Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses radiologic anatomy Hamza AlGhamdi
This document provides an overview of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses through descriptions of their gross anatomy, radiographic anatomy using x-ray, CT and MRI, and positioning for various imaging views. Key structures of the nasal cavity discussed include the nasal septum, lateral walls containing the maxillary, palatine, lacrimal and ethmoid bones. The four paranasal sinuses are also introduced as the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxillary sinuses.
This document provides information about a barium meal procedure, including:
1. A barium meal involves oral administration of barium sulfate contrast media to visualize the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and proximal jejunum under fluoroscopy.
2. Indications for a barium meal include epigastric pain, anorexia, weight loss, vomiting, anemia, heartburn, and dyspepsia.
3. The procedure involves fasting, administering barium, imaging the stomach and duodenum with fluoroscopy and spot films, and observing gastric emptying through the pylorus.
4. Barium meals can be performed with single or double contrast to visualize
This document provides an overview of the radiological anatomy of the lungs. It describes the major anatomical structures and divisions of the lungs including lobes, segments, fissures, bronchi and pulmonary vessels. Key points include:
- The lungs are divided into lobes separated by fissures. The right lung has 3 lobes and the left has 2 lobes.
- Each lobe is further divided into segments defined by the branching pattern of the bronchi. The right lung has 10 segments and the left has 8 segments.
- Other fissures such as the azygos fissure can also divide lobes in rare instances.
- CT allows visualization of the segmental bronchi and pulmonary vessels that define the boundaries of
Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses radiologic anatomy Hamza AlGhamdi
This document provides an overview of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses through descriptions of their gross anatomy, radiographic anatomy using x-ray, CT and MRI, and positioning for various imaging views. Key structures of the nasal cavity discussed include the nasal septum, lateral walls containing the maxillary, palatine, lacrimal and ethmoid bones. The four paranasal sinuses are also introduced as the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxillary sinuses.
This document provides information about a barium meal procedure, including:
1. A barium meal involves oral administration of barium sulfate contrast media to visualize the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and proximal jejunum under fluoroscopy.
2. Indications for a barium meal include epigastric pain, anorexia, weight loss, vomiting, anemia, heartburn, and dyspepsia.
3. The procedure involves fasting, administering barium, imaging the stomach and duodenum with fluoroscopy and spot films, and observing gastric emptying through the pylorus.
4. Barium meals can be performed with single or double contrast to visualize
This document provides an overview of the radiological anatomy of the lungs. It describes the major anatomical structures and divisions of the lungs including lobes, segments, fissures, bronchi and pulmonary vessels. Key points include:
- The lungs are divided into lobes separated by fissures. The right lung has 3 lobes and the left has 2 lobes.
- Each lobe is further divided into segments defined by the branching pattern of the bronchi. The right lung has 10 segments and the left has 8 segments.
- Other fissures such as the azygos fissure can also divide lobes in rare instances.
- CT allows visualization of the segmental bronchi and pulmonary vessels that define the boundaries of
This document provides information about intravenous urography (IVU), including:
- IVU involves injecting contrast media intravenously and imaging the urinary tract as it is excreted
- It allows visualization of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder but has decreased in use due to alternatives like CT, US, and MRI
- The procedure involves injecting contrast, then taking x-ray images over time to show contrast passing through the urinary system
- Findings are evaluated for abnormalities, obstructions, or other issues by analyzing the appearance and timing of contrast in each part of the urinary tract.
This document describes a barium swallow procedure used to examine the esophagus and detect esophageal diseases. It discusses the anatomy of the pharynx and esophagus, the contrast agent used, and provides details on the different phases of swallowing. It outlines the technique for performing a barium swallow study, including evaluation of the pharynx and esophagus. Key findings on radiographic images are described. The document emphasizes analyzing swallowing studies by looking for asymmetry, stasis, cricopharyngeal dysfunction, and aspiration.
The retroperitoneum lies between the posterior parietal peritoneum and anterior transversalis fascia. It is divided into three spaces by fasciae: anterior pararenal, perirenal, and posterior pararenal. Retroperitoneal organs include the duodenum, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and great vessels. Fluid collections can extend between these spaces along interfascial planes. Characterization of retroperitoneal tumors involves identifying the organ of origin and patterns of spread. Specific radiologic signs like the "beak sign" can help determine the originating organ. The presence or absence of fat or other tissue components also provides clues to diagnosis.
1. The abdomen contains the organs of the digestive and urinary systems. It is bounded by muscles and vertebrae and contains loops of intestine, the liver, kidneys and more.
2. The abdominal cavity is divided into regions and quadrants by planes to aid localization of structures.
3. Major organs include the stomach, small and large intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen and kidneys. The peritoneum lines the walls and covers some organs.
This document summarizes various radiological imaging modalities used to examine the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). It discusses plain X-rays, ultrasound, fluoroscopy, CT scans, nuclear scans, MRI, and angiography. For each method, it provides a brief description of its use, benefits, and limitations. The document aims to outline the different options available to radiologists for investigating gastrointestinal problems and lesions.
proton density PD weighted mri image.pptxaliahmadi9
A proton density (PD) weighted MRI image visualizes the number of protons in tissues. Tissues with few protons appear dark, while those with many protons appear bright. On a PD weighted image, fat has a bright signal intensity, but not as bright as on a T1 weighted image. Fluid has an intermediate signal intensity, rather than the high intensity on a T2 weighted image. A PD weighted image is useful for evaluating meniscal tears in the knee due to the contrast between CSF and pathology.
This document provides information on endometrial carcinoma, cervical cancer, and uterine sarcomas as assessed by MRI. It begins with an overview of endometrial carcinoma histology and prognosis factors. It then details the MRI protocol for evaluating these cancers, including sequences used. The document describes the typical MRI appearances of these cancers and their stages according to FIGO classification. It concludes with sections on the MRI features of various uterine sarcomas, including leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma, undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma, and adenosarcoma.
This document provides information on various conventional urinary imaging techniques, including intravenous urography (IVP), micturating cystourethrogram (MCU), and retrograde urethrography (RGU). It discusses the history, indications, contraindications, procedures, and grading of these techniques. IVP involves injecting contrast medium intravenously to visualize the kidneys and urinary tract. MCU involves catheterizing the bladder and filling it with contrast to image the bladder and urethra during voiding. Both techniques can detect abnormalities and evaluate renal function, but have been supplemented by ultrasound, CT, MRI and nuclear medicine due to improved sensitivity, specificity and safety.
This document discusses various types of artifacts that can appear on ultrasound images and their causes. It describes artifacts such as reverberation caused by parallel reflective surfaces, ring-down artifacts appearing behind gas collections due to resonant vibrations, comet-tail artifacts caused by multiple closely spaced reflections from structures like surgical clips, and shadowing caused by attenuation from structures like calcifications. It also discusses artifacts that can appear on Doppler ultrasound images including aliasing from very high velocities, mirror images from signal leakage, and flash artifacts from probe or body motion. Prevention techniques are provided for some artifacts.
The document discusses various pathologies that can affect the pharynx and esophagus. It describes several types of pharyngeal and esophageal diverticula caused by impaired cricopharyngeus relaxation or weakness in the pharyngeal wall. It also discusses esophageal motility disorders like achalasia characterized by the absence of peristalsis and failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax. Other topics covered include esophagitis, strictures, rings, tumors and the diagnostic findings associated with these conditions on imaging studies like barium swallow.
This document discusses the anatomy and imaging of the paranasal sinuses. It describes the drainage pathways of each sinus and the structures that make up the osteomeatal complex. It also covers anatomical variations that can occur like concha bullosa, Haller cells, and Onodi cells. Imaging modalities for evaluating the sinuses are described, with CT identified as the gold standard due to its ability to depict bone, soft tissues, and air. Scanning techniques for CT include coronal sections performed with the patient in a prone position and their head hyperextended.
This document provides information on small bowel enema/enteroclysis procedure. It discusses the indications for the procedure including partial small bowel obstruction and Crohn's disease. It outlines the preparation process and describes how to position the Bilbao Dotter tube through the nose into the duodenum. The document discusses performing the procedure with single or double contrast and imaging techniques. Potential findings and complications are also summarized.
Rib notching refers to deformities of the superior or inferior rib surfaces and can be caused by a variety of conditions. Superior rib notching is often seen in osteogenesis imperfecta, rheumatoid arthritis, and SLE due to abnormal bone formation or resorption. Inferior rib notching, also called Roesler's sign, indicates enlarged collateral vessels and is seen in coarctation of the aorta, interrupted aortic arch, subclavian artery obstruction, and Takayasu arteritis. Both superior and inferior rib notching can occur in hyperparathyroidism due to increased osteoclastic activity from elevated parathyroid hormone levels.
The document discusses contrast agents used in medical imaging, including desirable properties like safety and effectiveness, types such as positive iodine-based and negative air/gas agents, administration methods, and examples of examinations. Adverse effects are outlined for different contrast media based on properties like osmolality and ionicity. The ideal contrast agent is described as having high solubility, stability, biocompatibility, and selective excretion with minimal adverse impacts.
CT artifacts can be caused by a variety of factors related to the physics of CT imaging, the patient, and hardware issues. Physics-based artifacts include beam hardening, which causes cupping and streak artifacts, as well as partial volume averaging and noise. Patient motion can also cause artifacts. Hardware issues like ring artifacts may occur from problems with the x-ray tube. Proper use of filters and reconstruction techniques can help reduce artifacts like beam hardening, while keeping the patient still can minimize motion artifacts. Artifacts need to be understood as they can obscure anatomy or be mistaken for pathology.
This document provides information about intravenous urography (IVU), including:
- IVU involves injecting contrast media intravenously and imaging the urinary tract as it is excreted
- It allows visualization of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder but has decreased in use due to alternatives like CT, US, and MRI
- The procedure involves injecting contrast, then taking x-ray images over time to show contrast passing through the urinary system
- Findings are evaluated for abnormalities, obstructions, or other issues by analyzing the appearance and timing of contrast in each part of the urinary tract.
This document describes a barium swallow procedure used to examine the esophagus and detect esophageal diseases. It discusses the anatomy of the pharynx and esophagus, the contrast agent used, and provides details on the different phases of swallowing. It outlines the technique for performing a barium swallow study, including evaluation of the pharynx and esophagus. Key findings on radiographic images are described. The document emphasizes analyzing swallowing studies by looking for asymmetry, stasis, cricopharyngeal dysfunction, and aspiration.
The retroperitoneum lies between the posterior parietal peritoneum and anterior transversalis fascia. It is divided into three spaces by fasciae: anterior pararenal, perirenal, and posterior pararenal. Retroperitoneal organs include the duodenum, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and great vessels. Fluid collections can extend between these spaces along interfascial planes. Characterization of retroperitoneal tumors involves identifying the organ of origin and patterns of spread. Specific radiologic signs like the "beak sign" can help determine the originating organ. The presence or absence of fat or other tissue components also provides clues to diagnosis.
1. The abdomen contains the organs of the digestive and urinary systems. It is bounded by muscles and vertebrae and contains loops of intestine, the liver, kidneys and more.
2. The abdominal cavity is divided into regions and quadrants by planes to aid localization of structures.
3. Major organs include the stomach, small and large intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen and kidneys. The peritoneum lines the walls and covers some organs.
This document summarizes various radiological imaging modalities used to examine the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). It discusses plain X-rays, ultrasound, fluoroscopy, CT scans, nuclear scans, MRI, and angiography. For each method, it provides a brief description of its use, benefits, and limitations. The document aims to outline the different options available to radiologists for investigating gastrointestinal problems and lesions.
proton density PD weighted mri image.pptxaliahmadi9
A proton density (PD) weighted MRI image visualizes the number of protons in tissues. Tissues with few protons appear dark, while those with many protons appear bright. On a PD weighted image, fat has a bright signal intensity, but not as bright as on a T1 weighted image. Fluid has an intermediate signal intensity, rather than the high intensity on a T2 weighted image. A PD weighted image is useful for evaluating meniscal tears in the knee due to the contrast between CSF and pathology.
This document provides information on endometrial carcinoma, cervical cancer, and uterine sarcomas as assessed by MRI. It begins with an overview of endometrial carcinoma histology and prognosis factors. It then details the MRI protocol for evaluating these cancers, including sequences used. The document describes the typical MRI appearances of these cancers and their stages according to FIGO classification. It concludes with sections on the MRI features of various uterine sarcomas, including leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma, undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma, and adenosarcoma.
This document provides information on various conventional urinary imaging techniques, including intravenous urography (IVP), micturating cystourethrogram (MCU), and retrograde urethrography (RGU). It discusses the history, indications, contraindications, procedures, and grading of these techniques. IVP involves injecting contrast medium intravenously to visualize the kidneys and urinary tract. MCU involves catheterizing the bladder and filling it with contrast to image the bladder and urethra during voiding. Both techniques can detect abnormalities and evaluate renal function, but have been supplemented by ultrasound, CT, MRI and nuclear medicine due to improved sensitivity, specificity and safety.
This document discusses various types of artifacts that can appear on ultrasound images and their causes. It describes artifacts such as reverberation caused by parallel reflective surfaces, ring-down artifacts appearing behind gas collections due to resonant vibrations, comet-tail artifacts caused by multiple closely spaced reflections from structures like surgical clips, and shadowing caused by attenuation from structures like calcifications. It also discusses artifacts that can appear on Doppler ultrasound images including aliasing from very high velocities, mirror images from signal leakage, and flash artifacts from probe or body motion. Prevention techniques are provided for some artifacts.
The document discusses various pathologies that can affect the pharynx and esophagus. It describes several types of pharyngeal and esophageal diverticula caused by impaired cricopharyngeus relaxation or weakness in the pharyngeal wall. It also discusses esophageal motility disorders like achalasia characterized by the absence of peristalsis and failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax. Other topics covered include esophagitis, strictures, rings, tumors and the diagnostic findings associated with these conditions on imaging studies like barium swallow.
This document discusses the anatomy and imaging of the paranasal sinuses. It describes the drainage pathways of each sinus and the structures that make up the osteomeatal complex. It also covers anatomical variations that can occur like concha bullosa, Haller cells, and Onodi cells. Imaging modalities for evaluating the sinuses are described, with CT identified as the gold standard due to its ability to depict bone, soft tissues, and air. Scanning techniques for CT include coronal sections performed with the patient in a prone position and their head hyperextended.
This document provides information on small bowel enema/enteroclysis procedure. It discusses the indications for the procedure including partial small bowel obstruction and Crohn's disease. It outlines the preparation process and describes how to position the Bilbao Dotter tube through the nose into the duodenum. The document discusses performing the procedure with single or double contrast and imaging techniques. Potential findings and complications are also summarized.
Rib notching refers to deformities of the superior or inferior rib surfaces and can be caused by a variety of conditions. Superior rib notching is often seen in osteogenesis imperfecta, rheumatoid arthritis, and SLE due to abnormal bone formation or resorption. Inferior rib notching, also called Roesler's sign, indicates enlarged collateral vessels and is seen in coarctation of the aorta, interrupted aortic arch, subclavian artery obstruction, and Takayasu arteritis. Both superior and inferior rib notching can occur in hyperparathyroidism due to increased osteoclastic activity from elevated parathyroid hormone levels.
The document discusses contrast agents used in medical imaging, including desirable properties like safety and effectiveness, types such as positive iodine-based and negative air/gas agents, administration methods, and examples of examinations. Adverse effects are outlined for different contrast media based on properties like osmolality and ionicity. The ideal contrast agent is described as having high solubility, stability, biocompatibility, and selective excretion with minimal adverse impacts.
CT artifacts can be caused by a variety of factors related to the physics of CT imaging, the patient, and hardware issues. Physics-based artifacts include beam hardening, which causes cupping and streak artifacts, as well as partial volume averaging and noise. Patient motion can also cause artifacts. Hardware issues like ring artifacts may occur from problems with the x-ray tube. Proper use of filters and reconstruction techniques can help reduce artifacts like beam hardening, while keeping the patient still can minimize motion artifacts. Artifacts need to be understood as they can obscure anatomy or be mistaken for pathology.
Fetal Santral Sinir Sistemi Ultrasonu, Nörosonogram, Rutin İkinci Üçay Fetal Ultrason Taraması, Temel Muayene’ ve ‘Nörosonogram, - İlk Üçay Fetal Ultrason Taraması Kılavuzu, Obstetrik Doppler Ultrason, ISUOG, The International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG), Fetal Santral Sinir Sistemi Ultrasonu: ‘Temel Muayene’ ve ‘Nörosonogram’ Kılavuzu,DR.BAHRİ YILDIZ,FETAL BEYİN ULTRASONOGRAFİSİ,FETAL ULTRASONOGRAFİSİ,SONOEMBRİYOLOJİ,CAVUM SEPTUM PELLUCİDUM,MERSİN TIP FAKÜLTESİ,PERİNATAL TIP
Fetal Santral Sinir Sistemi Ultrasonu, Nörosonogram, Rutin İkinci Üçay Fetal Ultrason Taraması, Temel Muayene’ ve ‘Nörosonogram, - İlk Üçay Fetal Ultrason Taraması Kılavuzu, Obstetrik Doppler Ultrason, ISUOG, The International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG), Fetal Santral Sinir Sistemi Ultrasonu: ‘Temel Muayene’ ve ‘Nörosonogram’ Kılavuzu,DR.BAHRİ YILDIZ,FETAL BEYİN ULTRASONOGRAFİSİ,FETAL ULTRASONOGRAFİSİ,SONOEMBRİYOLOJİ,CAVUM SEPTUM PELLUCİDUM,MERSİN TIP FAKÜLTESİ,PERİNATAL TIP
DR.BAHRİ YILDIZ ADNEKSİAL KİTLELERE YAKLAŞIM VE O-RADS SİSTEMİ.pptxuzmdrbahriyildiz
Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System Ultrasound (O-RADS US),ULTRASONOGRAPHY,ADNEXİAL MASS,GYNECOLOGY,PELVİC ULTRASONOGRAPHY,BAHRİ YILDIZ ,ULTRASOUND,PELVİS,ADNEXİA,O-RADS,İOTA,MERSİN TIP FAKÜLTESİ,MERSİN MEDİCİNE,ONCOLOGY ULTRASOUND,İOVA ,MORPHOLOGİC İNDEX,ŞIRNAK ,UZM.DR.BAHRİ YILDIZ,TEMEL ULTRASONOGRAFİ,PRNİNCİPL OF ULTRASOUND,KADIN DOĞUM ASİSTANLARI,