UN Millenium Development Goals
Final Project
Snarr & Snarr, Pp. 162-64
Module
9
UN Millennium Summit, 2000
All 189 attending nations agreed to specific development goals to be achieved by 2015
Millennium Villages
Idea behind goals is that impoverished villages can transform themselves if they are “empowered with proven, powerful, practical technologies”
Summit produced UN Millennium Declaration
Collaborative effort by task forces composed of experts from IGOs, state governments, NGOs, universities, corporations, and others
Goals of the declaration are known as the eight
Millennium Development Goals (MDG)
2
MDG 1-8 – Study Resources
UN Millennium Goals website
Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
Achieve Universal Primary Education
Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
Reduce Child Mortality
Improve Maternal Health
Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases
Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Develop a Global Partnership for Development
3
POL101 Final Assignment:
MDG Report
Read the “Fact Sheet” for each MDG (follow detailed information links on previous slide)
Go to Module 9 Forum and contribute to class discussion. Be sure to show what you have learned from several modules
Once you have contributed to class discussion, Choose any 6 of the specific MDG targets and write a detailed report on the international community’s progress toward meeting the targets. Use UN, World Bank websites for research
As indicated on the Fact Sheets, each of the 8 MDGs have from 1 to 5 specific targets (sub-goals). There are a total of 20 targets spread out among all 8 of the MDGs. Choose any 6 of these you like.
Assignment details on next slide
4
POL101 Final Assignment:
MDG Report (continued)
Report must be formatted as follows (double-spaced, 12 point font, MS Word file format, cite all sources, 8-16 paragraphs total length + list of works cited)
Introduction: 1-2 paragraphs
Why did you choose these goals/targets? Give a brief background/overview of MDGs and development assistance.
MDG Targets: 1-2 paragraphs each
Label and explain goal and target. Describe progress—will it meet deadline?
Conclusion: 1-2 paragraphs
What did you discover in your report? How well are MDGs being met? Why?
Submit file in Assignments
5
Assignments—Due
8/1, 11:55PM EDT
(GMT/UTC - 4:00)
No Extensions!
Final Assignment: MDG Report
Module 9 Discussion in Forum
6
Regulating the Atmospheric Commons
Snarr & Snarr, Chap 14
Module
8
Tragedy of the Commons
Commons
resources that are shared or collectively owned
Tragedy of the Commons
a situation in which multiple individuals, acting independently, and solely and rationally consulting their own self-interest, will ultimately deplete a shared limited resource even when it is clear that it is not in anyone's long-term interest for this to happen.
Read this brief essay by Garrett Hardin
Think about how the atmosphere is a commons and air pollution, global warming,… represent tragedies of the common ...
UN Millenium Development GoalsFinal ProjectSnarr & Snarr, .docx
1. UN Millenium Development Goals
Final Project
Snarr & Snarr, Pp. 162-64
Module
9
UN Millennium Summit, 2000
All 189 attending nations agreed to specific development goals
to be achieved by 2015
Millennium Villages
Idea behind goals is that impoverished villages can transform
themselves if they are “empowered with proven, powerful,
practical technologies”
Summit produced UN Millennium Declaration
Collaborative effort by task forces composed of experts from
IGOs, state governments, NGOs, universities, corporations, and
others
Goals of the declaration are known as the eight
Millennium Development Goals (MDG)
2
MDG 1-8 – Study Resources
UN Millennium Goals website
Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
Achieve Universal Primary Education
Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
2. Reduce Child Mortality
Improve Maternal Health
Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases
Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Develop a Global Partnership for Development
3
POL101 Final Assignment:
MDG Report
Read the “Fact Sheet” for each MDG (follow detailed
information links on previous slide)
Go to Module 9 Forum and contribute to class discussion. Be
sure to show what you have learned from several modules
Once you have contributed to class discussion, Choose any 6 of
the specific MDG targets and write a detailed report on the
international community’s progress toward meeting the targets.
Use UN, World Bank websites for research
As indicated on the Fact Sheets, each of the 8 MDGs have from
1 to 5 specific targets (sub-goals). There are a total of 20
targets spread out among all 8 of the MDGs. Choose any 6 of
these you like.
Assignment details on next slide
4
POL101 Final Assignment:
MDG Report (continued)
Report must be formatted as follows (double-spaced, 12 point
font, MS Word file format, cite all sources, 8-16 paragraphs
3. total length + list of works cited)
Introduction: 1-2 paragraphs
Why did you choose these goals/targets? Give a brief
background/overview of MDGs and development assistance.
MDG Targets: 1-2 paragraphs each
Label and explain goal and target. Describe progress—will it
meet deadline?
Conclusion: 1-2 paragraphs
What did you discover in your report? How well are MDGs
being met? Why?
Submit file in Assignments
5
Assignments—Due
8/1, 11:55PM EDT
(GMT/UTC - 4:00)
No Extensions!
Final Assignment: MDG Report
Module 9 Discussion in Forum
6
Regulating the Atmospheric Commons
Snarr & Snarr, Chap 14
Module
4. 8
Tragedy of the Commons
Commons
resources that are shared or collectively owned
Tragedy of the Commons
a situation in which multiple individuals, acting independently,
and solely and rationally consulting their own self-interest, will
ultimately deplete a shared limited resource even when it is
clear that it is not in anyone's long-term interest for this to
happen.
Read this brief essay by Garrett Hardin
Think about how the atmosphere is a commons and air
pollution, global warming,… represent tragedies of the
commons.
Discuss in the Forum
Now we will look in-depth at one global issue dealing with the
atmosphere: Global Warming
2
Global Warming
What’s heating the Earth?
Starts with solar
radiation
Atmosphere lets
most light in
Some reflected,
some absorbed
by ground
5. Video: Climate Change 101 with Bill Nye the Science Guy
The Greenhouse Effect
Step 1: Earth’s surface absorbs short-wavelength solar radiation
(visible light), and becomes warmer
Step 2: Earth’s surface re-radiates the energy as long-
wavelength radiation (heat)
The Greenhouse Effect (continued)
Step 3: Molecules of certain gases in the atmosphere absorb
some of the heat, and the atmosphere becomes warmer.
Greenhouse gases (GHG): CO2, water, methane, others
5
Greenhouse Effect, CO2,
and Global Warming
The Greenhouse Effect
Natural phenomenon that keeps us comfortable on Earth.
CO2 is the most important greenhouse gas
If less CO2 in atmosphere then temperature and climate are
cooler
If more CO2 in atmosphere then temperature and climate are
warmer
6. Atmospheric CO2 levels today are about 393 parts per million
(ppm) or 0.0393%
This may not seem like a lot, but it’s the highest in AT LEAST
800,000 years!
Check out these two articles
Ice Core Data Show Current CO2 Levels Highest in 800,000
Years
UCLA Researchers Find CO2 at Highest Levels in 15 Million
Years
6
7
How Do We Know What Prehistoric CO2 Levels Were?
We examine ice core samples
8
Ice Core Analysis
9
7. Ice Core Analysis (continued)
Most ice in glaciers and at the poles originates from snowfall
Seasonal variation in snowfall causes layering in the ice
This image clearly shows
the annual layers in a
core sample
The deeper we drill, the older the ice we extract
Since the ice originated as snow, bubbles of air are trapped
inside
The air bubbles are samples of the atmosphere from 1000s of
years ago
By analyzing the chemical composition of the ice and air
samples, we can determine the approximate temperature and the
amount of CO2 present in the atmosphere
10
11
Ice Core Analysis (continued)
Examine the Vostok ice core graph on the previous page
It covers a 400,000 year period ending in 1950 CE (AD)
What is the apparent relationship between atmospheric CO2 and
temperature?
From previous slides, what is the atmospheric CO2 level in
8. 2010?
What could that mean for global temperatures?
Ice core data from the North and South Poles as well as data
from near the equator in Hawai’i show rapid rise in atmospheric
CO2
12
Where does CO2 come from?
13
13
CO2 and Human Activity
14
This box is a zoomed in view of the past 1000 years
It suggests that human activity has caused the dramatic increase
in CO2 levels
Causes: burning of fossil fuels, wood,…; destruction of “carbon
sinks” (ex: trees and algae that absorb carbon)
The graph on the next slide shows an even stronger correlation
between people and CO2
9. Human Activity and CO2
15
Evidence the Earth is Warming
16
What about Ohio?
(Data from US Historical Climatology Network)
17
What about other stations?
Pacific Coast
18
Pacific Northwest
12. Look at the colored bars representing average temperature
changes per decade over the past 150 years. Note how the rate
of temperature increase is increasing. I.e., we’re getting warmer
faster.
27
27
Some of the Effects of Global Warming
28
29
Snow Cover on
Mt. Kilimanjaro,
Tanzania
1993 and 2000
Check out this brief video for more on Kilimanjaro’s glaciers.
National Geographic on Kilimanjaro
13. Think about it:
What is occurring on Kilimanjaro?
Where else in the world do you think this is happening?
How important is it?
What will be the impact on humans, wildlife, agriculture,…?
30
Arctic Sea Ice Coverage, 1979-2007
Note the rapid decrease in sea ice coverage. As global warming
causes reductions in sea ice, the lack of sea ice causes further
global warming. This is because ice is more reflective than open
ocean. It reflects sunlight and heat back into space. As it
vanishes, more sunlight is absorbed by the seas and the warmer
they become. The warmer the seas, the more ice melts…
Rising Oceans
Sea ice melt does not affect sea level since the ice that melts
was already displacing water
However, melt runoff from glaciers and ice cover on land
(Antarctica, Greenland,…) does cause sea level rise
32
14. Additional Effects
Loss of habitat and extinction of species
Extreme weather events
Changes in precipitation patterns
Shifts in agricultural zones
Expansion of tropical disease ranges
Flooding of low-lying areas
33
Climate Change Regime
Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Leading UN agency that researches and advises on climate
change
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Key US agency dealing with climate change
Kyoto Protocol, 1997
Legally binding targets for greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions
Went into effect in 2005
Some see it as a crucial step toward controlling GHG
Others see it as a failure. USA signed but never ratified Kyoto
Copenhagen Accord, 2009
New International agreement to reduce GHG
Pros: all countries now recognize global warming as “one of the
greatest challenges of our time”
Cons: very weak , not legally-binding, strong disagreements
between MDCs and LDCs
34
15. Just so you know where we stand…
35
36
Climate is changing. How can we adapt?
Watch this TED Talk by Vicki Arroyo
10 minute video:
Let’s Prepare for Our New Climate
Write a 4-5 paragraph summary & analysis
Submit under Assignments on Isidore
37
Other Atmospheric Issues—Ozone Depletion
Has NOTHING directly to do with global warming
Certain chemicals (Ozone depleting substances—ODS) interact
16. with and destroy ozone (O3) in the stratosphere
Common ODS: chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) from aerosol cans,
refrigerators, solvents, ... ; halon from fire extinguishers;
nitrous oxide; and others
Lower levels of stratospheric ozone allow in too much
ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, which causes blindness,
skin cancer, and, potentially, eradication of all life on earth
Montreal Protocol, 1987
Agreement to halt the production of CFC.
Most successful international agreement of ALL TIME
Ozone layer is currently repairing itself
As long as countries follow Montreal Protocol, the problem
should be fixed
38
Other Atmospheric Issues—Acid Rain
A global issue because it is often transboundary (crosses
borders)
Primarily from burning of high sulfur content coal in power
plants for electricity generation
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) in power plant emissions combines with
water vapor (H2O) in the atmosphere to produce H2SO4—
Sulfuric Acid
Adverse effects
Soil and bodies of water become more acidic, killing microbes,
insects, fish, and plants
Damages agriculture, ecosystems, forests, buildings, and has
been linked to some cancers and other diseases in humans
No UN agreements on acid rain since, unlike global warming
and ozone depletion, it is not a global, but a regional problem
39
17. Acronyms to Know
Find them in the chapter, power point, or the list of acronyms
on p.329 in the text
The acronyms of Modules 7 & 8 are combined for the Acronym
5 Assignment
Once you know what each acronym stands for, go to
Assignments and complete the Acronym 5 assignment
CFC
CO2
GHG
IPCC
NOAA
ODS
40
Assignments—Due 7/27
News Summary and Analysis on Climate Change
Vicki Arroyo TED Talk essay
Acronym 5 Assignment
Module 8 Discussion in Forum
41
January Mean Daily Temperatures at Anchorage, Alaska
-40
18. -35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
1890190019101920193019401950196019701980199020002010
Year
Mean Daily Temp (deg C)
Daily Mean5 per. Mov. Avg. (Daily Mean)Linear (Daily Mean)
CardDeck SimMonte Carlo Simulation using card deckYears%
Red Cards% Black CardsYearPredicted Temp Change0001 to
2050%50%20021 to 4054.2%45.8%401.6741 to
6059.1%40.9%603.6461 to 8065.0%35.0%806.00YearGroup
1Group 2Group 3Group 4Group 5Group 6Group
7AveragePredicted000000000.0001-11-1-1-111-0.142-21-2-2-
202-0.713-32-3-3-113-0.574-23-4-4-224-0.435-14-3-5-113-
0.29605-2-6-2240.14714-1-5-1130.298230-4-2240.71912-1-5-
1130.0010210-6-2240.141112-1-5-313-0.2912010-4-402-
0.7113-121-5-5-11-1.1414-232-6-6-22-1.2915-321-5-5-33-
1.4316-410-6-6-44-2.1417-32-1-7-5-53-2.2918-230-8-4-42-
1.8619-12-1-7-3-53-1.712003-2-6-2-64-1.29021-12-1-5-3-55-
1.1422030-4-4-44-0.7123-14-1-5-3-53-1.1424-23-2-6-2-42-
1.5725-34-1-5-1-33-0.8626-430-40-24-0.4327-54-1-31-
150.0028-650-22-260.4329-761-31-350.0030-672-42-460.4331-
761-33-350.2932-872-22-440.1433-781-33-530.0034-672-42-
62-0.4335-783-53-73-0.2936-692-64-84-0.1437-581-55-93-
0.2938-672-64-104-0.7139-583-53-113-0.5740-492-44-102-
0.141.6741-3101-53-113-0.2942-4110-42-104-0.1443-5101-53-
113-0.5744-6110-64-104-0.4345-7121-75-950.0046-6110-64-
860.1447-510-1-73-75-0.2948-6110-84-64-0.1449-510-1-95-
550.0050-490-86-440.4351-310-1-97-330.5752-4110-88-
441.0053-3121-79-352.0054-2130-68-242.1455-112-1-79-
331.71560110-68-242.1457-1121-79-332.0058-2132-68-
242.4359-1143-79-352.8660-2134-610-263.293.6461-1125-511-
75. 11.9100T1008E50E2005-
062005616.611.25.729.30.437037027E54E2005-
072005720.315.71128.26.185.2085.2024E52E2005-
082005818.513.88.930.62.376.2076.2036B50B2005-
092005911.57.73.922.6-2.126.20T27.70T32E59E2005-
102005106.72.7-1.317.5-718.61.8201<31Climate
Identifier2202400Date/TimeYearMonthMean Max Temp
(°C)Mean Max Temp FlagMean Temp (°C)Mean Temp
FlagMean Min Temp (°C)Mean Min Temp FlagExtr Max Temp
(°C)Extr Max Temp FlagExtr Min Temp (°C)Extr Min Temp
FlagTotal Rain (mm)Total Rain FlagTotal Snow (cm)Total
Snow FlagTotal Precip (mm)Total Precip FlagSnow Grnd Last
Day (cm)Snow Grnd Last Day FlagDir of Max Gust (10's
Deg)Dir of Max Gust FlagSpd of Max Gust (km/h)Spd of Max
Gust FlagElevation165.5Latitude60.84Longitude-
115.78ProvinceNORTHWEST TERRITORIESStation NameHAY
RIVER ATC IdentifierYHYWMO Identifier71935
Jan DataStation NameHAY RIVER AProvinceNORTHWEST
TERRITORIESLatitude60.84Longitude-
115.78Elevation165.5Climate Identifier2202400WMO
Identifier71935TC IdentifierYHYYear-MonthMean Max Temp
(°C)Mean Temp (°C)Mean Min Temp (°C)1894-28.7-32.1-
35.41895-25.3-29.3-33.31896-28.6-32.7-36.818971898-16.5-
20.4-24.21899-21.3-26.6-31.81900-23.2-28-32.71901-21.6-27.1-
32.61902-18.4-24.6-30.71903-16.8-24.5-32.11904-23.4-27.3-
31.11905-16.9-22.9-28.81906-25.8-30.3-34.71907-22.5-28.8-
35.11908-16.5-23.5-30.41909-25.8-31.2-36.51910-16.4-22.1-
27.71911-29.2-33.8-38.41912-21.9-26.7-31.51913-26.5-32.6-
38.71914-22.3-26.3-30.21915-28.21916-23.6-28.5-33.41917-
23.2-28.7-34.21918-31.41919-16.1-22.1-281920-18.4-23.1-
27.81921-21.4-25.3-29.11922-18.2-22.2-26.21923-22.1-27-
31.91924-24.9-29.1-33.31925-26.6-30.5-34.31926-15.7-21.1-
26.51927-19.3-23.3-27.31928-14.1-20-25.81929-21.6-28.1-
34.61930-16.1-22.6-291931-15.3-20.6-25.81932-18.7-24.8-
30.81933-25.7-30.5-35.31934-20.9-26.8-32.71935-22.4-27.8-
33.11936-27.6-33.9-40.11937-18.9-24.6-30.21938-19.2-24-