companies, and manufacturing firms. It was in 1993 when five biomedical engineers in
Edinburgh, UK created the first functional bionic arm – also known as the ‘Edinburgh Modular Arm System’.
This specific arm consisted of miniature motors, microchips, and grips which allowed the artificial fingers to
grip objects, along with a twistable wrist
Now, bionic arms are so much more advanced and expensive. In today’s era, prosthetic arms are made from
strong, durable lightweight materials such as carbon fibre and have a very different structure. “Nowadays,
implants are placed in the sensory system to control nerve action, rather than devices attached to the body by
straps or artificially powered,” said Jacky Finch, a researcher in the KNH Centre for Biomedical Egyptology at
the University of Manchester, UK.
As technology has developed, so has biomedical engineering. In the last decade, advanced electronics have
assisted us in accessing many of the necessary scientific details.
COVID-19
COVID-19 is a virus which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome and is shown to display
symptoms between six and 41 days, with the most common being 14 days. The virus first broke out in
Wuhan, China in December 2019 and spread across the globe within weeks. So much so that the WHO
declared to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January, 2020.
There has been worldwide concern that there is a shortage of available ventilators which are required to
support patients with this lift threatening illness. For many patients critically ill with COVID-19, a ventilator
could be a matter of life or death. The machine works to get oxygen to the lungs whilst removing carbon
dioxide, which is essential for patients who are too sick to breathe on their own.
Biomedical engineering plays a huge part in manufacturing these breathing devices and ensuring they are
compatible. Furthermore, ventilators are very difficult to manufacturer due to their unique structure and
programming.
“These are extremely sensitive machines with not only a lot of hardware, but also a lot of software. If one of
the components does not work correctly, the whole machine shuts down and cannot be used anymore,”

13. However, both large and small companies are joining forces in order to tackle the virus once and for all.
According to the Daily Mail, a UK newspaper, a family run engineering company located in Wales are
developing a new ventilator to treat patients. It is said they are en route to producing 100 ventilators a day.
This engineering company, CR Clarke – which usually designs plastic fabrication equipment for industry –
was approached by Dr Rhys Thomas (NHS Senior) who was concerned at the lack of intensive care unit
ventilators.
Weaknesses of biomedical engineering
The biomedical engineering profession and industry continues to receive a lot of praise for the advances it
makes and the problems it solves. However, there is also some controversy when it comes to changing the
fate of someone’s life by an unnatural source – such as ventilators, bionic prosthetics etc. Indeed, some
people have questioned the morality of biomedical engineering because it is not ‘what was intended’, and
others have even come to view biomedical engineering as a form of mutilation of the existing species.
In addition, in some rare cases, biomedical engineering could potentially, and albeit unintentionally, harm
humans. For instance, there is evidence to suggest that biomedical engineering may cause the development
of drug resistant pathogens.
Strengths of biomedical engineering
But, if course, there are numerous benefits to biomedical engineering, too. In times like this, with COVID-19
spreading across the globe, we are fortunate that biomedical engineering is so advanced and successful.
Bioengineering has played a vital role in ensuring that common diseases are defeated. Through genetic
modification, some diseases have been beaten while others have been neutralised. And it is thanks to
biomedical engineering that people are living longer – as a result of the technology and modifications it brings
about. Indeed, scientists have been able to extend the life of some organisms by a few years.
Market insights
As you can image, due to coronavirus the demand for the most advanced biomedical engineering has
rocketed. Many organisations such as car manufactures have joined forces in rapidly producing ventilators.
Elsewhere, a ventilator specialist is drawing on manufacturing support from firms including Formula 1 teams
McLaren, Mercedes, Ford, Siemens, and Meggitt.
Tesla are also contributing to tackle the virus. As stated in Forbes, the coronavirus crisis has led Elon Musk to
jump into the medical device industry, with SpaceX fabricating components for Medtronic MDT ventilators,
corporate donations of BiPAP breathing machines that can be modified for use as non-invasive ventilators,
and promising to use a Tesla TSLA factory to produce ventilators. Now, Tesla engineers have designed a
prototype ventilator that uses parts adapted from electric vehicles.
Biomedical engineers are in high demand in order to keep on top of the safety trends which this virus is
causing globally. As a result, there is a very strong sense that this industry will continue to go from strength to
strength.

14. P
R
Á
C
T
I
C
A
2
Presta atención a las claves directas e indirectas que
ofrece el autor para inferir el título del texto.
You may consider that strategic planning (HIP) is an
organizational management activity ( DEF) that is used to set
priorities, focus energy and resources, strengthen operations,
ensure that employees and other stakeholders are working
toward common goals, establish agreement around intended
outcomes/results, and assess and adjust the organization's
direction in response to a changing environment. It is a
disciplined effort that produces fundamental decisions and
actions that shape and guide what an organization is, who it
serves, what it does, and why it does it, with a focus on the
future. (EXP)