2. Hypertext
• Characterized by the external links embedded in a text by the writer.
• In a hypertext, the reader can read the text in a non-linear way,
because he is led to other links outside the main text.
• In an online medium, the hypertext is evident through the embedded
links of the author while in printed media, it is seen as commentaries
and footnotes in the margins.
3. Intertext
• Refers to a work whose meaning is shaped by referencing
or calling to mind other texts.
• Other texts help add meaning to the current text
• An example is an intertextual work of C.S Lewis’
Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the
Wardrobe. It alludes to the Bible and some of the parts
parallel some scenes in the Bible (such as Edmund’s
betrayal and Aslan’s sacrifice vis-à-vis Judas’ betrayal and
the crucifixion of Jesus.
5. TYPES OF CLAIMS
When reading texts critically,
it is imperative that you
identify the type of claims, or
the approach in the topic, to
see the main argument.
6. TYPES OF CLAIMS
To identify the claims, focus on
the first and last sentences of the
paragraph. The details in each
paragraph will also guide you as
to whether a text supports or
opposes a certain claim or
argument.
7. TYPES OF CLAIMS
The three general types
of claims are claim of
fact, claim of policy and
claim of value.
8. CLAIM OF FACT
It is an argument about a
quantifiable topic. Note that
a claim of fact is not fact; it
only asserts a stand
regarding a debatable topic.
9. CLAIM OF FACT
A well-argued claim of
fact clearly states the
main argument and
defines vague and
controversial terms.
10. CLAIM OF FACT
It is supported with
factual information such
as statistics, testimony
and observation.
11. CLAIM OF FACT
It has the use of
sufficient, accurate, and
recent evidence which are
organized to emphasize
the main argument.
12. CLAIM OF VALUE
It argues whether
something is good or bad. It
is based on judgment and
evaluation on a
philosophical, aesthetic and
moral standpoint.
14. CLAIM OF VALUE
A well-defended claim of
value may assert that the
value being defended will
produce good results, as
long as it is backed up by
reliable information.
15. CLAIM OF VALUE
A text with a good claim
of value cites experts in
the field who support the
claim to make the
argument more effective.
16. CLAIM OF POLICY
It is an argument which
asserts the implementation
of certain policy. This is
driven by the need to
present solution to
problems that have arisen.
17. CLAIM OF POLICY
It generally states solutions
and plans that are
procedural and organized.
It is incorporated with
judgment coupled with
supporting information.
18. Identify whether each of the following statements
indicate critical reading or not. Write CRITICAL OR
NON-CRITICAL.
1. I get the main idea of the article.
2. I skim the newspaper hurriedly.
3. I often misinterpret things and judge them easily.
4. I make rushed generalizations.
5. I look for discrepancies in the editorial.
6. I only read the parts that seem interesting
7. I segregate facts from opinion.
19. 8. I preview the table of contents.
9. I memorize the details in the statistics.
10. I spread biased and one-sided information.
11. I validate the accuracy of the facts using reliable sources.
12. I choose to believe things that are not contradictory with my
beliefs.
13. I reflect on the questions necessary for better understanding
of the text.
14. I reflect on the possible missing information.
15. I research about the author of text.
20. Identify whether the context of each
story is in INTERTEXT or
HYPERTEXT.
1. Snow, Glass, Apples is a short story by
Niel Gaiman. This piece tells the story of
Snow White from the point of view of her
step mother, who was actually trying to
save the kingdom from her bloodthirsty
stepmother.
21. Identify whether the context of each
story is in INTERTEXT or
HYPERTEXT.
2. Wicked by Gregory McGuire revolves
around the story of the Wicked Witch of
the West from Fran Baum’s The Wizard of
Oz and reimagines her as the
misunderstood protagonist, Elphaba.
22. Identify whether the context of each
story is in INTERTEXT or
HYPERTEXT.
3. Fast City by Don Boseo is an interactive
narrative which presents a set of conflicts
and psychological landscapes placed
within a technology-obsessed urban
space.
23. Identify whether the context of each
story is in INTERTEXT or
HYPERTEXT.
4. The Museum by Adam Kenney emulates the
experience of being in a museum by allocating
a page to each part of the museum and giving
the reader free rein as to where he/she wants to
go by providing links to different ‘areas’ of the
museum.
24. Identify whether the context of each
story is in INTERTEXT or
HYPERTEXT.
5. Bridget Jone’s Diary by Helen Fielding is
written in a diary format and chronicles events
within a year in the life of protagonist Bridhget in
the 90s; it is loosely based on Jane Austen’s
Pride and Prejudice.
