Underwater construction, often referred to as underwater engineering or subsea engineering, involves various techniques designed to facilitate the building and maintenance of structures beneath the water's surface. Here are some key methods and technologies used in underwater construction: 1. **Cofferdams**: A cofferdam is a temporary enclosure built within or across a body of water that is pumped dry to create a work environment where the construction can be carried out in the dry. Cofferdams are commonly used for bridge piers and other support structures. 2. **Caissons**: These are watertight structures used in underwater construction that are built above water or in place and then sunk to the required depth. Once in position, the water is pumped out to provide a dry work environment. This method is typically used for the construction of bridge foundations and other underwater structures. 3. **Diving and Remote Operated Vehicles (ROVs)**: Divers play a crucial role in underwater construction, performing tasks such as welding, cutting, inspection, and installation. For deeper or more hazardous environments, remotely operated vehicles are used to perform a variety of tasks that are too dangerous or impractical for human divers. 4. **Underwater Welding and Cutting**: These are critical skills in underwater construction. Specialized techniques such as hyperbaric welding (done inside a chamber filled with a pressurized gas mixture) and wet welding (directly in the water) are employed depending on the nature and requirement of the project. 5. **Grouting and Concreting**: Underwater concrete placementUnderwater construction, often referred to as underwater engineering or subsea engineering, involves various techniques designed to facilitate the building and maintenance of structures beneath the water's surface. Here are some key methods and technologies used in underwater construction: 1. **Cofferdams**: A cofferdam is a temporary enclosure built within or across a body of water that is pumped dry to create a work environment where the construction can be carried out in the dry. Cofferdams are commonly used for bridge piers and other support structures. 2. **Caissons**: These are watertight structures used in underwater construction that are built above water or in place and then sunk to the required depth. Once in position, the water is pumped out to provide a dry work environment. This method is typically used for the construction of bridge foundations and other underwater structures. 3. **Diving and Remote Operated Vehicles (ROVs)**: Divers play a crucial role in underwater construction, performing tasks such as welding, cutting, inspection, and installation. For deeper or more hazardous environments, remotely operated vehicles are used to perform a variety of tasks that are too dangerous or impractical for human divers. 4. **Underwater Welding and Cutting**: These are critical skills in underwater construction. Specialized techniques such