Ubaid afzal (9)
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Micropropagation is a method of plant propagation that uses small plant parts and sterile laboratory conditions to rapidly produce multiple new plants that are genetically identical to the donor plant. Micropropagation involves taking small pieces of the plant such as shoot tips, leaves, or other meristematic tissues and placing them in culture media with nutrients and plant hormones to stimulate tissue growth and shoot formation. New shoots are then separated from the original explant and rooted in a rooting medium to produce complete new plantlets ready for acclimatization and transplanting.
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Ubaid afzal (28)
This document discusses somaclonal variation, which is genetic variation seen in plants produced through plant tissue culture. Chromosomal rearrangements cause this variation. Somaclonal variation can be used by plant breeders to generate genetic diversity and develop plants with useful traits like stress tolerance or herbicide resistance. However, selected variants may be unstable or have undesirable side effects. The document provides examples of applying somaclonal variation to improve rice, wheat, maize, potato, tomato and sugarcane by selecting variants with traits like increased yield, disease resistance, or altered plant properties.
Ubaid afzal (35)
The document provides instructions for properly sterilizing work areas and equipment used for cell culture. Key steps include sterilizing the work area with 70% ethanol before and after use, sterilizing reagents and equipment via autoclave or sterile filters, and wearing proper protective equipment like gloves and masks to reduce contamination. Autoclaves use steam heat or dry heat to sterilize items at temperatures between 121-132C for 15-60 minutes depending on packaging. Sterile filters with a 0.2 micron pore size can sterilize heat-labile chemicals. Culture media can also be sterilized via microwaving.
Ubaid afzal (34)
1. Callus is an unorganized, dividing mass of cells that forms in plant tissues in response to wounding or tissue culture conditions.
2. The process of callus culture involves dedifferentiating explant cells so they begin rapidly dividing to form a callus, which then undergoes further differentiation and organization.
3. The document outlines the steps for inducing and maintaining carrot callus culture, including sterilizing and culturing explants on auxin-supplemented medium to induce callus formation over 4 weeks.
Ubaid afzal (33)
This document summarizes key developments in plant tissue culture from 1922 to 1983, including the first long-term culture of isolated plant tissues and organs, discoveries of nutrients necessary for growth, techniques for culturing single cells and tissues from various plant species, and the first production of transgenic tobacco plants through cell transformation.
Ubaid afzal (32)
Potato plants can be propagated in vitro using two methods: single node cuttings or shaken liquid culture. For single node cuttings, stem segments with a single node are placed on propagation medium and incubated to allow new plantlets to grow. Liquid shaken culture is more rapid, producing more plantlets in less time, by placing stem segments with axillary buds in a flask of liquid medium on an electric shaker. Tissue culture allows for the mass production of healthy potato plantlets for farmers and the testing of grower samples for pathogens.
Ubaid afzal (31)
Transgenic plants are plants that have been genetically engineered using recombinant DNA techniques to create plants with new characteristics. The process involves artificially inserting a gene or genes known as transgenes to provide advantages like improved yield, quality, pest resistance, and tolerance to stresses. Common methods are used to insert genes from bacteria like Agrobacterium and Bacillus thuringiensis to impart herbicide and insect resistance. This allows for benefits like longer shelf life, higher production, and protection from viruses and pests.
Ubaid afzal (30)
Somaclonal variation refers to genetic variations that can occur in plants produced through tissue culture. Chromosomal rearrangements are a major source of this variation, which can be genotypic or phenotypic. To minimize somaclonal variation, one should select high-quality parent material, minimize the number of transfers in culture, investigate stable families for micropropagation, keep subcultures to a minimum, regularly reinitiate clones from new explants, avoid long term culture, use axillary shoot systems, and regularly reinitiate clones from new explants. Avoiding the plant growth regulator 2,4-D in culture media can also help since it is known to introduce variation.
Ubaid afzal (29)
Plant tissue culture techniques involve two main methods: static culture using solid agar medium, which is easier for initial cell line maintenance and investigation of organ formation; and suspension cultures using liquid medium, which allows for higher growth rates and superior biomass control as cells are fully surrounded by nutrients. Key tools and techniques for plant tissue culture include sterilization using autoclaves, pH meters to monitor medium pH, laminar airflow benches for aseptic work, and various analytical tools like colorimeters and chromatography for biochemical analysis. Plant growth chambers are also used to control environmental factors like light, temperature, and humidity.
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Ubaid afzal (28)
This document discusses somaclonal variation, which is genetic variation seen in plants produced through plant tissue culture. Chromosomal rearrangements cause this variation. Somaclonal variation can be used by plant breeders to generate genetic diversity and develop plants with useful traits like stress tolerance or herbicide resistance. However, selected variants may be unstable or have undesirable side effects. The document provides examples of applying somaclonal variation to improve rice, wheat, maize, potato, tomato and sugarcane by selecting variants with traits like increased yield, disease resistance, or altered plant properties.
Ubaid afzal (35)
The document provides instructions for properly sterilizing work areas and equipment used for cell culture. Key steps include sterilizing the work area with 70% ethanol before and after use, sterilizing reagents and equipment via autoclave or sterile filters, and wearing proper protective equipment like gloves and masks to reduce contamination. Autoclaves use steam heat or dry heat to sterilize items at temperatures between 121-132C for 15-60 minutes depending on packaging. Sterile filters with a 0.2 micron pore size can sterilize heat-labile chemicals. Culture media can also be sterilized via microwaving.
Ubaid afzal (34)
1. Callus is an unorganized, dividing mass of cells that forms in plant tissues in response to wounding or tissue culture conditions.
2. The process of callus culture involves dedifferentiating explant cells so they begin rapidly dividing to form a callus, which then undergoes further differentiation and organization.
3. The document outlines the steps for inducing and maintaining carrot callus culture, including sterilizing and culturing explants on auxin-supplemented medium to induce callus formation over 4 weeks.
Ubaid afzal (33)
This document summarizes key developments in plant tissue culture from 1922 to 1983, including the first long-term culture of isolated plant tissues and organs, discoveries of nutrients necessary for growth, techniques for culturing single cells and tissues from various plant species, and the first production of transgenic tobacco plants through cell transformation.
Ubaid afzal (32)
Potato plants can be propagated in vitro using two methods: single node cuttings or shaken liquid culture. For single node cuttings, stem segments with a single node are placed on propagation medium and incubated to allow new plantlets to grow. Liquid shaken culture is more rapid, producing more plantlets in less time, by placing stem segments with axillary buds in a flask of liquid medium on an electric shaker. Tissue culture allows for the mass production of healthy potato plantlets for farmers and the testing of grower samples for pathogens.
Ubaid afzal (31)
Transgenic plants are plants that have been genetically engineered using recombinant DNA techniques to create plants with new characteristics. The process involves artificially inserting a gene or genes known as transgenes to provide advantages like improved yield, quality, pest resistance, and tolerance to stresses. Common methods are used to insert genes from bacteria like Agrobacterium and Bacillus thuringiensis to impart herbicide and insect resistance. This allows for benefits like longer shelf life, higher production, and protection from viruses and pests.
Ubaid afzal (30)
Somaclonal variation refers to genetic variations that can occur in plants produced through tissue culture. Chromosomal rearrangements are a major source of this variation, which can be genotypic or phenotypic. To minimize somaclonal variation, one should select high-quality parent material, minimize the number of transfers in culture, investigate stable families for micropropagation, keep subcultures to a minimum, regularly reinitiate clones from new explants, avoid long term culture, use axillary shoot systems, and regularly reinitiate clones from new explants. Avoiding the plant growth regulator 2,4-D in culture media can also help since it is known to introduce variation.
Ubaid afzal (29)
Plant tissue culture techniques involve two main methods: static culture using solid agar medium, which is easier for initial cell line maintenance and investigation of organ formation; and suspension cultures using liquid medium, which allows for higher growth rates and superior biomass control as cells are fully surrounded by nutrients. Key tools and techniques for plant tissue culture include sterilization using autoclaves, pH meters to monitor medium pH, laminar airflow benches for aseptic work, and various analytical tools like colorimeters and chromatography for biochemical analysis. Plant growth chambers are also used to control environmental factors like light, temperature, and humidity.
Ubaid afzal (27)
This document discusses plant tissue culture, which involves growing plant cells, tissues, or organs under sterile conditions using a nutrient culture medium. Plant tissue culture is used to produce clones of plants through a process called micropropagation. It describes how callus formation is induced from plant tissue samples by growing unorganized plant cells. The key equipment used includes conical containers, forceps, agar, sucrose, plant growth regulators, and an autoclave for sterilizing explants and equipment prior to culturing plant cells and tissues to form callus or entire new plants.
Ubaid afzal (26)
Somaclonal variations refer to genetic or phenotypic variations that arise in plants produced through tissue culture. These variations can be heritable or non-heritable. Heritable variations are caused by pre-existing mutations in somatic cells or new mutations during tissue culture. Non-heritable variations are temporary phenotypic changes caused by epigenetic effects. Somaclonal variations can arise due to physiological, genetic, or biochemical causes like exposure to plant growth regulators, changes in chromosome number or structure, gene mutations, changes in DNA or protein levels, or alterations in metabolic pathways. While somaclonal variations can help crop improvement, selected variants may be genetically unstable and require extensive testing.
Ubaid afzal (25)
Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells or tissues separately from the original plant, typically using liquid, solid, or semi-solid mediums. There are two main types of bud cultures used: single node culture and axillary bud culture. In single node culture, a bud with a small piece of stem is removed and cultured to develop into a new plantlet without added cytokinin. In axillary bud culture, a shoot tip containing axillary buds is cultured with high cytokinin levels, which stops apical dominance and promotes axillary bud growth. The optimal cytokinin to auxin ratio for axillary bud subculturing is typically around 10:1, but can vary depending on plant species and explant developmental stage
Ubaid afzal (24)
Root regeneration from callus can be achieved through tissue culture techniques. The process requires a callus formation from plant cells on nutrient-rich media supplemented with the appropriate phytohormones, especially auxins which play a central role in root regeneration. Upon the addition of auxins and cytokinins in precise concentrations, the callus undergoes de novo organogenesis to develop new roots through a process where adventitious roots regenerate from detached plant tissues.
Ubaid afzal (23)
Plant tissue culture is a technique to grow plant cells, tissues or organs in a sterile nutrient medium. It allows for cloning plants with desirable traits, rapid plant production without seeds, genetically modifying plants, and reducing disease. Explants are placed on solid culture media containing inorganic salts, organic nutrients, vitamins and plant hormones. Specific protocols describe sterilizing and culturing rice, sugarcane and cotton plant materials.
Ubaid afzal (22)
Heavy metals can cause toxicity and stress in plants. Some heavy metals like zinc and copper are necessary for plant growth, while others like cadmium, lead, and mercury have unknown biological functions. Heavy metals induce oxidative stress in plant cells, disrupting metabolism and growth. Plants can activate anti-oxidative enzymes to counteract reactive oxygen species and minimize the impacts of oxidative stress. Tissue culture is used to rapidly propagate genetically identical plants that can be grown in small spaces and used for phytoremediation strategies like phytoextraction and phytostabilization to reduce heavy metal levels or leaching in soil. Factors like plant species, soil pH, addition of chelators, and root zone absorption influence phyt
Ubaid afzal (21)
Plant tissue culture, also known as micropropagation, is the rapid multiplication of plant material using sterile tissue culture techniques. It allows for the production of many exact genetic copies of plants with desirable traits quickly and without the need for seeds or pollinators. However, it is an expensive and labor-intensive process, and there is a risk that diseases or abnormalities could infect or appear in the cloned plants.
Ubaid afzal (20)
In vitro propagation involves studying organisms or their components in artificial environments outside of their natural biological context. This allows scientists to isolate specific parts of an organism like cells or proteins to explore their basic functions. Some key advantages of in vitro studies are that they provide simplicity by removing complexity, allow for convenience through automation and high-throughput screening, and enable the mass production of cloned plants that are disease-free and genetically uniform.
Ubaid afzal (19)
Transgenic plants are created using genetic engineering processes to introduce genes from other species into a plant's genome. The tissue culture process is used because it allows a single transformed cell to be regenerated into an entire plant containing the transgene. A new gene is delivered into the nucleus of a plant cell and integrated into its chromosome. The transformed cell is then regenerated through tissue culture into a whole plant where the transgene becomes a permanent part of its genome, passing to its progeny.
Ubaid afzal (18)
Plant tissue culture provides a means to produce pathogen-free plants by eliminating contaminating bacteria. Bacteria that contaminate plant tissue cultures can originate from the explant tissue, the lab environment, operators, or ineffective sterilization techniques. Contaminants are identified and characterized using biochemical tests and purification methods to determine the source. Producing aseptic cultures involves indexing explants for contaminants, identifying and eliminating the contaminants, and maintaining pathogen-free plant stocks through tissue culture.
Ubaid afzal (17)
Limitations of plant tissue culture include: requiring sophisticated facilities and greater skill than conventional techniques; genetic instability and chromosomal abnormalities in some shoot-tip derived plants; expensive equipment costs for large-scale production; and variability in productivity dependent on species without trial experiments. The procedures also require special attention, infections may continue through generations, and decreased genetic diversity is possible if all plants are genetically similar.
Ubaid afzal (16)
This document discusses methods for screening plant tissue cultures for virus resistance. It introduces that plant viruses cause crop losses and that current protection methods are limited. It then describes that putative virus-resistant transgenic plants are usually screened in greenhouses but that the authors developed mechanical and graft inoculation methods suitable for tissue culture screening to reduce costs and time. The in vitro methods were validated by comparing results to greenhouse screens, finding two transgenic potato lines showed strong resistance to potato virus Y infection with both methods. The in vitro methods were also used to infect other plant species with different viruses.
Ubaid afzal (15)
This document discusses the various types of chemicals used in plant tissue culture, including those that provide minerals and nutrients for plant growth, antimicrobials that suppress bacteria and fungi, biochemicals like amino acids and vitamins, and plant growth regulators like auxins and cytokinins that influence plant growth and differentiation. It also mentions other chemicals used for specific purposes, such as gelling agents that provide support for plant parts, enzymes that increase reaction rates, and dyes/indicators that aid in visualization and measurement.
Ubaid afzal (14)
Sugar cane is an important crop that is traditionally propagated through cuttings. However, this can spread diseases. Scientists have developed a tissue culture technique as an alternative propagation method. They take meristem tips from sugar cane plants and culture them in a sterile nutrient solution, allowing new plantlets to form while avoiding transmission of diseases.
Ubaid afzal (13)
Explants are small pieces of plant tissue that are aseptically cut from various plant parts like shoots, leaves, stems, flowers and roots to initiate a culture. The correct choice of explant depends on the type of culture, its purpose and the plant species. A minimum explant size is needed for successful culture initiation and varies depending on the plant's genotype and culture conditions. To obtain contamination-free explants, surface microbes are removed through rinsing and sterilization techniques like using ethanol solutions and conducting sterilization under vacuum.
Ubaid afzal (12)
Tissue culture is the growth of small pieces of animal or plant tissue in a sterile controlled medium. It is based on the principles of totipotency, dedifferentiation, and competency. The document also discusses Phoenix dactylifera, also known as date palm, which is a flowering plant species in the palm family.
Ubaid afzal (11)
Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in a sterile, nutrient environment. There are several types of plant tissue culture, including embryo culture (growing isolated embryos), callus culture (growing undifferentiated cell masses), organ culture (growing isolated organs like shoots or roots), and meristem culture (growing shoot tips to produce virus-free plants). Successful culture requires explants from in vitro plant sources or sterilized plant material and a nutrient gel or liquid medium supplemented with growth regulators like auxins and cytokinins.
Ubaid afzal (10)
Subculturing involves transferring cells from a previous culture into fresh growth medium in order to propagate the cell strain, prolong the life of the culture, and expand the number of cells. It is important for both proliferating and non-proliferating cell types. The protocol for subculturing depends on whether the cells are adherent or non-adherent. For adherent cells, trypsin is used to detach the cells before transferring them to fresh medium and seeding new culture vessels.
Ubaid afzal (8)
Laboratory safety rules include undergoing orientation to learn equipment operation, keeping first aid kits and fire extinguishers accessible, restricting jewelry, long hair, and open-toed shoes, and avoiding eating or leaning on work surfaces. Proper protective equipment like lab coats and gloves should be worn, hands washed before aseptic work, and toxic chemicals handled carefully and disposed of properly. Ultraviolet light exposure must be limited and equipment maintained to control environmental conditions.
Ubaid afzal (7)
Somaclones are genetically identical plants produced through tissue culture. Somaclonal variation refers to genetic or phenotypic traits that arise in somaclones due to tissue culture. Variations can occur in karyotype, isozymes, and morphology. Variations can be heritable and persist in subsequent generations. Somaclonal variations are caused by pre-existing mutations in explant cells or new mutations induced during tissue culture. They can be detected by analyzing morphological, cytological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics of regenerate plants. Somaclonal variation is useful for crop improvement but selected variants require extensive field testing due to genetic instability.
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Ubaid afzal (27)
This document discusses plant tissue culture, which involves growing plant cells, tissues, or organs under sterile conditions using a nutrient culture medium. Plant tissue culture is used to produce clones of plants through a process called micropropagation. It describes how callus formation is induced from plant tissue samples by growing unorganized plant cells. The key equipment used includes conical containers, forceps, agar, sucrose, plant growth regulators, and an autoclave for sterilizing explants and equipment prior to culturing plant cells and tissues to form callus or entire new plants.
Ubaid afzal (26)
Somaclonal variations refer to genetic or phenotypic variations that arise in plants produced through tissue culture. These variations can be heritable or non-heritable. Heritable variations are caused by pre-existing mutations in somatic cells or new mutations during tissue culture. Non-heritable variations are temporary phenotypic changes caused by epigenetic effects. Somaclonal variations can arise due to physiological, genetic, or biochemical causes like exposure to plant growth regulators, changes in chromosome number or structure, gene mutations, changes in DNA or protein levels, or alterations in metabolic pathways. While somaclonal variations can help crop improvement, selected variants may be genetically unstable and require extensive testing.
Ubaid afzal (25)
Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells or tissues separately from the original plant, typically using liquid, solid, or semi-solid mediums. There are two main types of bud cultures used: single node culture and axillary bud culture. In single node culture, a bud with a small piece of stem is removed and cultured to develop into a new plantlet without added cytokinin. In axillary bud culture, a shoot tip containing axillary buds is cultured with high cytokinin levels, which stops apical dominance and promotes axillary bud growth. The optimal cytokinin to auxin ratio for axillary bud subculturing is typically around 10:1, but can vary depending on plant species and explant developmental stage
Ubaid afzal (24)
Root regeneration from callus can be achieved through tissue culture techniques. The process requires a callus formation from plant cells on nutrient-rich media supplemented with the appropriate phytohormones, especially auxins which play a central role in root regeneration. Upon the addition of auxins and cytokinins in precise concentrations, the callus undergoes de novo organogenesis to develop new roots through a process where adventitious roots regenerate from detached plant tissues.
Ubaid afzal (23)
Plant tissue culture is a technique to grow plant cells, tissues or organs in a sterile nutrient medium. It allows for cloning plants with desirable traits, rapid plant production without seeds, genetically modifying plants, and reducing disease. Explants are placed on solid culture media containing inorganic salts, organic nutrients, vitamins and plant hormones. Specific protocols describe sterilizing and culturing rice, sugarcane and cotton plant materials.
Ubaid afzal (22)
Heavy metals can cause toxicity and stress in plants. Some heavy metals like zinc and copper are necessary for plant growth, while others like cadmium, lead, and mercury have unknown biological functions. Heavy metals induce oxidative stress in plant cells, disrupting metabolism and growth. Plants can activate anti-oxidative enzymes to counteract reactive oxygen species and minimize the impacts of oxidative stress. Tissue culture is used to rapidly propagate genetically identical plants that can be grown in small spaces and used for phytoremediation strategies like phytoextraction and phytostabilization to reduce heavy metal levels or leaching in soil. Factors like plant species, soil pH, addition of chelators, and root zone absorption influence phyt
Ubaid afzal (21)
Plant tissue culture, also known as micropropagation, is the rapid multiplication of plant material using sterile tissue culture techniques. It allows for the production of many exact genetic copies of plants with desirable traits quickly and without the need for seeds or pollinators. However, it is an expensive and labor-intensive process, and there is a risk that diseases or abnormalities could infect or appear in the cloned plants.
Ubaid afzal (20)
In vitro propagation involves studying organisms or their components in artificial environments outside of their natural biological context. This allows scientists to isolate specific parts of an organism like cells or proteins to explore their basic functions. Some key advantages of in vitro studies are that they provide simplicity by removing complexity, allow for convenience through automation and high-throughput screening, and enable the mass production of cloned plants that are disease-free and genetically uniform.
Ubaid afzal (19)
Transgenic plants are created using genetic engineering processes to introduce genes from other species into a plant's genome. The tissue culture process is used because it allows a single transformed cell to be regenerated into an entire plant containing the transgene. A new gene is delivered into the nucleus of a plant cell and integrated into its chromosome. The transformed cell is then regenerated through tissue culture into a whole plant where the transgene becomes a permanent part of its genome, passing to its progeny.
Ubaid afzal (18)
Plant tissue culture provides a means to produce pathogen-free plants by eliminating contaminating bacteria. Bacteria that contaminate plant tissue cultures can originate from the explant tissue, the lab environment, operators, or ineffective sterilization techniques. Contaminants are identified and characterized using biochemical tests and purification methods to determine the source. Producing aseptic cultures involves indexing explants for contaminants, identifying and eliminating the contaminants, and maintaining pathogen-free plant stocks through tissue culture.
Ubaid afzal (17)
Limitations of plant tissue culture include: requiring sophisticated facilities and greater skill than conventional techniques; genetic instability and chromosomal abnormalities in some shoot-tip derived plants; expensive equipment costs for large-scale production; and variability in productivity dependent on species without trial experiments. The procedures also require special attention, infections may continue through generations, and decreased genetic diversity is possible if all plants are genetically similar.
Ubaid afzal (16)
This document discusses methods for screening plant tissue cultures for virus resistance. It introduces that plant viruses cause crop losses and that current protection methods are limited. It then describes that putative virus-resistant transgenic plants are usually screened in greenhouses but that the authors developed mechanical and graft inoculation methods suitable for tissue culture screening to reduce costs and time. The in vitro methods were validated by comparing results to greenhouse screens, finding two transgenic potato lines showed strong resistance to potato virus Y infection with both methods. The in vitro methods were also used to infect other plant species with different viruses.
Ubaid afzal (15)
This document discusses the various types of chemicals used in plant tissue culture, including those that provide minerals and nutrients for plant growth, antimicrobials that suppress bacteria and fungi, biochemicals like amino acids and vitamins, and plant growth regulators like auxins and cytokinins that influence plant growth and differentiation. It also mentions other chemicals used for specific purposes, such as gelling agents that provide support for plant parts, enzymes that increase reaction rates, and dyes/indicators that aid in visualization and measurement.
Ubaid afzal (14)
Sugar cane is an important crop that is traditionally propagated through cuttings. However, this can spread diseases. Scientists have developed a tissue culture technique as an alternative propagation method. They take meristem tips from sugar cane plants and culture them in a sterile nutrient solution, allowing new plantlets to form while avoiding transmission of diseases.
Ubaid afzal (13)
Explants are small pieces of plant tissue that are aseptically cut from various plant parts like shoots, leaves, stems, flowers and roots to initiate a culture. The correct choice of explant depends on the type of culture, its purpose and the plant species. A minimum explant size is needed for successful culture initiation and varies depending on the plant's genotype and culture conditions. To obtain contamination-free explants, surface microbes are removed through rinsing and sterilization techniques like using ethanol solutions and conducting sterilization under vacuum.
Ubaid afzal (12)
Tissue culture is the growth of small pieces of animal or plant tissue in a sterile controlled medium. It is based on the principles of totipotency, dedifferentiation, and competency. The document also discusses Phoenix dactylifera, also known as date palm, which is a flowering plant species in the palm family.
Ubaid afzal (11)
Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in a sterile, nutrient environment. There are several types of plant tissue culture, including embryo culture (growing isolated embryos), callus culture (growing undifferentiated cell masses), organ culture (growing isolated organs like shoots or roots), and meristem culture (growing shoot tips to produce virus-free plants). Successful culture requires explants from in vitro plant sources or sterilized plant material and a nutrient gel or liquid medium supplemented with growth regulators like auxins and cytokinins.
Ubaid afzal (10)
Subculturing involves transferring cells from a previous culture into fresh growth medium in order to propagate the cell strain, prolong the life of the culture, and expand the number of cells. It is important for both proliferating and non-proliferating cell types. The protocol for subculturing depends on whether the cells are adherent or non-adherent. For adherent cells, trypsin is used to detach the cells before transferring them to fresh medium and seeding new culture vessels.
Ubaid afzal (8)
Laboratory safety rules include undergoing orientation to learn equipment operation, keeping first aid kits and fire extinguishers accessible, restricting jewelry, long hair, and open-toed shoes, and avoiding eating or leaning on work surfaces. Proper protective equipment like lab coats and gloves should be worn, hands washed before aseptic work, and toxic chemicals handled carefully and disposed of properly. Ultraviolet light exposure must be limited and equipment maintained to control environmental conditions.
Ubaid afzal (7)
Somaclones are genetically identical plants produced through tissue culture. Somaclonal variation refers to genetic or phenotypic traits that arise in somaclones due to tissue culture. Variations can occur in karyotype, isozymes, and morphology. Variations can be heritable and persist in subsequent generations. Somaclonal variations are caused by pre-existing mutations in explant cells or new mutations induced during tissue culture. They can be detected by analyzing morphological, cytological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics of regenerate plants. Somaclonal variation is useful for crop improvement but selected variants require extensive field testing due to genetic instability.
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