The document discusses different models of the innovation process. It describes the innovation process as involving search, exploration, cycles of divergent and convergent thinking, and needing support at the national, enterprise, and individual levels. It then contrasts linear models of innovation, like technology push and market pull models, with more flexible models where phases can overlap and ideas can emerge at any stage. Flexible models attempt to better reflect the complexity of real-world innovation.

1. Understanding
Innovation Process

2. Innovation Process
• It is the process which facilities innovation.
• The process of innovation involves search & selection,
exploration & synthesis, cycles of divergent thinking
& convergence.
• Innovation process needs support at three levels.
• At the macro level i.e. National Level,Innovation in a
nation directly depends upon national government’s
policies and support.

3. Innovation
Process

4. Contd …
•
•
• At the next level i.e. Enterprise Level, Innovation in
enterprises depends upon top management’s support and
commitment. It is the top management which sets the
direction and environment for the innovation in an
organization.
Lastly at the bottom level ie. Individual Level,
Organizations should create mutifunctional teams and
encourage individuals involved in the innovation process.
Innovation largely depends upon actions and motivation of
multifunctional teams and individuals involved in the
innovation process.
Innovation is largely responsibility of enterprise

5. Innovation Process vs Process innovation
S Innovation Process Process innovation
No
1 It is the process which
facilities innovation.
It means development of new
process / changes in process
design which are used in
providing product / service
2 It may lead to innovations
in the areas of product,
service or process
It is one of goals of innovation
process
3 e.g. … Activities of multi
functional team for new
product development
e.g. … JIT, CAD, CAM, FMS,
e-mails, e-CRM

6. Innovation Process Models
1. Linear Model
a. Technology Push Model
b. Market Pull Model
2. Flexible Innovation Process Model

7. Linear Innovation Process Models
1. Linear Model
• Under this model, product or service concept is
frozen at early stage so as to minimize risk.
• In this model, innovation process in enterprises
involves series of sequential phases / steps
arranged in such manner that the preceding phase
must be cleared before moving to next /
succeeding phase.
• Thus project must through pass a gate with the
permission of a gatekeeper before moving to next
/ succeeding phase.

8. Linear Innovation Process Models
Contd….
• Criteria for passing through each gate and the person at
each gate (gate keeper) are defined beforehand.
• The gatekeeper examines whethere stated objectives for
the preceding phase have been properly met or not &
whether desired development has taken place at the
preceding phase or not?

9. Linear Innovation Process Models
Linear model figure:

10. Linear Innovation Process Models
Linear model works well only when
• Time required to innovate is shorter than rate of change in
environment
• Quality, reliability & safety requirements are critical
•Safe and suitable for a first time beginner This
model is generally followed for incremental
Innovation. It is linear in the sense that here innovation
process is tightly controlled and directed from the
beginning itself towards set targets / goals and inputs are
controlled to attain desired targets / goals.

11. Linear Innovation Process Models
Weakness / Limitations of the linear model are
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Low gatekeeper knowledge may lead to poor judgements,
delayed evaluation or rejection of good projects
Slow & serial process as it is step by step approach, thus time
consuming
Concept frozen too early, however customer needs / market
requirements may undergo change subsequently at later stage
Focused on control through gates, not on customer
Long review preparation time
Narrow criteria for evaluation which may be rigid
More focus on attaining target / maturity, less focus on
learning

12. Linear Innovation Process Models
Common types of linear model are
a. Technology push model
b. Market pull model

13. Linear Innovation Process Models
1.a. Technology Push model
• It is the first generation linear model .
• Under this model, technology is regarded as key driver of
innovation.
• Whenever a new / improvedtechnology emerges, it leads
to innovations of new products, services or processes.
• Technology Push innovation involves series of sequential
steps i.e. Fundamental research (Basic science),
Application Research, Design, Engineering,
Manufacturing, Marketing & Sales.

14. Contd…. Technology Push model
•
• User / Consumer is treated as passive recipient of output
i.e. it is presumed that if a new / improved product or
service, based on new technology, is developed without
getting feedback / consulting consumer / user and it is
offered to consumer / user, he will accept the new
product or service.
Thus the model ignores the consumer needs and market
requirements.

15. 1.b. Market Pull linear model
•
•
This is the second generation linear model.
It includes and integrates user needs in the innovation
process.
Here consumer needs / market requirements are regarded as
the key driver of innovation process.
Market Pull innovation involves series of sequential steps i.e:
Assessing consumer needs / market requirements, Concept
/idea generation, Refining idea to atleast meet consumer
needs, Design, Engineering, Manufacturing, Test marketing &
Sales.
Some examples are : Market Pull Innovations In
Phones,UPS, Invertors
•
•
•

16. Flexible Innovation Process Models
2. Flexible Innovation Process Model
•
•
•
• Initially, Innovation was deemed to be linear / directed /
palnned activity.
Now innovation is regarded also as non-linear and ideas /
improvements can emerge from any source and at any stage
of innovation process.
The combination of linear & non linearity approaches have
led to emergence of Third Generation models which reflect
complexity of real innovation process.
These models include Technology Push + Market Pull
combination, R&D + Marketing, Cyclical Model etc.

17. Contd … Flexible Innovation ProcessModel
•
•
• The models attempt to explain the radical innovation
process in rapidly changing business environment.
In these models, phases are over lapped i.e. development in
more than one phase can continue at the same point of time.
No design is locked down earlier than absolute necessary so
as not to miss a newly emerging technology or new
opportunity.

18. Flexible Innovation Process Models
Flexible Innovation Process Model

19. Contd … Flexible Innovation Process Model
• According to Cycling Model, innovation is cyclical in the
sense that it is driven by the product improvement cycle.
• This cycle often begins with customer needs.; which keep
on changing. Also an enterprises may be working for new
product development simultaneously. Thus there are cycles
of innovation.

20. Contd … Flexible Innovation ProcessModel
•
•
• The process of technological innovation involves complex
relationships amongst set of key variables like –
Inventions,Innovations, Diffusion Paths and Investment
Activity.
The complex relations between these variables form a non-
linear system with its underlying ramifications which can
lead to unexpected & possible chaotic results.
Thus proper interaction & integration between R&D,
Manufacturing, Marketing & Other Corporate Functions
helps in proper management of Innovation process.

21. Flexible Innovation
Process Models
• Continuous interaction with market User needs
oriented
• More chances of acceptance of product etc Less risk of
failure & resultant after-effects
a. Advantages
b. Disadvantages
• Chaotic in nature
• May become directionless