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U Xml Defense presentation
- 1. uXML An Experiment inCommon Representation of Different Programming Paradigms Kunal S. Pathak
- 2. Outline History Extensibility Objective Drawbacks Applications Future Work Architecture Summary Tools Questions Examples Thank you
- 3. History Before UNCOL After UNCOL Programming Programming Machines languages Machines languages 1 1 1 1 2 2 U 2 N 2 3 3 C : O : : : N L N M M
- 4. Examples of UNCOL Sun’sJava framework GNU Compiler Collection Microsoft’s .NET and Phoenix framework
- 5. Objective Different from thatof UNCOL Design an XML schema (uXML) to represent the semantics of different programming paradigms Test the uXML against various programming languages Develop tools that use uXML
- 6. Applications Software Metric tool Educationaltool Plug-n-play Programming Language (specific paradigms) Source language converter tool Extract the program structure
- 7. Architecture uXML format C Program <uXML language="abc" scope="static"> Interpreter Program (XV) output <function name="func"> P Program <returns type="void"/> <block> ... uXML ... Schema Valid- </block> J Program ation </function> ... ... L Program <call> <variable name=”func” / Software > Code Analysis Metrics </call> Y Program ... </uXML> Front end Back end
- 8. Architecture cont. Compiler framework- Activation record, Symbol table, Display, Calling sequence, Datatypes Back end parser - uXML visitor Front end parsers - C, P, J, L and Y
- 9. Tools in uXML Codeinterpreter - xv • Visit uXML nodes and execute the respective code Code analysis - xv, xsl • Count the appropriate uXML nodes
- 10. Why XML inuXML? Program = Syntax tree = XML Human understandable Retains the semantics of the program Many XML processing tools - XSL, XSL-FO, XQuery, etc Universally accepted
- 11. Few uXML elements <var/>,<variable/>, <constant/> <assign/>, <operator/>, <for-loop/>, <iterate/>, <cast/> <function/>, <class/>, <constructor/>, <block/>, <call/> ‘scope’ and ‘var-declaration’ attribute of <uXML/>
- 12. PL features handledby uXML Iterations, if-else, arrays, pointers Function definition/call, nested procedures, functions as first-class objects Static vs. Dynamic Typing and Scoping Classes, Constructors, Inheritance
- 13. Front end Parsers C- Similar to Dennis Ritchie’s C P - Similar to Niklaus Wirth’s Pascal J - Similar to Sun Microsystem’s Java L - Similar to John McCarthy’s Lisp Y - Similar to Van Rossum’s Python
- 14. Features of Clanguage Imperative/Declarative language Multi-dimensional arrays, type casting Pointers and Function pointers (FP) Passing/returning FP, Passing/returning array of FP, FP within FP
- 15. Sample C code 1.Clike- Factorial calculation 1.uXML - uXML equivalent 2.Clike - Function pointer
- 16. Features of Planguage Imperative/Declarative language Features similar to those of C except pointers Nested procedures and procedure parameters Non-local variable access using static and dynamic scoping
- 17. Sample P code 1.Plike- Static vs. Dynamic scoping 1.uXML - uXML equivalent 2.Plike - Procedure parameters
- 18. Features of Jlanguage Object oriented language Class and constructor definitions Inheritance and hierarchical constructor calls Object instantiation prior to usage
- 19. Sample J code 1.Jlike- Inheritance 1.uXML - uXML equivalent 2.Jlike - Constructor Calls
- 20. Features of Llanguage Functional language Functions as first-class objects Operators are functions defun / lambda functions let, setq, map, reduce features
- 21. Sample L code 1.Llike- Reduce 1.uXML - uXML equivalent 2.Llike - Let 3.Llike - Defun
- 22. Features of Ylanguage Imperative/Dynamic language No variable declaration required, Dynamic typing Multi-dimensional mix arrays lambda function definition map, reduce features
- 23. Sample Y code 1.Ylike- Map 1.uXML - uXML equivalent 2.Ylike - Mix Arrays, lambda
- 24. Features of CodeAnalysis tool Name/count of function, variable, class, constructor definitions Count of function/constructor calls Count of methods overridden McCabe Cyclomatic complexity Helstead Metrics, Maintainability index
- 25. Software Metrics Function defined : 1 void main() ____________________________________________ function void main() { Function calls : 1 int i = 2 * 2 + 2, j = 1; main do { ____________________________________________ i = i - 1; Variables defined : 2 i : int print("i=",i,(j+2)); j : int }while(i); ____________________________________________ Constants used: 8 int : 2 i = 5; int : 2 } int : 2 int : 1 int : 1 string : i= int : 2 int : 5 ____________________________________________ McCabe Cyclomatic Complexity : 3 ____________________________________________ Classes defined : 0 ____________________________________________ Functions overriden : 0 _____________________________________ Nested Block Depth : 1
- 26. Helstead Metrics function voidmain() { int i = 2 * 2 + 2, j = 1; do { i = i - 1; print("i=",i,(j+2)); }while(i); i = 5; } Helstead Metrics : N1 = 9, n1 = 7, N2 = 16, n2 = 7 Program Length N => N1 + N2 = 25 Vocabulary Size n => n1 + n2 = 14 Program Volume V => N * log2(n) = 95.18387305144009 Difficulty Level D => (n1 / 2) * (N2 / n2) = 8.0 Program Level L => 1/D = 0.125 Effort to implement E => V*D = 761.4709844115207 Time to implement T = E/18 = 42.303943578417815 No. of bugs delivered B => E^(2/3)/3000 = 3.333333333333333E-4
- 27. Extensibility of uXML uXMLschema - Add new programming language feature Front end compilers - Write a new language Software Metric tool - Add new metrics to measure the software
- 28. Drawbacks uXML code haslarger code size All / Advanced features of languages not covered Many programming paradigms not included in uXML schema
- 29. Future Work Update uXMLschema to incorporate different paradigms Make uXML compiler more efficient Robust programming language converter tool Source code as part of comments in equivalent uXML code
- 30. Misc. details ofuXML Developed in Java Used Eclipse, JavaCC and xv tools Source code version control Approximately 150 test programs written Approximately 6 months of time
- 31. Summary uXML schema representsOO, procedural and functional paradigms Room to add more programming paradigms Common representation helps develop powerful code analysis tools All features of PL can’t be covered
- 32. uXML mentors Dr. JamesHeliotis • Idea of uXML • Programming language features Dr. Axel Schreiner • xv tool • XML processing tools
- 33. References XV, XPath, JavaCC Thedragon book - Compilers UNCOL, Phoenix, MSIL C, Pascal, CLOS, Java, Python, Smalltalk, Scheme, Modula-2 λ, Types, Scope, Subprograms, Metrics
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Editor's Notes
- #2 Name, Started in Dec 2007, Masters in CS (Languages and Tools)
- #3 I would like to tell the Applications of uXML first so that audiences understand what is the significance of uXML before understanding the core of it. Tools - developed the tools that uses uXML. Examples - uXML nodes, Extensibility - how you can add new components easily and extend uXML, Drawbacks - everything has drawbacks, Future Work - Things that I might think of adding in uXML, Summary, Q&A THANK YOU
- #4 1960 form intermediate between problem-oriented languages and machine language M*N to M+N Explain the advantage of having a UIL - compilers, machine, etc. Why UNCOL failed? - Ambitious, no advanced compilers, not enough memory, slow machines
- #5 JVM - Bytecode is IL. Scala, JRuby, Jython, Groovy, Rhino. Small M, large N GNU - C, C++, Java converts to GENERIC, Small M, Large N .NET - CIL. VB, C#, F#, VC++, ASP. Large M, small N Phoenix - Framework for building compilers, CIL -> IR, tools like memory tracing, code coverage, block counting, Large M, small N
- #6 UNCOL - Already many tools Execution vs. Representation of semantics To prove - develop tools
- #7 Explain these as applications of a universal intermediate language s/w metrics tool - A common tool that does the code analysis of programs written in different paradigm education tool - compile framework, programs can be compared by metrics language converter - ambitious idea program structure - Extract the structure of a program The idea is how quickly can you develop a tool that is handy for wide range of languages
- #8 2 tools so far - Interpreter and Code Analysis IR is validated against the uXML schema
- #9 Activation record - Enter the block, Leave the block, Symbol table - Add/remove symbol (datatype, mutable, name) Display - Data structure containing list of activation records to access the non-local variables Calling Sequence - Steps to be taken while calling/returing a function. Prototype for static/dynamic access Datatypes - Function, Int, Char, String, Overloaded function type 2 parts - Backend and Front end
- #11 Programs are syntax trees. XML is also represented as trees Understandable - semantics are retain, no for loops in bytecode Processing tools - Extracting the data is easy, formatting, translating, thus many end users as oppose to MSIL or bytecode that has just 1 user and that is interpreter itself
- #12 Definition of each node Explain &#x2018;scope&#x2019; and &#x2018;var-declaration&#x2019; attributes in brief
- #13 Scoping - Context where values and expr are associated, how local variables are bound Static scoping - variable association at compile time Dynamic scoping - variable association at runtime
- #15 All languages contain if-else, while, for so won&#x2019;t mention explicitly
- #19 Alike Java instantiation of object is needed before usage, else compiler throws error.
- #20 1st parameter to the function/field is an object whose member is getting accessed. Parametric Polymorphism or Generics - Object as 1st parameter decides whose method to call
- #21 Closures Why operators are function? Code metrics
- #25 MCC - No. of linearly independent paths in the source code, control flow graph. Give eg. Helstead Metrics - Maintainability index - VS 2008 uses Helstead to calculate this factor.
- #27 Operators : N1 = Total , n1 = distinct Operands : N2 = Total , n2 = distinct Analogy of a book - Difficulty - increases with repetitive operands Volume - How much information to be absorbed Effort - efforts to write the code Time - in secs and 18 is stroud number - humans detect 5 to 20 moments/discrete events /sec - not used much jeh pointed out, Compare the programs with respect to difficulty, efforts, etc.
- #29 Advanced features - thread, read/write, file handling, interface, etc Missing programming paradigm - Logical, Aspect-oriented, Process oriented, etc.
- #30 uXML compiler can be improved to make it execute faster Comments - Part of Y language
- #34 There are lot of articles, however these points to some of the finest articles that helped me in developing the project.